Regional differences in the lipolytic response of the subcutaneous fat depots to prolonged exercise and severe energy deficiency

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

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Large increases in adipose triacylglycerol flux in Cushingoid CRH-Tg mice are explained by futile cycling

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00154.2012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 304 (3) ◽

pp. E282-E293 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Charles Harris ◽

Donald J. Roohk ◽

Mark Fitch ◽

Benjamin M. Boudignon ◽

Bernard P. Halloran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Collagen Synthesis ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Breakdown Rate ◽

Triglyceride Synthesis ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Breakdown Rates ◽

Skin Collagen

Glucocorticoids are extremely effective anti-inflammatory therapies, but their clinical use is limited due to severe side effects, including osteoporosis, muscle wasting, fat redistribution, and skin thinning. Here we use heavy water labeling and mass spectrometry to measure fluxes through metabolic pathways impacted by glucocorticoids. We combine these methods with measurements of body composition in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-transgenic (Tg)+ mice that have chronically elevated, endogenously produced corticosterone and a phenotype that closely mimics Cushing's disease in humans. CRH-Tg+ mice had increased adipose mass, adipose triglyceride synthesis, and greatly increased triglyceride/fatty acid cycling in subcutaneous and abdominal fat depots and increased de novo lipogenesis in the abdominal depot. In bone, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased bone mass, absolute collagen synthesis rates, and collagen breakdown rate. In skin, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased skin thickness and absolute collagen synthesis rates but no decrease in the collagen breakdown rate. In muscle, CRH-Tg+ mice had decreased muscle mass and absolute protein synthesis but no decrease in the protein breakdown rate. We conclude that chronic exposure to endogenous glucocorticoid excess in mice is associated with ongoing decreases in bone collagen, skin collagen, and muscle protein synthesis without compensatory reduction (coupling) of breakdown rates in skin and muscle. Both of these actions contribute to reduced protein pool sizes. We also conclude that increased cycling between triglycerides and free fatty acids occurs in both abdominal and subcutaneous fat depots in CRH-Tg+ mice. CRH-Tg mice have both increased lipolysis and increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.

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Mechanisms and Metabolic Implications of Regional Differences among Fat Depots

Cell Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 644-656 ◽

Cited By ~ 294

Author(s):

Tamara Tchkonia ◽

Thomas Thomou ◽

Yi Zhu ◽

Iordanes Karagiannides ◽

Charalabos Pothoulakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Differences ◽

Fat Depots

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Characterization of Human Knee and Chin Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2015/592090 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Magali Kouidhi ◽

Phi Villageois ◽

Carine M. Mounier ◽

Corinne Ménigot ◽

Yves Rival ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stromal Cells ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Donor Site ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Fat Grafting ◽

Human Knee ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Adipose Derived Stromal Cells ◽

Molecular Matching

Animal study findings have revealed that individual fat depots are not functionally equivalent and have different embryonic origins depending on the anatomic location. Mouse bone regeneration studies have also shown that it is essential to match theHoxcode of transplanted cells and host tissues to achieve correct repair. However, subcutaneous fat depots from any donor site are often used in autologous fat grafting. Our study was thus carried out to determine the embryonic origins of human facial (chin) and limb (knee) fat depots and whether they had similar features and molecular matching patterns. Paired chin and knee fat depots were harvested from 11 subjects and gene expression profiles were determined by DNA microarray analyses. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) from both sites were isolated and analyzed for their capacity to proliferate, form clones, and differentiate. Chin and knee fat depots expressed a differentHOXcode and could have different embryonic origins. ASCs displayed a different phenotype, with chin-ASCs having the potential to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes, whereas knee-ASCs differentiated into white adipocytes. These results highlighted different features for these two fat sites and indicated that donor site selection might be an important factor to be considered when applying adipose tissue in cell-based therapies.

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Association of fibroblast growth factor 21 with metabolic phenotype and fat depots in young adults with abdominal obesity

Consilium Medicum ◽

10.26442/20751753.2020.12.200560 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Ekaterina A. Zheleznova ◽

◽

Juliya V. Zhernakova ◽

Merab A. Shariia ◽

Nataliia V. Blinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Young People ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Metabolic Phenotype ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Fibroblast Growth ◽

Fat Depots

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like protein involved in the regulation of energy balance and glucose and lipid homeostasis. The study of the association of this factor with the metabolic phenotype – metabolically healthy (MHAO) and metabolically unhealthy abdominal obesity (AO) and different fat depots (visceral, subcutaneous, epicardial, perivascular) in young people is of undoubted scientific and practical interest. Aim. To determine serum FGF21 levels and match it with the distribution of adipose tissue in young people with AO. Outcomes and methods. The study enrolled 132 people (mean age 37.59±6.35 years). 3 groups were formed: 0th – 16 conditionally healthy volunteers; 1st –46 people of 40 years [34; 43] with MHAO; 2nd – 70 people of 40 years [35; 44] with metabolic syndrome (MS). All subjects underwent measurement of height, body weight, waist circumference, calculation of body mass index. The FGF21 levels (ELISA KIT, BCM Diagnostics, Germany), lipid profile, 2-hour glucose tolerance test, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin levels and HOMA-IR were assessed. Daily monitoring of blood pressure was performed. The volumes of subcutaneous, visceral, perivascular, epicardial fat, as well as subcutaneous fat to visceral fat ratio were determined with computed tomography. Additionally, for subanalysis, all patients (132 people, mean age 37.59±6.35 years) were divided into 6 groups depending on the presence of AO and the number of risk factors (RF): AO-0/FR-0 (n=16); AO-1/FR-0 (n=3); AO-1/FR-1 (n=40); AO-1/FR-2 (n=37); AO-1/FR-3 (n=14); AO-1/FR-4 (n=5). In each group, FGF21 levels was assessed. Results. The FGF21 levels was significantly higher in the groups of persons with MHAO (294.4 pg/ml) and MS (245.7 pg/ml) compared with the control group (110.2 pg/ml); p=0.04 and p=0.05, respectively. According to the correlation analysis data, there was significant weak association of FGF21 with age (r=0.22, p≤0.05), waist circumference (r=0.18, p≤0.05), hip circumference (r=0.26, p≤0.05), body mass index (r=0.3, p≤0.01). FGF21 was found to be associated with vis-ceral (r=0.2, p≤0.05) and subcutaneous (r=0.2, p≤0.05) fat depots. A significant association of FGF21 with triglycerides (r=0.21, p≤0.05) and leptin (r=0.24, p≤0.05) was registered. The FGF21 level ≥345.8 pg/ml reflected a 3-fold increase in the risk of MS in young people (AuROC 0.74, sensitivity 78.6%, specificity 75.0%, p<0.0001). The FGF21 levels ≥294.4 pg/ml was a risk marker for MHAO (AuROC 0,70, sensitivity 67.4%, specificity 75.0%, p<0.0001). According to the results of subanalysis, a significant (p<0.01) increase in the FGF21 concentration was revealed in the groups with an increase in the number of MS components. Conclusions. The FGF21 levels increases with the worsening of the metabolic phenotype; its increase is seen long before the formation of MS (in persons with MHAO). FGF21 in young people is associated with visceral and subcutaneous fat depots, triglyceride levels and leptin. FGF21≥345.8 pg/ml can be considered a predictor of MS in young people, but further research is required.

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The key role of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in body fat redistribution

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-18-0374 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 240 (2) ◽

pp. 271-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Li Zhao ◽

Chunfang Zhu ◽

Meng Lu ◽

Chi Chen ◽

Xiaomin Nie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Body Fat ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Control Group ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

High Dose ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are an ideal therapy for type 2 diabetes and, as of recently, for obesity. In contrast to visceral fat, subcutaneous fat appears to be protective against metabolic diseases. Here, we aimed to explore whether liraglutide, a GLP-1RA, could redistribute body fat via regulating lipid metabolism in different fat depots. After being fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, 50 male Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a diabetic control group, low- and high-dose liraglutide-treated groups and a diet-control group. Different doses of liraglutide (400 μg/kg/day or 1200 μg/kg/day) or an equal volume of normal saline were administered to the rats subcutaneously once a day for 12 weeks. Body composition and body fat deposition were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and MRI. Isotope tracers were infused to explore lipid metabolism in different fat depots. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of adipose-related genes. The results showed that liraglutide decreased visceral fat and relatively increased subcutaneous fat. Lipogenesis was reduced in visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) but was elevated in subcutaneous WAT. Lipolysis was also attenuated, and fatty acid oxidation was enhanced. The mRNA expression levels of adipose-related genes in different tissues displayed similar trends after liraglutide treatment. In addition, the expression of browning-related genes was upregulated in subcutaneous WAT. Taken together, the results suggested that liraglutide potentially redistributes body fat and promotes browning remodeling in subcutaneous WAT to improve metabolic disorders.

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Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100023886 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 135-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

J. D. Wood ◽

H. J. H. MacFie ◽

R. W. Pomeroy ◽

D. J. Twinn

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Relative Growth ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Intermuscular Fat ◽

The Mean ◽

Total Fat ◽

Omental Fat ◽

Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

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The relationship between the rumen microbiome and carcass merit in Angus steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa287 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Taylor R Krause ◽

Jeferson M Lourenco ◽

Christina B Welch ◽

Michael J Rothrock ◽

Todd R Callaway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Content ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Intramuscular Fat ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Marbling Score ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Rumen Microbiome

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between ruminal microbial populations from Angus steers that were divergent in carcass traits related to adipose accumulation. Twenty-four feedlot-finished Angus steers (age: 538 ± 21 d; body weight following lairage: 593.9 ± 43.7 kg) were slaughtered, and ruminal contents and carcass data were collected. Ruminal microbial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing were performed to determine microbial relative abundances, to estimate microbial diversity, and to predict microbial metabolic pathways. A variety of correlation analyses and one-way ANOVA were performed to investigate the relationships between the rumen microbiome and carcass traits. Marbling score (P = 0.001) and longissimus lipid content (P = 0.009) were positively correlated to Chao1 Richness Index, suggesting that increased intramuscular fat was associated with increased numbers of ruminal microbial species. The phyla Tenericutes and TM7 were negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to marbling score and longissimus lipid content, indicating that lower abundances of these phyla may be associated with improvements in intramuscular fat content. Greater abundance of the bacterial family S24-7 was positively correlated (P = 0.002) to marbling score. Analysis by marbling classification revealed further linkages to microbial richness (P ≤ 0.063), diversity (P = 0.044), and S24-7 (P < 0.001) populations. Computational prediction of the microbial metabolic pathways revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.05) in metabolic pathway expression in rumen microbes between steers in the high- and low-marbling classes. Several phyla, families, and genera were positively correlated (P ≤ 0.05) to both rib fat thickness and yield grade. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial composition is associated to differing performance in carcass adipose traits. Overall, most of the bacterial taxa correlated to the intramuscular and subcutaneous fat depots did not overlap, suggesting the microbial population end products likely impacted adipose accumulation largely via separate adipogenic pathways of the host animal.

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Annual depletion and repletion of carcass fat depots in Scottish Blackface ewes

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200004348 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 2001 ◽

pp. 52-52

Author(s):

T. Kvame ◽

M.J. Young ◽

K. Kolstad ◽

N.R. Lambe ◽

J. Conington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Annual Production ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Energy Stores ◽

The Impact

To what extent different fat depots of the carcass are more or less useful to the animal as readily labile energy stores is not clear. A knowledge of how ewes partition and use fat within the carcass is vital in order to estimate the impact of selection to reduce subcutaneous fat on other carcass fat depots. This study was designed to describe changes in the different carcass fat depots over one annual production cycle.

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Surgical fat removal exacerbates metabolic disorders but not atherogenesis in LDLR−/− mice fed on high-fat diet

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54392-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lin Liu ◽

Chenxi Liang ◽

Xiaowei Wang ◽

Xiayu Ding ◽

Yingjing Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Fat Diet ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Surgical Removal ◽

High Fat ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Systemic Insulin Resistance ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fat Removal ◽

Adipose Dysfunction

AbstractLipodystrophy is a severe adipose dysfunction that can be classified as congenital or acquired lipodystrophy, in term of the etiology. Previous knowledge about the metabolic disorders and cardiovascular consequences were mostly obtained from lipodystrophic mice with genetic defects. To completely rule out the genetic influence, we established a mouse model of acquired generalized lipodystrophy by surgical removal of multiple fat depots, including subcutaneous fat in the inguinal, visceral fat in the epididymis and brown fat in the scapula, in atherosclerosis-prone LDLR−/− mice which were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). It was observed that fat removal increased diet-induced hyperlipidemia, especially hypercholesteremia, as early as 2 weeks after HFD and till the end of HFD feeding. After 12 weeks on the HFD, the residual fats of fat-removed mice were found expanded. Although fat removal aggravated diet-induced lipid deposition in the liver and systemic insulin resistance, there was no significant difference in atherogenesis in fat-removed mice compared with sham-operated control mice. Acquired generalized lipodystrophy by surgical fat removal promoted metabolic disorders but not atherogenesis in LDLR−/− mice fed on HFD.

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