scholarly journals Dispositional optimism and depression risk in older women in the Nurses´ Health Study: a prospective cohort study

Author(s):  
Jakob Weitzer ◽  
Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald ◽  
Olivia I. Okereke ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
Eva Schernhammer

AbstractDispositional optimism is a potentially modifiable factor and has been associated with multiple physical health outcomes, but its relationship with depression, especially later in life, remains unclear. In the Nurses´ Health Study (n = 33,483), we examined associations between dispositional optimism and depression risk in women aged 57–85 (mean = 69.9, SD = 6.8), with 4,051 cases of incident depression and 10 years of follow-up (2004–2014). We defined depression as either having a physician/clinician-diagnosed depression, or regularly using antidepressants, or the presence of severe depressive symptoms using validated self-reported scales. Age- and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) across optimism quartiles and for a 1-standard deviation (SD) increment of the optimism score. In sensitivity analyses we explored more restrictive definitions of depression, potential mediators, and moderators. In multivariable-adjusted models, women with greater optimism (top vs. bottom quartile) had a 27% (95%CI = 19–34%) lower risk of depression. Every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 15% (95%CI = 12–18%) lower depression risk. When applying a more restrictive definition for clinical depression, the association was considerably attenuated (every 1-SD increase in the optimism score was associated with a 6% (95%CI = 2–10%-) lower depression risk. Stratified analyses by baseline depressive symptoms, age, race, and birth region revealed comparable estimates, while mediators (emotional support, social network size, healthy lifestyle), when combined, explained approximately 10% of the optimism-depression association. As social and behavioral factors only explained a small proportion of the association, future research should investigate other potential pathways, such as coping strategies, that may relate optimism to depression risk.

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 2991-2998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang-Wei Sun ◽  
Xiao-Ou Shu ◽  
Hong-Lan Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
...  

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potential influence of dietary Se intake on mortality among Chinese populations.DesignWe prospectively evaluated all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality risks associated with dietary Se intake in participants of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS) and the Shanghai Men’s Health study (SMHS). Dietary Se intake was assessed by validated FFQ during in-person interviews. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI.SettingUrban city in China.SubjectsChinese adults (n 133 957).ResultsDuring an average follow-up of 13·90 years in the SWHS and 8·37 years in the SMHS, 5749 women and 4217 men died. The mean estimated dietary Se intake was 45·48 μg/d for women and 51·34 μg/d for men, respectively. Dietary Se intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in both women and men, with respective HR for the highest compared with the lowest quintile being 0·79 (95 % CI 0·71, 0·88; Ptrend<0·0001) and 0·80 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·98; Ptrend=0·0268) for women, and 0·79 (95 % CI 0·70, 0·89; Ptrend=0·0001) and 0·66 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·82; Ptrend=0·0002) for men. No significant associations were observed for cancer mortality in both women and men. Results were similar in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsDietary Se intake was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in both sexes, but not cancer mortality.


Author(s):  
David J Cote ◽  
Timothy R Smith ◽  
Ursula B Kaiser ◽  
Edward R Laws ◽  
Meir J Stampfer

Abstract Context No studies have examined the association between body habitus and incidence of pituitary adenoma. Objective To determine if body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body somatotype, or height are associated with risk of pituitary adenoma. Design Pooled analysis of 3 prospective cohort studies. Setting Population-based study. Participants Participants of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII), and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), totaling 284 946 American health professionals. Exposures BMI, waist circumference, body somatotype, and height. Outcome Measures Self-reported incident pituitary adenoma. Multivariable (MV)-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of pituitary adenoma were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results During 7 350 156 person-years of follow-up, 387 incident pituitary adenomas were reported. Comparing BMI of ≥30 to &lt;25 kg/m2, higher adult BMI was associated with higher risk of pituitary adenoma (MV HR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.33-2.28), as was higher maximum adult BMI (MV HR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.34-2.30), higher waist circumference (MV HR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09 per inch), and higher BMI during early adulthood (at age 18 to 21, MV HR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.56-4.49). Taller adult height was associated with pituitary adenoma (MV HR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09 per inch). Overall findings were similar in women and men, although power was limited in men (n = 62 cases). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the association between adult BMI and pituitary adenoma extended to at least 14 years prior to diagnosis and that the results were not affected when analyses were restricted to participants with similar healthcare utilization. Conclusion Higher BMI and waist circumference, from early adulthood to the time of diagnosis, were associated with higher risk of pituitary adenoma.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1034
Author(s):  
Vincenza Gianfredi ◽  
Annemarie Koster ◽  
Anna Odone ◽  
Andrea Amerio ◽  
Carlo Signorelli ◽  
...  

Our aim was to assess the association between a priori defined dietary patterns and incident depressive symptoms. We used data from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study (n = 2646, mean (SD) age 59.9 (8.0) years, 49.5% women; 15,188 person-years of follow-up). Level of adherence to the Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD), Mediterranean Diet, and Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension (DASH) were derived from a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually over seven-year-follow-up (using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire). We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to assess the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. One standard deviation (SD) higher adherence in the DHD and DASH was associated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) of depressive symptoms with HRs (95%CI) of 0.78 (0.69–0.89) and 0.87 (0.77–0.98), respectively, after adjustment for sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors. After further adjustment for lifestyle factors, the HR per one SD higher DHD was 0.83 (0.73–0.96), whereas adherence to Mediterranean and DASH diets was not associated with incident depressive symptoms. Higher adherence to the DHD lowered risk of incident depressive symptoms. Adherence to healthy diet could be an effective non-pharmacological preventive measure to reduce the incidence of depression.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Han Lu ◽  
Shaomei Shang ◽  
Limin Wang ◽  
Hongbo Chen

Abstract Both knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and depressive symptoms are common health issues affecting the quality of life of old adults. Although it is presumed that KOA has a bidirectional relationship with the depressive symptoms, no cohort study has proven it. This is the first study to determine the strength of association for the bidirectional relationship between KOA and depressive symptoms. Data were gathered from the nationally survey of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011-2015. The presence of depressive symptoms was defined by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 10 or higher. The adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model was conducted to estimate hazards ratios (HRs). Controlled covariates include gender, age, education, marital status, residence, number of chronic diseases, and disability. The analysis of KOA predicting the depressive symptoms onset consisted of 4,377 participants free from depressive symptoms at baseline. During 4 years follow-up, diagnosed KOA participants were more likely to have depressive symptoms than their peers without KOA (HR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23-1.83). The parallel analysis of depressive symptoms predicting KOA onset included 6,848 participants without KOA at baseline, those with depressive symptoms had a higher relative risk of developing KOA (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.41-1.92). Our results provide compelling evidence that the KOA-depressive symptoms association is bidirectional, highlighting the importance of evaluating the relationship between physical and mental health among older people. Particularly, taking this association into consideration in the risk assessment and primary prevention of KOA and depression symptoms.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Langton ◽  
B W Whitcomb ◽  
A C Purdue-Smithe ◽  
L L Sievert ◽  
S E Hankinson ◽  
...  

Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the association of oral contraceptives (OCs) and tubal ligation (TL) with early natural menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER We did not observe an association of OC use with risk of early natural menopause; however, TL was associated with a modestly higher risk. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY OCs manipulate hormone levels, prevent ovulation, and may modify the rate of follicular atresia, while TL may disrupt the blood supply to the ovaries. These mechanisms may be associated with risk of early menopause, a condition associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other adverse health outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We examined the association of OC use and TL with natural menopause before the age of 45 years in a population-based study within the prospective Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) cohort. Participants were followed from 1989 to 2017 and response rates were 85-90% for each cycle. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants included 106 633 NHSII members who were premenopausal and aged 25-42 years at baseline. Use, duration and type of OC, and TL were measured at baseline and every 2 years. Menopause status and age were assessed every 2 years. Follow-up continued until early menopause, age 45 years, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, death, cancer diagnosis, or loss to follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs adjusted for lifestyle, dietary, and reproductive factors. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Over 1.6 million person-years, 2579 members of the analytic cohort experienced early natural menopause. In multivariable models, the duration, timing, and type of OC use were not associated with risk of early menopause. For example, compared with women who never used OCs, those reporting 120+ months of OC use had an HR for early menopause of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.87-1.17; P for trend=0.71). TL was associated with increased risk of early menopause (HR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.06-1.28). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study population is homogenous with respect to race and ethnicity. Additional evaluation of these relations in more diverse populations is important. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS To our knowledge, this is the largest study examining the association of OC use and TL with early natural menopause to date. While TL was associated with a modest higher risk of early menopause, our findings do not support any material hazard or benefit for the use of OCs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was sponsored by UO1CA176726 and R01HD078517 from the National Institutes of Health and Department of Health and Human Services. The work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The authors have no competing interests to report. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anne Sofie D. Laursen ◽  
Anne L. Thomsen ◽  
Anne Beck ◽  
Kim Overvad ◽  
Marianne U. Jakobsen

Abstract A daily intake of dairy products is recommended in many countries in order to maintain optimal health throughout life. However, evidence regarding the association between intake of individual dairy products and mortality is limited. We therfore, explored associations between intake of different dairy products and all-cause and cause-specific mortality using specified theoretical substitution analyses. We analysed data from 55 775 Danish men and women aged 50–64 years between 1993 and 1997. Information about dairy product intake at baseline was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Information about vital status and causes of death was obtained through national registers. Measures of associations were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression. During a median follow-up of 19·0 years, 11 586 participants died. For all-cause mortality, we observed that the intake of low-fat milk, whole-fat milk or low-fat yogurt products in place of cheese was associated with a higher rate of death (hazard ratios between 1·03 and 1·12 per serving/d substituted). The same pattern was present for CVD mortality. For cancer mortality, whole-fat milk and low-fat yogurt products in place of cheese were also associated with a higher rate of death for men while for women, whole-fat milk in place of buttermilk was associated with a higher cancer mortality rate. The results appeared robust in several sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that intake of low-fat milk, whole-fat milk or low-fat yogurt products in place of cheese is associated with a higher rate of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyang Yue ◽  
Jordan Creed ◽  
David Cote ◽  
Meir Stampfer ◽  
Molin Wang ◽  
...  

Abstract Few prospective studies have evaluated the relation between fat-soluble vitamins and glioma risk. Using three cohorts—UK Biobank (UKB), Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), we investigated associations of pre-diagnostic concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins D, A, and E with incident glioma. In 346,785 participants (444 cases) in UKB, associations with vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression. In NHS (52 cases, 104 controls) and HPFS (32 cases, 64 controls), associations with 25(OH)D, vitamin A (retinol), and vitamin E (α- and γ-tocopherol) were assessed using conditional logistic regression. Our results suggested plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol were not associated with glioma risk. Comparing the highest to lowest tertile, the multivariable hazard ratio (MVHR) for 25(OH)D was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68-1.11) in UKB and the multivariable risk ratio (MVRR) was 1.08 (95%CI: 0.55-2.09) in NHS and HPFS. In NHS and HPFS, the MVRR for the same comparison for retinol was 1.16 (95%CI: 0.56-2.38). Nonsignificant associations were observed for α-tocopherol (MVRRtertile3vs1=0.61, 95%CI: 0.29-1.32) and γ-tocopherol (MVRR tertile3vs1=1.30, 95%CI: 0.63-2.69) that became stronger in 4-year lagged analyses. Further investigation is warranted on a potential association between α- and γ-tocopherol and glioma risk.


Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen K Garg ◽  
Wesley T O'Neal ◽  
Ana V Diez Roux ◽  
Alvaro Alonso ◽  
Elsayed Soliman ◽  
...  

Background: Depression has been suggested as a potential risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) through effects on the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Current literature examining the prospective relationship between depression and AF is inconsistent and limited to studies performed in predominantly white populations. We determined the relationship of both depressive symptoms and anti-depressant use with incident AF in a multi-ethnic cohort. Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a prospective study of 6,814 individuals without clinical cardiovascular disease. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and use of anti-depressant medications. Five CES-D groups were created based on the score distribution in approximate quartiles, and the top quartile split in 2 such that the top group represented persons with a score ≥16, a value commonly used to identify clinically relevant symptoms. Incident AF was identified from study ECGs verified for AF, ICD-9 hospital discharge diagnoses consistent with AF, and, for participants enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare, inpatient and outpatient AF claims data. Results: 6,644 participants (mean age=62; 53% women; 38% white; 28% black; 22% Hispanic; 12% Chinese-American) were included and followed for a median of 13 years. In separate adjusted Cox proportional hazards analyses, a CES-D≥16 (referent=CES-D<2) and anti-depressant use were each associated with higher incidence of AF (Table). Associations did not differ by race or gender (interaction p-values of 0.18 and 0.17 respectively). Similar results were obtained using time-updated measures of depression. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are associated with an increased risk of incident AF. Further study into whether improving depressive symptoms reduces AF incidence is important.


Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M Parrinello ◽  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Christie M Ballantyne ◽  
Aaron R Folsom ◽  
James S Pankow ◽  
...  

Background: High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mortality. It is unclear whether changes in CRP or persistently high CRP are associated with these outcomes beyond the baseline measure. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of 10,229 participants from the ARIC Study with two measurements of CRP six years apart (at visits 2 and 4, 1990-92 and 1996-98, respectively). CRP was categorized into two groups using a standard cut-point for defining high levels (≥3 vs. <3 mg/L). Six-year change in CRP was categorized as: persistently not high (<3 mg/L), decreasing (≥3 to <3 mg/L), increasing (<3 to ≥3 mg/L), and persistently high (≥3 mg/L). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between visit 2 CRP, visit 4 CRP and six-year change in CRP and each of the following outcomes from visit 4 through 2010: diabetes, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, heart failure and all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for traditional risk factors at visit 2. Sensitivity analyses additionally adjusted for visit 4 covariates. Results: Persons with CRP ≥3 mg/L at visit 2 or 4 had higher risk of each outcome compared to those with CRP <3 mg/L ( Table ). We observed higher risk of all outcomes in persons with persistently high CRP, and of all outcomes except stroke in persons with increasing CRP, compared to those with CRP <3 mg/L at both visits ( Table ). Persons whose CRP decreased from high to <3 mg/L did not have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes or diabetes compared to those with CRP persistently <3 mg/L. Results were similar after adjusting for visit 4 covariates. Conclusions: Persons with sustained high levels of CRP or whose CRP increased to high levels had higher risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and death, while those whose levels decreased from high to moderate or low were at lower risk. Multiple measures of CRP may better characterize inflammatory status and provide more comprehensive information regarding long-term risk.


Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasanti S Malik ◽  
An Pan ◽  
Lawrence de Koning ◽  
Eva Schernhammer ◽  
Walter C Willett ◽  
...  

Background: Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the single largest source of calories and added sugars in the US diet and regular consumption has been associated with weight gain and risk of chronic diseases. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) are often suggested as alternatives to SSB but little is known about their long-term health effects. Whether consumption of SSBs or ASBs is associated with risk of mortality is unknown. Methods: We prospectively followed 38,602 men from the Health Professional’s Follow-up study (1986-2010) and 82,592 women from the Nurses’ Health study (1980-2010) who were free from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years and Cox Proportional Hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: We documented 27,691 deaths (6,631 CVD and 10,447 cancer deaths) during 3.14 million person-years. After adjusting for major dietary and lifestyle risk factors, and BMI, baseline diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, consumption of SSBs was associated with an increased risk of total mortality, which was mainly driven by CVD mortality among individuals consuming at least 2 servings per day; pooled HRs (95% CIs) across categories (<1/month, 1-4/month, 2-6/week, 1-<2/day and ≥2/day) were 1.00, 0.95 (0.91, 0.98), 0.96 (0.93, 0.99), 1.02 (0.96, 1.08), and 1.18 (1.04, 1.33), respectively (P-trend= 0.0001) for total mortality, and 1.00, 0.97 (0.90, 1.02), 0.96 (0.90, 1.02), 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) and 1.28 (1.09, 1.51), respectively (P-trend=0.007) for CVD mortality. In contrast, ASBs were not associated with mortality; pooled HR’s (95% CIs) across categories (<1/month, 1-4/month, 2-6/week, 1-<2/day and ≥2/day) were 1.00, 0.92 (0.89, 0.95), 0.91 (0.86, 0.97), 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) and 0.99 (0.85, 1.15), respectively (P-trend=0.50) for total mortality and 1.00, 0.86 (0.80, 0.92), 0.87 (0.81, 0.94), 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) and 0.96 (0.74, 1.25), respectively (P-trend=0.99) for CVD mortality. No associations were observed with cancer mortality for either SSBs or ASBs in multi-variable adjusted models. Conclusion: Regular consumption of SSBs is associated with an increased risk of total and CVD mortality, providing additional support for recommendations and policies to limit intake of these beverages.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document