scholarly journals Upcycling of food industry side streams by basidiomycetes for production of a vegan protein source

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Ahlborn ◽  
Alexander Stephan ◽  
Theresa Meckel ◽  
Garima Maheshwari ◽  
Martin Rühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
World Population ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Shake Flasks ◽  
True Protein

Abstract Purpose Novel protein sources are urgently needed to meet the increasing protein demand of a continuously growing world population. This study is focused on the production of protein rich mushroom mycelia on industrial side streams. Methods Submerged propagation of mushrooms was carried out in shake flasks which contained agro-industrial side streams as the sole carbon source. The biomass obtained was analyzed for its crude protein, ash and fat content as well as for its fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Vitamin D2 production from ergosterol in the biomass was induced by UV-B irradiation and determined by HPLC–DAD. The share of fungal mycelium in the total biomass was determined by extraction and quantitation of ergosterol. Additionally, water and oil binding capacity (WBC and OBC) were evaluated. Results A screening of basidiomycetes grown on agro-industrial side streams indicated a fast growth of Pleurotus sapidus on apple pomace. After 4 days of cultivation, the biomass obtained from this mushroom–substrate combination contained 21% true protein in dry matter. In addition to proteins, the amounts of lipids (4%), ash (2%) and carbohydrates (74%) were quantitated. The dominating fatty and amino acids of Pleurotus sapidus grown on apple pomace were linoleic acid and glutamic acid/glutamine, respectively. Concentrations of up to 115 µg (g dry matter)−1 vitamin D2 were formed from ergosterol by UV-B irradiation. Ergosterol was used as a biomarker to monitor the amount of fungal content. Conclusion The nutritional value of agro-industrial side streams such as apple pomace can be upcycled by biotransformation with basidiomycetes.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

A survey of the analytical composition of field beans (Vicia faba L.)

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eden
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Field Beans ◽  
Matter Basis

SUMMARYStudies were made of the proximate and mineral compositions of modern strains of both spring· and winter-sown beans. The majority of the winter beans were of the Throws M.S. variety, of the spring beans Minors. On the dry-matter basis spring beans averaged 31·4% crude.protein, winter beans 26·5%—a highly significant difference. The true protein values showed a parallel trend. Winter beans averaged 9% crude fibre, spring beans 8%, again a highly significant difference. The strains confirmed the usually accepted levels of oil and of the principal mineral components, except that modern beans appear to be richer in phosphorus.

scholarly journals Quantification of nutrient content in the aboveground biomass of teak plantation in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Udaipur, India

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nirmal Kumar J ◽  
N. Kumar R ◽  
R. Kumar Bhoi ◽  
R. Sajish P
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Dry Deciduous Forest ◽  
Crown Biomass

This study was designed to evaluate the quantification of the nutrient content of aboveground biomass of teak plantation in a tropical dry deciduous forest of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The nutrient contents in the total biomass of teak in the plantation were 165.47 kg/ha N, 20.96 kg/ha P, 35.06 kg/ha K, 49.29 kg/ha Ca, 31.52 kg/ha Mg, 4.27 kg/ha Na, 4.06 kg/ha S and 3.21 kg/ha Cl. In total, 42.93% of the dry matter accounted for crown biomass (leaves, branches, twigs and reproductive parts), which in turn accounts for 60.93% N, 58.63% P, 54.30% K, 51.40% Ca, 62.5% Mg, 53.62% Na, 59.85% S and 60.74% Cl of the aboveground biomass, whereas 57.07% of the dry matter account for trunk biomass (bole bark and bole wood), which in turn accounts for 39.07% N, 41.37% P, 45.70% K, 48.6% Ca, 37.5% Mg, 46.38% Na, 40.15% S and 39.26% Cl.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variation in Biomass Produced Is Linked to Differences in Radiation Acquisition in Mungbean

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Geetika ◽  
Rachaputi ◽  
Collins ◽  
Singh ◽  
Wenham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Rotation Crop

Mungbean has become an important cash and legume rotation crop in the Australian Northern Grains region. Thus, it is necessary to narrow the gap between potential productivity and actual production by understanding the crop physiological attributes contributing to the acquisition of radiation, and it’s conversion into total biomass. A field experiment was conducted at Gatton, during 2018-19 summer season, growing two commercial varieties of mungbean; Jade-AU and Satin II under irrigated conditions. The varieties were planted at 0.5m and 1.0m row spacing and different plant densities. Weekly biomass cuts were taken from a square meter and separated into its components. The area of a green leaf sub-sample was used to compute the leaf area of the canopy. Weekly Ceptometer measurements were taken above and below the canopy at noon on clear, sunny days to obtain a measure of Fraction of radiation interception (Fi). Total shoot dry matter (TDM), pod dry mater (PDM) and leaf area index (LAI) was investigated. There was a significant effect of canopy density on Fi. There was no significant difference in total dry matter between the two varieties, however, there was a highly significant effect of canopy density on TDM. . A highly significant variation in LAI amongst the two varieties and across canopy densities, with Satin II having a higher mean LAI compared to Jade-AU. There was significant effect of canopy density on PDM. Our data indicate variation in dry matter production across canopy densities and there is a need to examine varietal differences in radiation use efficiency which may provide better understanding of hot the captured radiation is utilized in biomass production in mungbean.

Growth and allocation strategies of some perennial weeds of slash and burn agriculture (Jhum) in northeastern India

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1300-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Saxena ◽  
P. S. Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Growth And Allocation

Growth and allocation patterns of dry matter and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in four important perennial weeds, viz., Eupatorium odoratum, Grewia elastica, Imperata cylindrica, and Thysanolaena maxima, were analysed. Eupatorium odoratum, a C3 species and exclusively dependent upon the sexual mode of reproduction, had the highest values for relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. This species also showed the highest concentrations of nutrients in the leaf tissue. Eupatorium odoratum exhibited a greater allocation of its total biomass as well as nutrients to stem as compared with the other three species all of which can "sprout" (regenerate from underground organs) after fire. The reverse was true for the allocation of biomass and nutrients to the leaf component. The two rhizomatous species (I. cylindrica and T. maxima) diverted significantly greater proportions of dry matter as well as nutrients to belowground tissues compared with the two nonrhizomatous species (E. odoratum and G. elastica). The two C4 species, I. cylindrica and T. maxima, showed higher efficiency in nutrient uptake in spite of their low nutrient demand per unit dry matter production. The findings are discussed in relation to the photosynthetic and regenerative strategies of these species.

Studies of the Porcine Intestinal Calcitriol Receptor in Pseudo-Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets Type I

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Schröder ◽  
R. Kaune ◽  
J. Harmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Type I ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Deficiency Rickets ◽  
And Control

1. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) concentrations in plasma of humans and pigs with pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets type I (PVDRI) have been reported to be significantly lower than in normal subjects and animals. Sometimes, however, calcitriol concentrations are relatively high in these subjects and animals (50–80 pmol/l) and nevertheless clinical symptoms of rickets develop. We have studied whether or not the development of rachitic lesions in piglets with PVDRI is due to altered binding properties of the intestinal calcitriol receptor in addition to the defective renal production of calcitriol. PVDRI piglets with clinical and biochemical symptoms of rickets (hypocalcaemia, increased activity of alkaline phosphatase) and with calcitriol concentrations in plasma of 83.7 ± 4.2 pmol/l (n = 7) were used. They were compared with unaffected piglets with normal calcitriol concentrations (178.0 ± 17.7 pmol/l, n = 9). 2. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the receptor in the PVDRI piglets (0.31 ± 0.05 nmol/l) and in control piglets (0.33 ± 0.05 nmol/l) and the maximum binding capacity (Bmax.) (674 ± 103 and 719 ± 122 fmol/mg of protein, respectively) were not different (n = 9). 3. The association rate constant (kass) at 4°C [0.15 × 107 and 0.24 × 107 (mol/l)−1 min−1] and the dissociation rate constant (kdiss) (0.40 × 10−3 and 0.48 × 10−3 min−1; half-life of dissociation = 24.1 and 28.9 h, respectively) were also not different between diseased and control piglets. 4. No differences between PVDRI and control piglets were also found for the relative molecular mass (47 500 and 47700, respectively) and the Stokes' radius (3.04 and 3.05 nm, respectively) of the calcitriol receptor. 5. It is concluded that the intestinal calcitriol receptor of this animal model functions normally and that changes in binding properties and concentration of the intestinal calcitriol receptor do not contribute to the development of rachitic lesions in PVDRI piglets.

Rat intestinal and renal calcium-binding proteins

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Harrison ◽  
A. J. W. Hitchman ◽  
G. B. Gordon ◽  
S. A. Hasany
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Intestinal Protein

The effect of vitamin D activity on the major renal Ca-binding protein has been compared with that on the intestinal Ca-binding protein. Using a method based on Ca-binding capacity, these proteins were measured in vitamin D deficient rats after vitamin D treatment for varying periods up to 5 days. Since P deficiency has been shown to stimulate synthesis of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a similar experiment was done on rats fed a P-deficient diet for periods up to 21 days. The renal Ca-binding protein was unchanged by vitamin D treatment to vitamin D deficient rats and was only slightly increased (50%) by phosphate deficiency. By comparison, the intestinal protein was increased twofold by vitamin D treatment and fivefold by phosphate deficiency. Results indicate that vitamin D activity has no direct effect on the major renal Ca-binding protein.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Soil Microbiome of Barents Sea Coast, Kola Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2126
Author(s):  
Maria Korneykova ◽  
Dmitry A. Nikitin ◽  
Vladimir А. Myazin
Keyword(s):  
Kola Peninsula ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Gene Copies ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Sea Coast

The soil microbiome of the Barents Sea coast of the Kola Peninsula is here characterized for the first time. The content of copies of ribosomal genes of archaea, bacteria, and fungi was determined by real-time PCR. Reserves and structure of biomass of soil microorganisms such as total biomass of fungi and prokaryotes, length and diameter of mycelium of fungi and actinomycetes, proportion of mycelium in biomass, number of spores and prokaryotic cells, proportion of small and large fungal propagules, and morphology of mycobiota spores were determined. The largest number of ribosomal gene copies was found for bacteria (from 6.47 × 109 to 3.02 × 1011 per g soil). The number of copies of ribosomal genes of fungi and archaea varied within 107–109 copies of genes/g soil. The biomass of microorganisms (prokaryotes and fungi in total) varied from 0.023 to 0.840 mg/g soil. The share of mycobiota in the microbial biomass ranged from 90% to 97%. The number of prokaryotes was not large and varied from 1.87 × 108 to 1.40 × 109 cells/g of soil, while the biomass of fungi was very significant and varied from 0.021 to 0.715 mg/g of soil. The length of actinomycete mycelium was small—from 0.77 to 88.18 m/g of soil, as was the length of fungal hyphae—an order of magnitude higher (up to 504.22 m/g of soil). The proportion of fungal mycelium, an active component of fungal biomass, varied from 25% to 89%. Most (from 65% to 100%) of mycobiota propagules were represented by specimens of small sizes, 2–3 microns. Thus, it is shown that, despite the extreme position on the mainland land of Fennoscandia, local soils had a significant number of microorganisms, on which the productivity of ecosystems largely depends.

scholarly journals Analysis of ewe’s milk by FT Near Infrared spectroscopy: measurement of samples on Petri dishes in reflectance mode

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Květoslava Šustová ◽  
Jan Kuchtík ◽  
Stanislav Kráčmar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Ewe's Milk ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Metallic Mirror

Our work deals with a possibility of determination of basic composition (dry matter, fat, protein, casein, lactose and urea nitrogen) of ewe’s milk and colostrum by FT NIR spectroscopy. Samples of milk were warmed to 40 °C, agitated, cooled to 20 °C, transferred into Petri dishes and analysed by reference methods and by FT NIR in reflectance mode. The measured area was spaced by a metallic mirror. Statistically significant differences between the reference values and the calculated values of NIR were not found (p=0.05). Results of calibration for ewe’s milk determined the highest correlation coefficients: dry matter 0.983, fat 0.989, true protein 0.997, casein 0.977, lactose 0.980 and urea nitrogen 0.973. The study showed that NIRS method, when samples of milk are measured on Petri dishes, is a useful technique for the prediction of dry matter, fat, protein and casein in ewe’s milk.

scholarly journals Source sink relationship, dry matter and starch partitioning in developing ginger rhizomes during different growth stages

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
K.S. Krishnamurthy ◽  
K. Kandiannan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Active Biomass ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Source Sink

Source sink relationship, dry matter and starch partitioning, rhizome bulking process in relation to dry matter and starch partitioning in developing rhizomes and growth and gas exchange parameters were studied in three popular varieties of ginger viz., IISR Varada, IISR Mahima and IISR Rejatha. Results revealed that maximum tiller production and leaf area accumulation occurred between 60 and 120 days after planting (DAP) in all three varieties. Photosynthetic rate and hormone contents (auxin and cytokinin) increased from 90-120 DAP, peaked at 120 DAP and then started declining. Biomass partitioning data revealed that the active biomass accumulation stage was between 60 and 150 DAP in ginger. The dry matter accumulation pattern in rhizomes also revealed that maximum dry matter accumulation in rhizomes also occurred between 60 and 150 DAP in all the three varieties. Maximum starch accumulation in the rhizomes also occurred during the same period. These results suggest that most of the rhizome bulking process occurred between 60 and150 DAP in ginger. Total biomass accumulation, dry matter accumulation and starch accumulation in rhizomes followed similar trends.

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