Clean water, sanitation and under-five children diarrhea incidence: Empirical evidence from the South Africa’s General Household Survey

Introduction: Diarrhea incidence in children under five increases by 11% in Indonesia during 2013 - 2018 that could be driven by poor environmental sanitation. This study examined the relationship between environmental sanitation with diarrhea incidence in children under five. Methods: This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design and used a total sampling technique of 81 underfive children. Primary data were collected by conducting interviews with parents using a structured questionnaire guideline and observation, including the source of drinking water, availability of healthy latrine, floor condition, and lighting. A Chi-square test (α = 0.05) was conducted to analyse the relationship between variables. Results and Discussion: There was a significant correlation between household sanitation and diarrhea incidence in under-five children (p = 0.040; PR = 1.202 [95% CI 0.987 – 1.463]). Conclusion: Poor household sanitation can be a driving factor in diarrhea incidence in under-five children, where households categorised as good sanitation have 1.2 times lower risk than poor sanitation

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The Implementation of Community Based on Total Sanitation among Fisherman Families in West Java

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.15294/kemas.v16i2.23019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 225-232

Author(s):

Clara R.P. Ajisuksmo ◽

Nilla S.D Iustitiani

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Household Survey ◽

Community Based ◽

Open Defecation ◽

West Java ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Safe Management

The aim of this study was to obtain a picture on the implementation of Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) the Indonesian term for Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) among the families of fisherman in Eretan Kulon, Indramayu West Java. Participants of this Household Survey were categorized into two, namely households that have under-five children and households that have youth. Father or mother or any adult who live with under-five children or youth were purposively chosen as the participants of this study. In total 307 Households (HH Under five 51.14%; HH Youth 48.86%) participated in this study. Five pillars of STBM were used to develop a questionnaire for this HH Survey. The result revealed that among the five pillars of STBM, the highest mean score was in safe management of drinking water and food (Mean=4.08), followed by washing hands with soap (Mean=3.45), management of solid waste (Mean=2.79), management of liquid water (Mean=2.64), and open defecation (Mean=1.90). The result of this study indicated that not all families have latrines so that they still practice of open defecation. The study also showed that solid and liquid waste management is still not considered important to maintain health and environmental hygiene.

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The impact of clean water supply by drilling boreholes on the diarrhoeal reduction of under-five children in Ghana

http://isrctn.com/ ◽

10.1186/isrctn15191892 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Seungman Cha

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Clean Water ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

The Impact

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Determinants of neonatal, infant and under-five mortality in a war-affected country: analysis of the 2010 Household Health Survey in South Sudan

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000510 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. e000510 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ngatho Samuel Mugo ◽

Kingsley E Agho ◽

Anthony B Zwi ◽

Eliaba Yona Damundu ◽

Michael J Dibley

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

South Sudan ◽

Household Survey ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Under Five ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Country Analysis ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

BackgroundUnder-five children born in a fragile and war-affected setting of South Sudan are faced with a high risk of death as reflecting in high under-five mortality. In South Sudan health inequities and inequitable condition of daily living play a significant role in childhood mortality. This study examines factors associated with under-five mortality in South Sudan.MethodsThe study population includes 8125 singleton, live birth, under-five children born in South Sudan within 5 years prior to the 2010 South Sudan Household Survey. Factors associated with neonatal, infant and under-five deaths were examined using generalised linear latent and mixed models with the logit link and binomial family that adjusted for cluster and survey weights.ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed that mothers who reported a previous death of a child reported significantly higher risk of neonatal (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI 2.88 to 4.87), P<0.001), infant (AOR=3.19, 95% CI (2.62 to 3.88), P<0.001) and under-five deaths (AOR=3.07, 95% CI (2.58 to 3.64), P<0.001). Other associated factors included urban dwellers (AOR=1.37, 95% CI (1.01 to 1.87), P=0.045) for neonatal, (AOR=1.35, 95% CI (1.08 to 1.69), P=0.009) for infants and (AOR=1.39, 95% CI (1.13 to 1.71), P=0.002) for under-five death. Unimproved sources of drinking water were significantly associated with neonatal mortality (AOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.11 to 3.31), P=0.02).ConclusionsThis study suggested that the condition and circumstances in which the child is born into, and lives with, play a role in under-five mortality, such as higher mortality among children born to teenage mothers. Ensuring equitable healthcare service delivery to all disadvantaged populations of children in both urban and rural areas is essential but remains a challenge, while violence continues in South Sudan.

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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors on the Prevalence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in the Rural Community of Dangila District, Northwest Ethiopia

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/2688500 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Bizuayehu Hailu ◽

Wu Ji-Guo ◽

Tadesse Hailu

Keyword(s):

Rural Community ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Clean Water ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene

Background. Under-five diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Despite the tremendous achievement in reducing child mortality and morbidity in the last two decades, diarrhea is still the major causes of morbidity and mortality in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia due to the absence of clean water and poor sanitation and hygiene. Objective. This study aimed to assess the association of water, sanitation, and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrhea among under-five children in the rural community of Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 419 under-five children from October to December 2021 in Dangila district, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioral data. Data were entered into Epi Info and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of diarrhea. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to compute the association of water, sanitation, and hygiene with diarrhea. Statistical significance was considered if P < 0.05 . Results. Among 419 participants, the prevalence of diarrhea was 106 (25.3%). The absence of handwashing habit of children (AOR = 7.70; 95% CI: 2.71–21.79) and caregivers after toilet (AOR = 19.10; 95% CI: 5.46–66.52), absence of latrine (AOR = 3.87; 95% CI: 1.24–12.08), playing with soil (AOR = 8.40; 95% CI: 4.58–36.66), and eating soil (AOR = 6.24; 95% CI: 1.99–19.78) were significantly associated with under-five diarrhea. Children who drink unprotected water were 2.21 times (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI: 0.51–9.69) more exposed to under-five diarrhea than who drink protected water, but it is not statistically significant ( P = 0.29 ). Conclusion. The prevalence of under-five diarrhea is high in Dangila district. The absence of clean water and poor handwashing practice and the absence of latrine are the main factors associated with diarrhea. Therefore, strengthening water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy in the rural community should be prioritized.

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Duration Dependence in Migration Behaviour: Cumulative Inertia versus Stochastic Change

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a271961 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 1961-1975 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

I R Gordon ◽

I Molho

Keyword(s):

Length Of Stay ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Household Survey ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Duration Dependence ◽

Cumulative Stress ◽

Relative Value ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship ◽

General Household Survey

In this paper a new theoretical framework and supporting empirical evidence on the relationship between movement probabilities and length of stay are presented. Individuals' evaluations of the relative value of alternative locations are assumed to evolve stochastically, with a possible tendency either to cumulative inertia or to cumulative stress. In general this yields a nonmonotonic duration function, with probabilities of movement starting at zero, rising and then falling—a pattern consistent with either cumulative tendency, or neither. A version of the model fitted to data on household movement intentions, from the UK General Household Survey, confirms the hypothesised form of this function and indicates a dominance of cumulative stress over cumulative inertia.

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Hubungan Kondisi Jamban Keluarga Dan Sarana Air Bersih Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Arosbaya Bangkalan

DINAMIKA KESEHATAN JURNAL KEBIDANAN DAN KEPERAWATAN ◽

10.33859/dksm.v10i2.465 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 820-832

Author(s):

Saktya Yudha Ardhi Utama ◽

Aini Inayati ◽

Sugiarto Sugiarto

Keyword(s):

Clean Water ◽

Community Practice ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Environmental Sanitation ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Healthy Behaviour ◽

Test Result

Latar Belakang: Diare masih merupakan penyebab kematian balita di Indonesia. Masalah kesehatan seperti diare dapat dicegah, jika masyarakat mempraktikkan perilaku hidup sehat dan berpartisipasi dalam menjaga sanitasi lingkungan. Jumlah diare pada balita di Puskesmas Arosbaya terjadi peningkatan.Objektif: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan kondisi jamban keluarga dan sarana air bersih dengan kejadian diare pada balita.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah keluarga dengan anak balita yang tinggal di daerah Arosbaya dengan sampel yang digunakan 21 responden yang dihitung dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji statistik korelasi spearman’s rho.Hasil: Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kondisi jamban keluarga dengan kejadian diare pada balita (p = 0.001). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kondisi sarana air bersih dengan kejadian diare pada balita (p = 0,009).Kesimpulan: Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa jamban keluarga dan sarana air bersih yang buruk berhubungan dan mendorong diare pada anak balita. Dari penelitian ini disarankan untuk memperbaiki sanitasi lingkungan seperti jamban keluarga dan sarana air bersih untuk mengurangi diare. Kata kunci : jamban keluarga, sarana air bersih, diare, balita Background: Diarrhea is still a cause of under-five children mortality in Indonesia. Health problems such as diarrhea can be prevented, if the community practice healthy behaviour and participate in taking care of the environmental sanitation. The number of diarrhea in children under five at Puskesmas Arosbaya has increase. Objective: This study aims to analyze the correlation of condition of family latrine and clean water facilities with occurence of diarrhea in under-five children. Method: This study was an descriptive analytic research using cross sectional design. The population of this study was families with under-five children that live in Arosbaya region with sample consisted 21 respondents which are counted using purposive sampling. The analysis used was Spearman’s rho correlation statistic test. Result: This result showed that there was a correlation between the condition of family latrine with occurence of diarrhea in under-five children (p = 0,001). And the result of study showed that there was a correlation between the condition of clean water facilities with occurence of diarrhea in under-five children (p = 0,009).Conclusion: The conclusion of this study was that bad family latrine dan clean water facilities are related and encourages the diarrhea in under-five children. From this study suggested to repair environmental sanitation such as family latrine and clean water facilities to decrease diarrhea.Keyword: family latrine, clean water facilities, diarrhea, under-five children.

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South African religious demography: The 2013 General Household Survey

HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies ◽

10.4102/hts.v73i2.3837 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Willem J. Schoeman

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Social Engagement ◽

Religious Affiliation ◽

Household Survey ◽

Faith Communities ◽

The South ◽

South African Society ◽

Prophetic Voice ◽

The Church ◽

General Household Survey

The South African religious landscape is diverse and has a profound effect on the role that faith communities may and should play within this context. The General Household Survey (2013), conducted by StatsSA, gave, for the first time since the census of 2001, a picture of the South African religious profile. The aim is to use religious affiliation and adherence as indicators to plot this landscape. These indicators provide a framework to define and explore the role of the church and faith communities in the South African society. How should secularisation, evangelism, social engagement and the prophetic voice of the church be viewed within this context? The aim of this article is to explore these and other questions within the 2013 General Household Survey as a demographical framework to describe a South African reality for faith communities.

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