scholarly journals Characterizing the pigments and paints of prehistoric artists

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Domingo ◽  
Annalisa Chieli
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Critical Overview

AbstractThis paper offers a broad and critical overview of current discussions on the potential uses and the characterization of pigments in prehistory, with a special focus on prehistoric rock art. Today, analytical approaches to pigments and paints allow us to go beyond the identification of the elemental and molecular composition of these archaeological remains, to explore also raw material procurement, transformation and use strategies of interest to investigate the technological and socio-cultural practices of prehistoric artists and their change over space and time. The paper also summarizes the palette of prehistoric artists, as well as the techniques and analytical strategies used to date to characterize prehistoric pigments and paints (colours, raw materials, binders and recipes) used in prehistoric rock art.

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PERENCANAAN BAHAN BAKU DI UD. AA DENGAN MENERAPKAN METODE MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING (MRP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rudi Abdika Saputra ◽  
Inna Kholidasari ◽  
Susanti Sundari ◽  
Lestari Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Schedule ◽  
Material Requirements Planning ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Material Requirement Planning ◽  
Material Requirement ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
Master Production Schedule

This study discusses the application of the material requirements planning (MRP) method in the planning of raw materials in a furniture company. The purpose of this research is to know the planning of raw materials for furniture products in UD. AA, determine the most suitable inventory model to be applied to material inventory planning and analyze the role of the MRP system in raw material procurement planning. The forecasting method used is the quantitative method of time series analysis, determining the master production schedule, calculating lot sizing (LFL, EOQ, POQ methods). From determining the Master Production Schedule, it is found that the cabinet production plan for the next three months is 4 units per period or week, and based on the calculation of Material Requirement Planning (MRP) it can be seen what components are needed for the manufacture of cabinets, how many and when each component is required. Therefore it is obtained that the total raw material requirement for wood for the next three months is 11.34 m³.

scholarly journals Long and short revolutions towards the Neolithic in western Anatolia and Aegean

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 68-83
Author(s):  
Barbara Horejs
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This paper provides an overview of our current knowledge about the transformation towards the Neolithic in western Anatolia and the Aegean, and offers a narrative for their interpretation. Within the longue durée perspective of the long revolution in the Near East, the first millennia of the Holocene of the Aegean and western Anatolia are contrasted with each other. Economic strategies, environmental conditions, technologies, raw material procurement and cultural practices in the Aegean Mesolithic and the Pre-Neolithic times in western Anatolia are analysed to classify potential similarities and differences. The evidence of new cultural and symbolic practices, eco-nomies, and technologies in the seventh millennium is discussed as the paradox of a short revolu-tion embedded in a long-term process of interaction, knowledge-transfer and adaptation, setting the scene for the Neolithic pioneers establishing a new social life.

scholarly journals A Tale of Two Tiles: Characterization of Floor Tiles from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Shipwreck (Israel)

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Alexandra Inberg ◽  
Dana Ashkenazi ◽  
Yishai Feldman ◽  
Omri Dvir ◽  
Deborah Cvikel
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Type A ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Brown Pigment ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Type B ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Floor Tiles

Fragments of decorated floor tiles were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck, Israel. Most tiles were made of bright brown fired clay with a white glaze decorated with colored stenciled motifs (Type A); and others consisted of a red-brown fired clay body, coated with a brown pigment covered with transparent brown glaze (Type B). This study aimed to characterize the two tile types; to reveal information concerning the manufacturing process; and to determine the origin of their raw material. A multidisciplinary approach was used, including light microscopy, SEM-EDS, electron probe microanalysis with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS), XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analyses. The characterization of both tile types demonstrated the use of different raw materials. The Type A tiles were covered with tin-opacified majolica glaze and colored with various mixtures of pigments. The blue color was due to pigment rich in cobalt; the yellow color was due to Naples yellow and lead-tin yellow I minerals; and the green, orange, and brown colors were all prepared by mixing the Naples yellow pigment with different minerals. These majolica glaze tiles were probably manufactured in Sicily. The brown coating of the Type B tiles was due to pigment rich in lead and iron minerals. These tiles were produced with different manufacturing processes, and apparently made in France.

Characterizing Rock Art Pigments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Chalmin ◽  
Jillian Huntley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Important Evidence

The materials used to make rock art contain important evidence about the cultural practices of the people who created it: their technologies, movements, and social interactions. The number of studies of archaeological pigments in the recent literature demonstrates how fruitful such enquiries can be. In this chapter, the authors discuss the physicochemical characterization of rock art pigments, outline the history of research in this area, differentiate key concepts and terminology, and describe principal methods. They conclude with illustrative case studies from France, South Africa, and Australia to demonstrate the kinds of archaeological information that can be preserved in rock art pigments.

Differential Raw Material Use in the Middle Pleistocene of Spain: Evidence from Sierra de Atapuerca, Torralba, Ambrona and Aridos

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Mosquera Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Lithic Assemblages ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Way

This article reviews the evidence for planning behaviour in Middle Pleistocene hominids. It documents the way in which raw material procurement and tool production were structured during the Middle Pleistocene occupations of the Spanish sites of Sierra de Atapuerca, Torralba, Ambrona and Aridos. Differences in the use of raw materials for different kinds of tool or end-product allow inferences to be drawn about pre-Neanderthal intentionality and cognitive ability. The overall pattern of technological behaviour demonstrated by this study is far removed from the purely ‘opportunistic’ and can reasonably be described as involving both forethought and planning. The work is presented from a techno-economic perspective based on the differential use of raw material types present in the lithic assemblages of these sites, and the proximity of sources of these raw materials in the surrounding landscape.

QUALIDADE DO CALDO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL EM CULTIVARES DE SORGO SACARINO SOB ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
CRISTÓBAL SOTO SOLANO ◽  
NIRALDO JOSÉ PONCIANO ◽  
ROGÉRIO FIGUEIREDO DAHER ◽  
RAFAEL AUGUSTO DA COSTA ◽  
PAULO MARCELO DE SOUZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Total Reducing Sugars ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

 RESUMO - O sorgo sacarino tem potencial de uso como fonte de matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, analisar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura na qualidade do caldo para produção de etanol de quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino. O experimento foi conduzido em Campos dos Goytacazes- RJ, de janeiro a maio de 2014. Foram estudadas quatro cultivares de sorgo sacarino: BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509 e BRS 511 e cinco de doses de nitrogênio (0, 80, 160, 240 e 320 Kg ha-1), aplicadas aos 25 e 45 dias após semeadura. Os resultados mostraram que valor Brix, açúcares redutores totais, açúcares totais recuperáveis, volume do caldo e rendimento de etanol foram afetados pela adubação nitrogenada. Para todas as características, o valor máximo foi obtido pela dose de 240 kg de N ha-1. Entre as cultivares, a BRS 506 mostrou-se superior em produção de caldo e rendimento de etanol. Enquanto a BRS 511 destacou-se nos atributos ART e ATR, e a cultivar BRS 508 sobressaiu-se no valor Brix. A cultivar BRS 506 apresentou melhor resultado combinado, com maior volume de caldo e rendimento de etanol com as doses de 204 e 212 kg N ha-1, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: biocombustíveis, rendimento de álcool carburante, atributos industriais, caracterização da matéria prima, genótipos. QUALITY OF BROTH FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN CULTIVARS OF SACARINE SORGHUM UNDER NITROGEN FERTILIZATION  ABSTRACT - Sweet sorghum has potential as a source of raw material for the production of bioethanol. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of nitrogen topdressing on the quality of the juice for ethanol production from four cultivars of sorghum. The experiment was conducted in Campos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from January to May 2014. Four cultivars of sorghum: BRS 506, BRS 508, BRS 509 and BRS 511 were studied, and five nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg ha-1), applied to 25 and 45 days after sowing. The results showed that the value Brix, total reducing sugars, total recoverable sugars, broth volume and ethanol yield were affected by nitrogen fertilization. For all features, the maximum value was obtained for the dose of 240 kg N ha-1. Among cultivars, BRS 506 was superior in production of broth and ethanol yield. BRS 511 stood out in the attributes ART and ATR, and BRS 508, in value Brix. BRS 506 had better combined result of higher volume of juice and ethanol yield with doses of 204 and 212 kg N ha-1, respectively Keywords: biofuels, fuel ethanol output, industrial attributes, characterization of raw materials, genotypes.   

scholarly journals Investigations of quartz raw materials from the locality of Rekovac muncipality

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Slavica Mihajlovic ◽  
Zivko Sekulic ◽  
Jovica Stojanovic ◽  
Vladan Kasic ◽  
Iroslav Sokic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Potential Applications

Quality of raw materials, including quartz sand and quartzite, varies from one deposit to another. Furthermore, the material quality determines in which industrial branches it can be used after certain preparation processes. Potential applications of quartz raw materials are: in the construction and refractory industry, ceramics and glass industry, then in metallurgy, foundry and also in production of water treatment filters. Geological investigations of the central Serbia region, in the Rekovac municipality, resulted in identification of occurrence of quartz sand ("Ursula") and quartzite ("Velika Krusevica"). Preliminary laboratory tests and characterization of the quartz sand size fraction -0.63+0.1 mm confirmed the possibility of applying this size fraction in the construction materials industry, while the quartzite can be used in refractory, glass and metallurgy industries. After determining the geological reserve of quartz sand "Ursula" and quartzite "Velika Krusevica", detailed investigations are required. Quality conditions from the aspect of chemical composition and physical properties of quartz sand and quartzite are mostly clearly defined by a special standard for this purpose. On the other hand, there are also application areas where standards does not exist, but users define their quality conditions. This example is with the application of quartz sand in the production of water glass. Chemical composition as well is not always the determining factor for the application of quartz raw material. For example, for quartz sand used for sandblasting, grain form is essential. From the economic analysis point of view, the prices of quartz raw materials vary depending on their chemical and physical properties. After all, what needs to be pointed out is the fact that these raw materials are very widespread in nature and that their exploitation is quite simple. After the raw material is excavated, it is stored and further sieved, washed, dried and processed according to customer requirements. All of these processes are cheaper than preparing, for example, limestone, and significaly cheaper than preparation of metal ores.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of innovative insulation materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 01078
Author(s):  
Aggeliki Skaropoulou ◽  
Afroditi Ntziouni ◽  
Dimitris Kioupis ◽  
Sotiris Tsivilis ◽  
Glikeria Kakali
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
By Products

Insulation elements are distinguished in inorganic fibrous and organic foamed materials. Foamed insulation materials are of great acceptance and use, but their major disadvantage is their flammability. In case of fire, they tend to transmit the flame producing toxic gases. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of innovative inorganic insulation materials with properties competitive to commercial is presented. Their synthesis involves the mixing of inorganic raw material and water with reinforcing agent or/and foaming agent leading to the formation of a gel. Depending on raw materials nature, the insulation material is produced by freeze drying or ambient drying techniques of the gel. The raw material used are chemically benign and abundantly available materials, or industrial by-products and the final products are non-toxic and, in some cases, non-flammable. Their density and thermal conductivity was measured and found 0.02-0.06 g/cm3 and 0.03-0.04 W/mK, respectively.

Analytical approaches for the characterization of nickel proteome

Metallomics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1014-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Jiménez-Lamana ◽  
Joanna Szpunar
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Analytical strategies to study the nickel proteome and their advantages and limitations.

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