Influence of chemical seed and soil treatments onVerticillium-induced yield reduction and tuber defects

Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 is one of the most economically important pests of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide. It is also widespread in most sugar beet growing regions in Ukraine causing serious yield reduction and decreasing sugar content of sugar beet in infested fi elds. An advanced parasitic strategy of H. schachtii is employed to support nematode growth, reproduction and harmfulness. In intensive agriculture systems the nematode control measures heavily rely on nematicides and good agricultural practice (crop rota- tion in the fi rst place). But alternative strategies based on nematode resistant sugar beet cultivars and hybrids are required as none of nematicides approved for the open fi eld application are registered in Ukraine. Here we review the achievements and problems of breeding process for H. schachtii resistance and provide the results of national traditional breeding program. Since the beginning of 1980s fi ve sugar beet cultivars (Verchnyatskyi 103, Yaltuschkivska 30, Bilotcerkivska 45, BTs-40 and Yuvileynyi) and seventeen lines partly resistant or toler- ant to H. schachtii have been obtained throughout targeted crossing and progenies assessment in the infested fi elds. The further directions for better utilization of genetic sources for nematode resistance presented in na- tional gene bank collection are emphasized. There is a need for more accurate identifi cation of resistance genes, broader application of reliable molecular markers (suitable for marker-assisted selection of nematode resistant plants in the breeding process) and methods for genetic transformation of plants. Crop cash value and national production capacity should drive the cooperation in this fi eld. Knowledge as well as germplasm exchange are thereby welcomed that can benefi t breeding progress at national and international level.

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Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Seed Yield in Dry Edible Beans Grown on High-pH Calcareous Soils

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.444f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 444f-445

Author(s):

J.W. Gonzales ◽

D.P. Coyne ◽

W.W. Stroup

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Iron Deficiency Chlorosis ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

High Ph ◽

The Third ◽

Content Index

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) can cause significant seed yield reduction in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high-pH calcareous soils. To determine the effects of FeDC on seed yield, and the effect of Fe-spray as a correction factor for FeDC, 22 breeding lines/cultivars were planted on high-pH (8.0), calcareous (3.2–3.5 calcium carbonate equivalent), and low-Fe (1.8–4.2 ppm DTPA) sandy clay loam Tripp soils at Mitchell and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska. A split-plot design was used with Fe treatments as main plots and breeding lines/cultivars as subplots. Three foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (2.4 kg·ha–1) were applied at V4, R5, and R7 dry bean growth stages, during 1996 and 1997. Leaf chlorosis was measured simultaneously by using a Minolta Chroma-meter (CIE L* a* b* color space system), a Minolta Chlorophyll-meter (chlorophyll content index), and by visual ratings (1 = normal green to 5 = severe chlorosis). In 1996 no significant Fe-spray × line interaction (P = 0.776) and Fe-spray effect (P = 0.884) on seed yield was observed. Breeding lines showed significant differences in seed yield (P = 0.0001) with WM2-96-5 being the highest-yielding line (4047 kg·ha–1). In 1997 a significant Fe spray × line interaction (P = 0.029) was observed. The cultivar Chase without Fe spray (3375 kg·ha–1), and lines WM2-96-5 (3281 kg·ha–1), WM2-96-8 (3171 kg·ha–1) with Fe spray were the highest yielding entries under those treatments. Differences in visual ratings after the third Fe spray in 1997 were significant (P = 0.004) for Fe spray × line interaction. In 1996 visual ratings were different only for breeding lines. Chlorophyll content index showed a significant Fe spray × line interaction after the second Fe spray (P = 0.022) and after the third Fe spray (P = 0.0003) in 1997.

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Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.543c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 543c-543

Author(s):

Ami N. Erickson ◽

Albert H. Markhart

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Flower Development ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Bud Size ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

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Sensitivity and Recovery of Grain Sorghum to Simulated Drift Rates of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Paraquat

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9040070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 70 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ralph Hale ◽

Taghi Bararpour ◽

Gurpreet Kaur ◽

John Seale ◽

Bhupinder Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Stage ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Significant Yield ◽

Glyphosate Drift ◽

Herbicide Drift

A field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the sensitivity and recovery of grain sorghum to the simulated drift of glufosinate, glyphosate, and paraquat at two application timings (V6 and flag leaf growth stage). Paraquat drift caused maximum injury to sorghum plants in both years, whereas the lowest injury was caused by glyphosate in 2017. Averaged over all herbicide treatments, injury to grain sorghum from the simulated herbicide drift was 5% greater when herbicides were applied at flag leaf stage, as compared to herbicide applications at the six-leaf stage in 2017. In 2018, injury from glyphosate drift was higher when applied at the six-leaf stage than at the flag leaf stage. Paraquat and glufosinate drift caused more injury when applied at flag leaf stage than at six-leaf stage at 14 days after application in 2018. About 21% to 29% of injury from the simulated drift of paraquat led to a 31% reduction in grain sorghum yield, as compared to a nontreated check in 2017. The simulated drift of glyphosate and glufosinate did not result in any significant yield reduction compared to the nontreated check in 2017, possibly due to the recovery of sorghum plants after herbicides’ drift application.

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Quantitative trait locus analyses of ozone-induced grain yield reduction in rice

Environmental and Experimental Botany ◽

10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 ◽

pp. 100-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Keita Tsukahara ◽

Hiroko Sawada ◽

Hideyuki Matsumura ◽

Yoshihisa Kohno ◽

Masanori Tamaoki

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Locus ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Trait Locus

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Locally Available Organic Waste for Counteracting Strawberry Decline in a Mountain Specialized Cropping Area

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073964 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3964

Author(s):

Sebastian Soppelsa ◽

Luisa Maria Manici ◽

Francesco Caputo ◽

Massimo Zago ◽

Markus Kelderer

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Anaerobic Digestate ◽

Phytotoxic Effects

Crop decline caused by soil borne fungal pathogens affects specialized cropping systems such as fruit trees and strawberry. A study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pre-plant application of waste-derived biomasses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) to reduce that phenomenon. A field experiment was carried out in an alpine strawberry specialized valley in South Tyrol (Italy), in a long term cultivated field selected for yield reduction over recent years. In July 2018, one month before strawberry transplanting, a field experiment with four soil treatments was set up: anaerobic digestate (solid fraction) of liquid manure, compost from anaerobic digestate of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), untreated control and Dazomet as chemical control. Plants were grown for two cycles (2019 and 2020). Dazomet always gave a significant (over 50%) increase in marketable yield per plant in both the years, anaerobic digestates did not improve strawberry production; compost from OFMSW gave phytotoxic effects in the first year, but improved strawberry yield like Dazomet in the second. Changes of rhizosphere bacterial populations and difference in root pathogen abundance, especially that of Dactylonectria torresensis, were correlated to the crop response to treatments. Findings suggest that waste-derived biomasses are a promising eco-friendly option for counteracting strawberry yield decline. Their positive impact was mostly linked to functional improvements induced by microbial variations. However, the use of such organic amendment requires careful evaluation of composition, doses and above all application times to reduce phytotoxic effects that in some cases can occur in the first months after application.

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Discovery of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Human Adenovirus Capable of Preventing Escape from the Endosome

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1617

Author(s):

Jimin Xu ◽

Judith Berastegui-Cabrera ◽

Marta Carretero-Ledesma ◽

Haiying Chen ◽

Yu Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potent Inhibitor ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Human Adenovirus ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Molecule Inhibitor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Salicylamide Derivatives

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) display a wide range of tissue tropism and can cause an array of symptoms from mild respiratory illnesses to disseminated and life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. However, no antiviral drug has been approved specifically for the treatment of HAdV infections. Herein, we report our continued efforts to optimize salicylamide derivatives and discover compound 16 (JMX0493) as a potent inhibitor of HAdV infection. Compound 16 displays submicromolar IC50 values, a higher selectivity index (SI > 100) and 2.5-fold virus yield reduction compared to our hit compound niclosamide. Moreover, unlike niclosamide, our mechanistic studies suggest that the antiviral activity of compound 16 against HAdV is achieved through the inhibition of viral particle escape from the endosome, which bars subsequent uncoating and the presentation of lytic protein VI.

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Characterization of Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.) for Resistance to Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica and Compatibility with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS) in Tanzania

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11051004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1004

Author(s):

John Lobulu ◽

Hussein Shimelis ◽

Mark D. Laing ◽

Arnold Angelo Mushongi ◽

Admire Isaac Tichafa Shayanowako

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Maize Genotypes ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Mean

Striga species cause significant yield loss in maize varying from 20 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to screen and identify maize genotypes with partial resistance to S. hermonthica (Sh) and S. asiatica (Sa) and compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent. Fifty-six maize genotypes were evaluated for resistance to Sh and Sa, and FOS compatibility. Results showed that FOS treatment significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced Striga management compared to the untreated control under both Sh and Sa infestations. The mean grain yield was reduced by 19.13% in FOS-untreated genotypes compared with a loss of 13.94% in the same genotypes treated with FOS under Sh infestation. Likewise, under Sa infestation, FOS-treated genotypes had a mean grain yield reduction of 18% while untreated genotypes had a mean loss of 21.4% compared to the control treatment. Overall, based on Striga emergence count, Striga host damage rating, grain yield and FOS compatibility, under Sh and Sa infestations, 23 maize genotypes carrying farmer preferred traits were identified. The genotypes are useful genetic materials in the development of Striga-resistant cultivars in Tanzania and related agro-ecologies.

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Country-specific euro area government bond yield reactions to ECB’s non-standard monetary policy program announcements

German Economic Review ◽

10.1515/ger-2018-0094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 417-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ralf Fendel ◽

Frederik Neugebauer

Keyword(s):

Monetary Policy ◽

Euro Area ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Government Bond ◽

Bond Yields ◽

Bond Yield ◽

Current Spread ◽

Policy Program ◽

Government Bond Markets ◽

Country Specific

AbstractThis paper employs event study methods to evaluate the effects of ECB’s non-standard monetary policy program announcements on 10-year government bond yields of 11 euro area member states. Measurable effects of announcements arise with a one-day delay meaning that government bond markets take some time to react to ECB announcements. The country-specific extent of yield reduction seems inversely related to the solvency rating of the corresponding countries. The spread between core and periphery countries reduces because of a stronger decrease in the latter. This result is confirmed by letting the announcement variable interact with the current spread level.

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Safety verification of genetically modified rice morphology, hereditary nature, and quality

Environmental Sciences Europe ◽

10.1186/s12302-021-00516-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dong Won Jeon ◽

Jae-Ryoung Park ◽

Yoon-Hee Jang ◽

Eun-Gyeong Kim ◽

Taehun Ryu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Gene Flow ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Gm Plants ◽

Gm Rice

Abstract Background The drought environment occurs frequently due to the unpredictable future climate change, and drought has a direct negative impact on crops, such as yield reduction. Drought events are random, frequent, and persistent. Molecular breeding can be used to create drought-tolerant food crops, but the safety of genetically modified (GM) plants must be demonstrated before they can be adopted. In this research, the environmental risk of drought-tolerant GM rice was explored by assessing phenotype and gene flow. Drought resistance genes CaMsrB2 inserted HV8 and HV23 were used as GM rice to analyze the possibility of various agricultural traits and gene flow along with non-GM rice. Results When the traits 1000-grain weight, grain length/width, and yield, were compared with GM rice and non-GM rice, all agricultural traits of GM rice and non-GM rice were the same. In addition, when the germination rate, viviparous germination rate, pulling strength, and bending strength were compared to analyze the possibility of weediness, all characteristic values of GM rice and non-GM rice were the same. Protein, amylose, and moisture, the major nutritional elements of rice, were also the same. Conclusions The results of this research are that GM rice and non-GM rice were the same in all major agricultural traits except for the newly assigned characteristics, and no gene mobility occurred. Therefore, GM rice can be used as a means to solve the food problem in response to the unpredictable era of climate change in the future.

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