Prenatal Zidovudine Treatment Modifies Early Development of Rat Osteoid – Confocal Microspectroscopy Analysis

Abstract Autofluorescence of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been widely explored although the ECM plays a very important role in bone development. In our research we focused on examining the bone matrix of very young animals due to the intense growth process during the first month of life. Structure images and fluorescence spectra of the bone surface were carried out using confocal fluorescence microscope Eclipse Ti-S inverted CLSM (NIKON, Japan) for compact tibia of healthy 7-, 14- and 28-day-old rat newborns after prenatal zidovudine administration in comparison with control. Spectral features of ECM autofluorescence were analyzed statistically by taking into consideration p < 0.05. The CLSM technique allows for simultaneous examination of the structure and autofluorescence from selected areas of the bone surface. Excessive autofluorescence of ECM after prenatal zidovudine administration influences bone growth incommensurably to the newborns’ age. Therefore the possibility of an additional non-enzymatic mechanism of collagen cross-linking in the first two weeks of life of newborn rats prenatally treated with zidovudine has been considered. Our results suggest that ECM autofluorescence can be an indicator of bone development in the normal and pathological state.

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Taurine, Bone Growth and Bone Development

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/157340108784245911 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 135-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sung-Jin Kim ◽

Hyeon Lee ◽

Ramesh Gupta

Keyword(s):

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Development

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The Bone Buttress Theory: The Effect of the Mechanical Loading of Bone on the Osseointegration of Dental Implants

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10010012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

David Chavarri-Prado ◽

Aritza Brizuela-Velasco ◽

Ángel Álvarez-Arenal ◽

Markel Dieguez-Pereira ◽

Esteban Pérez-Pevida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Implants ◽

Mechanical Loading ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Test Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Group A ◽

Bone To Implant Contact ◽

The Stability ◽

Group B

Objectives: To determine the effect of mechanical loading of bone on the stability and histomorphometric variables of the osseointegration of dental implants using an experimental test in an animal model. Materials and Methods: A total of 4 human implants were placed in both tibiae of 10 New Zealand rabbits (n = 40). A 6-week osseointegration was considered, and the rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (Test group) included 5 rabbits that ran on a treadmill for 20 min daily during the osseointegration period; Group B (Controls) included the other 5 that were housed conventionally. The monitored variables were related to the primary and secondary stability of the dental implants (implant stability quotient—ISQ), vertical bone growth, bone to implant contact (BIC), area of regenerated bone and the percentage of immature matrix. Results: The results of the study show a greater vertical bone growth (Group A 1.26 ± 0.48 mm, Group B 0.32 ± 0.47 mm, p < 0.001), higher ISQ values (Group A 11.25 ± 6.10 ISQ, 15.73%; Group B 5.80 ± 5.97 ISQ, 7.99%, p = 0.006) and a higher BIC (Group A 19.37%, Group B 23.60%, p = 0.0058) for implants in the test group, with statistically significant differences. A higher percentage of immature bone matrix was observed for implants in the control group (20.68 ± 9.53) than those in the test group (15.38 ± 8.84) (p = 0.108). A larger area of regenerated bone was also observed for the test implants (Group A 280.50 ± 125.40 mm2, Group B 228.00 ± 141.40 mm2), but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). Conclusions: The mechanical loading of bone improves the stability and the histomorphometric variables of the osseointegration of dental implants.

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Ostm1 from Mouse to Human: Insights into Osteoclast Maturation

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21165600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jean Vacher ◽

Michael Bruccoleri ◽

Monica Pata

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Bone Development ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Adult Life ◽

Cell Types ◽

Severe Form ◽

Isolation And Characterization

The maintenance of bone mass is a dynamic process that requires a strict balance between bone formation and resorption. Bone formation is controlled by osteoblasts, while osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of the bone matrix. The opposite functions of these cell types have to be tightly regulated not only during normal bone development, but also during adult life, to maintain serum calcium homeostasis and sustain bone integrity to prevent bone fractures. Disruption of the control of bone synthesis or resorption can lead to an over accumulation of bone tissue in osteopetrosis or conversely to a net depletion of the bone mass in osteoporosis. Moreover, high levels of bone resorption with focal bone formation can cause Paget’s disease. Here, we summarize the steps toward isolation and characterization of the osteopetrosis associated trans-membrane protein 1 (Ostm1) gene and protein, essential for proper osteoclast maturation, and responsible when mutated for the most severe form of osteopetrosis in mice and humans.

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The Use of Mushrooms and Spirulina Algae as Supplements to Prevent Growth Inhibition in a Pre-Clinical Model for an Unbalanced Diet

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4316

Author(s):

Roni Sides ◽

Shelley Griess-Fishheimer ◽

Janna Zaretsky ◽

Astar Shitrit ◽

Rotem Kalev-Altman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplements ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Bone Development ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Clinical Model ◽

Microbiome Composition

Today’s eating patterns are characterized by the consumption of unbalanced diets (UBDs) resulting in a variety of health consequences on the one hand, and the consumption of dietary supplements in order to achieve overall health and wellness on the other. Balanced nutrition is especially crucial during childhood and adolescence as these time periods are characterized by rapid growth and development of the skeleton. We show the harmful effect of UBD on longitudinal bone growth, trabecular and cortical bone micro-architecture and bone mineral density; which were analyzed by micro-CT scanning. Three point bending tests demonstrate the negative effect of the diet on the mechanical properties of the bone material as well. Addition of Spirulina algae or Pleurotus eryngii or Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, to the UBD, was able to improve growth and impaired properties of the bone. 16SrRNA Sequencing identified dysbiosis in the UBD rats’ microbiota, with high levels of pro-inflammatory associated bacteria and low levels of bacteria associated with fermentation processes and bone related mechanisms. These results provide insight into the connection between diet, the skeletal system and the gut microbiota, and reveal the positive impact of three chosen dietary supplements on bone development and quality presumably through the microbiome composition.

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Rac signaling in osteoblastic cells is required for normal bone development but is dispensable for hematopoietic development

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2011-07-368753 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 736-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Steven W. Lane ◽

Serena De Vita ◽

Kylie A. Alexander ◽

Ruchan Karaman ◽

Michael D. Milsom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Development ◽

Long Bone ◽

Perivascular Niche ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Hsc Niche ◽

Rac1 Gtpase

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) interact with osteoblastic, stromal, and vascular components of the BM hematopoietic microenvironment (HM) that are required for the maintenance of long-term self-renewal in vivo. Osteoblasts have been reported to be a critical cell type making up the HSC niche in vivo. Rac1 GTPase has been implicated in adhesion, spreading, and differentiation of osteoblast cell lines and is critical for HSC engraftment and retention. Recent data suggest a differential role of GTPases in endosteal/osteoblastic versus perivascular niche function. However, whether Rac signaling pathways are also necessary in the cell-extrinsic control of HSC function within the HM has not been examined. In the present study, genetic and inducible models of Rac deletion were used to demonstrate that Rac depletion causes impaired proliferation and induction of apoptosis in the OP9 cell line and in primary BM stromal cells. Deletion of Rac proteins caused reduced trabecular and cortical long bone growth in vivo. Surprisingly, HSC function and maintenance of hematopoiesis in vivo was preserved despite these substantial cell-extrinsic changes. These data have implications for therapeutic strategies to target Rac signaling in HSC mobilization and in the treatment of leukemia and provide clarification to our evolving concepts of HSC-HM interactions.

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Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 491-496

Author(s):

Prihartini Widiyanti ◽

Hartmut Kuehn ◽

Soetjipto Soetjipto

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Transferrin Receptor ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Expression Level ◽

Receptor Mrna ◽

Osteoblast Activity ◽

Gapdh Mrna ◽

Iron Regulated Transporter

Abstract Objectives Iron is essential for cell growth, differentiation, electron transfer, and oxygen transport. Hyperoxia may increase the turnover of bone matrix components with a net effect of accelerated bone growth. Although hyperoxia was claimed could increase osteoblast activity, but expression level in possible genes which play role in proliferation is still unclear. This research aims to prove the differences of expression level of transferrin receptor gene and iron regulated transporter and other genes of 7F2 under 24 h normoxia, 24 h hyperoxia, and 48 h hyperoxia and the effect of hyperoxia by using osteoblast cell culture 7F2. Methods Reverse transcriptase, real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and microarray is used to qualitatively detect gene expression. The computer softwares such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base, Software Affymetrix, DNA Strider program, Genomatix – DiAlign program, Oligo 5.0 program (Software primer design) from Wojciech & Piotr Rychlik, and Genetyx-Mac version 8.0 have been used to analyze the PCR result. Results Under 24 h hyperoxia, there were 3,884 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 copies of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. After 24 h hyperoxia, 8,325 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 GAPDH mRNA copies were found showing 2.1-fold up regulation. After 48 h hyperoxia, there was no significant increase at the level of expression of transferrin receptor mRNA, 8,079 mRNA copies per 1,000,000 copies of mRNA were found (2.0-fold up regulation compared with 24 h normoxia). Conclusions It can be concluded that hyperoxia might have an effect on upregulating the expression of some osteoblast genes which might have an impact on osteoblast activity.

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Bone and muscle development in three inbred female mouse strains

Osteologie/Osteology ◽

10.1055/a-1287-6016 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ursula Föger-Samwald ◽

Maria Papageorgiou ◽

Katharina Wahl-Figlash ◽

Katharina Kerschan-Schindl ◽

Peter Pietschmann

Keyword(s):

Trabecular Bone ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Bone Development ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Structural Reorganization ◽

Bone Volume Fraction ◽

Trabecular Thickness

AbstractMuscle force is thought to be one of the main determinants of bone development. Hence, peak muscle growth is expected to precede peak bone growth. In this study, we investigated muscle and bone development in female C57BL/6 J, DBA/2JRj, and C3H/HeOuJ mice. Femoral cortical and trabecular bone structure and the weights of selected muscles were assessed at the ages of 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Muscle mass increased from 8 to 24 weeks in all 3 strains, suggesting peak muscle development at 24 weeks or later. Bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and connectivity density of the femur decreased or remained unchanged, whereas trabecular density and trabecular thickness largely increased. These results suggest a peak in trabecular bone accrual at 8 weeks or earlier followed by further increases in density and structural reorganization of trabeculae. Cortical density, cortical thickness, and cortical cross sectional area increased over time, suggesting a peak in cortical bone accrual at 24 weeks or later. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that growth of muscle lags behind trabecular bone accrual.

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Modulation of growth factor incorporation into ECM of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro by 17 beta-estradiol

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e990 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (6) ◽

pp. E990-E1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Slater ◽

J. Patava ◽

K. Kingham ◽

R. S. Mason

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Tgf Beta ◽

Subsequent Formation ◽

Igf I

Human fetal osteoblast-like cells formed a regular multilayered structure in vitro with an extensive collagen-based extracellular matrix. With colloidal gold immunocytochemistry, labels for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were distributed in a relatively diffuse pattern, in contrast to the bone growth factors, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and basic fibroblast growth factor, which were colocalized in the collagenous matrix of the multilayer. The inclusion of 17 beta-estradiol (10(-11) to 10(-9) M) in the culture medium increased multilayer depths, increased labeling for IGF-I, IGF-II, and TGF-beta 1, and resulted in earlier detection of TGF-beta 1 label. In contrast, the increase in multilayer depth resulting from treatment with human platelets, an exogenous source of growth factors, was not accompanied by an increase in matrix IGF-I, IGF-II, or TGF-beta 1 label, suggesting a particular effect of estradiol to facilitate this process. Because growth factors in bone matrix may act as coupling agents when released during resorption, reduced growth factor incorporation in the presence of reduced sex steroid concentrations may lead to uncoupling of resorption and subsequent formation.

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Accumulation, localization, and compartmentation of transforming growth factor beta during endochondral bone development.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.107.5.1969 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 107 (5) ◽

pp. 1969-1975 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

J L Carrington ◽

A B Roberts ◽

K C Flanders ◽

N S Roche ◽

A H Reddi

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Bone Development ◽

Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Radioreceptor Assay ◽

Tgf Beta ◽

Endochondral Bone ◽

Growth Factor Beta

Endochondral bone formation was induced in postnatal rats by implantation of demineralized rat bone matrix. Corresponding control tissue was generated by implanting inactive extracted bone matrix, which did not induce bone formation. At various times, implants were removed and sequentially extracted with guanidine hydrochloride, and then EDTA and guanidine hydrochloride. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) in the extracts was quantitated by a radioreceptor assay. TGF beta was present in demineralized bone matrix before implantation, and the concentration had decreased by 1 d after implantation. Thereafter, TGF beta was undetectable by radioreceptor assay until day 9. From day 9-21 the TGF beta was extracted only after EDTA demineralization, indicating tight association with the mineralized matrix. During this time, the content of TGF beta per milligram soluble protein rose steadily and remained high through day 21. This increased concentration correlated with the onset of vascularization and calcification of cartilage. TGF beta was detected only between days 3-9 in the controls; i.e., non-bone-forming implants. Immunolocalization of TGF beta in bone-forming implants revealed staining of inflammatory cells at early times, followed later by staining of chondrocytes in calcifying cartilage and staining of osteoblasts. The most intense staining of TGF beta was found in calcified cartilage and mineralized bone matrix, again indicating preferential compartmentalization of TGF beta in the mineral phase. In contrast to the delayed expression of TGF beta protein, northern blot analysis showed TGF beta mRNA in implants throughout the sequence of bone formation. The time-dependent accumulation of TGF beta when cartilage is being replaced by bone in this in vivo model of bone formation suggests that TGF beta may play a role in the regulation of ossification during endochondral bone development.

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Bone remodelling in Neanderthal mandibles from the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain)

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2010.1188 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 593-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Cayetana Martinez-Maza ◽

Antonio Rosas ◽

Samuel García-Vargas ◽

Almudena Estalrrich ◽

Marco de la Rasilla

Keyword(s):

Morphological Traits ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Bone Remodelling ◽

Histological Study ◽

Growth Dynamics ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Primate Species ◽

Bone Surface ◽

Skull Morphology

Skull morphology results from the bone remodelling mechanism that underlies the specific bone growth dynamics. Histological study of the bone surface from Neanderthal mandible specimens of El Sidrón (Spain) provides information about the distribution of the remodelling fields (bone remodelling patterns or BRP) indicative of the bone growth directions. In comparison with other primate species, BRP shows that Neanderthal mandibles from the El Sidrón (Spain) sample present a specific BRP. The interpretation of this map allows inferences concerning the growth directions that explain specific morphological traits of the Neanderthal mandible, such as its quadrangular shape and the posterior location of the mental foramen.

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