The Costs for an Individual Measurement and Charging in Dwellings

1980 ◽  
pp. 130
Keyword(s):  
Individual Measurement

scholarly journals Target Localization via Integrated and Segregated Ranging Based on RSS and TOA Measurements

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavisa Tomic ◽  
Marko Beko
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Heuristic Approach ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

This work addresses the problem of target localization in adverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments by using received signal strength (RSS) and time of arrival (TOA) measurements. It is inspired by a recently published work in which authors discuss about a critical distance below and above which employing combined RSS-TOA measurements is inferior to employing RSS-only and TOA-only measurements, respectively. Here, we revise state-of-the-art estimators for the considered target localization problem and study their performance against their counterparts that employ each individual measurement exclusively. It is shown that the hybrid approach is not the best one by default. Thus, we propose a simple heuristic approach to choose the best measurement for each link, and we show that it can enhance the performance of an estimator. The new approach implicitly relies on the concept of the critical distance, but does not assume certain link parameters as given. Our simulations corroborate with findings available in the literature for line-of-sight (LOS) to a certain extent, but they indicate that more work is required for NLOS environments. Moreover, they show that the heuristic approach works well, matching or even improving the performance of the best fixed choice in all considered scenarios.

scholarly journals Inferring brain-computational mechanisms with models of activity measurements

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1705) ◽  
pp. 20160278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Kriegeskorte ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Visual Object Recognition ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

High-resolution functional imaging is providing increasingly rich measurements of brain activity in animals and humans. A major challenge is to leverage such data to gain insight into the brain's computational mechanisms. The first step is to define candidate brain-computational models (BCMs) that can perform the behavioural task in question. We would then like to infer which of the candidate BCMs best accounts for measured brain-activity data. Here we describe a method that complements each BCM by a measurement model (MM), which simulates the way the brain-activity measurements reflect neuronal activity (e.g. local averaging in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) voxels or sparse sampling in array recordings). The resulting generative model (BCM-MM) produces simulated measurements. To avoid having to fit the MM to predict each individual measurement channel of the brain-activity data, we compare the measured and predicted data at the level of summary statistics. We describe a novel particular implementation of this approach, called probabilistic representational similarity analysis (pRSA) with MMs, which uses representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs) as the summary statistics. We validate this method by simulations of fMRI measurements (locally averaging voxels) based on a deep convolutional neural network for visual object recognition. Results indicate that the way the measurements sample the activity patterns strongly affects the apparent representational dissimilarities. However, modelling of the measurement process can account for these effects, and different BCMs remain distinguishable even under substantial noise. The pRSA method enables us to perform Bayesian inference on the set of BCMs and to recognize the data-generating model in each case. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.

Precision separation process of sunflower seeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-126
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Seed Material ◽  
Automatic Phenotyping

According to the requirements for the technological processes of purification and separation of the seed mixture to obtain the sunflower seed material of the parent components (varietal purity – 98,0-99,9%) for all parts of the breeding and seed production process, a rational precision technological scheme of the separation processes has been developed, which includes automation of technical processes of separation means. In order to increase the efficiency of the sunflower breeding and seed-growing process, a device for automatic seed phenotyping has been added to the developed technological line, which can significantly intensify and shorten the breeding process and improve the design of the breeding program through bioinformatic data analysis and seed sorting. Functional dependencies are established and methods of automated control of precision mechanized process of seed separation are developed on the basis of coordination of its mode and technological parameters. Tape device for automatic phenotyping of sunflower seed material according to its morphological and marker features have been developed. The device are configured for high accuracy of individual measurement of the geometric dimensions of sunflower seeds with determination of their shape and color and provide low complexity and high technological implementation of the phenotyping process (determination, identification and separation) of seeds.

Usage of 3D Anthropometric Data in CAD/CAM Individual Measurement List

2015 ◽  
Vol 1117 ◽  
pp. 283-286
Author(s):  
Inga Dāboliņa ◽  
Ausma Viļumsone ◽  
Jānis Dāboliņš ◽  
Dana Beļakova
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Data Usage ◽  
Scanning Device ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Speed Up

Computer aided designing software not only the possibility to speed up the process of putting a new model into production and improve the quality of the products, but also reduces material costs and labour intensity, ensuring an elastic change of the assortment. The designing of clothes includes a row of processes and one of the most time and labour consuming is constructing. A construction displays the layout (pattern) of the surface of the body (garment). As it depends on correct anthropometric data, it is very important to get ones right. The use of 3D surface scanning technologies to produce digitized representations of the human anatomy has the potential to help change the way a wide range of products are designed and produced. Every scanning device is equipped with optic (light) appliances to ensure non-contact measuring. Measurements acquired by 3D scanning device should be checked out for compliance with CAD systems for automatized pattern making procedure. The paper introduces the experiment with scanned data usage in CAD pattern making. The project aims to implement scanned data values in the CAD/CAM individual measurement list for acquiring individualized pattern blocks.

The role of tree stem proximity in the spatial variability of soil water repellency in a eucalypt plantation in coastal Portugal

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Keizer ◽  
A. J. D. Ferreira ◽  
C. O. A. Coelho ◽  
S. H. Doerr ◽  
M. C. Malvar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Hydrophobic Compounds ◽  
Ethanol Droplet ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Tree Stem

Certain organic compounds derived from living organisms or their decaying parts are generally accepted to induce soil water repellency. Water repellency may therefore be expected to increase with proximity to organisms releasing hydrophobic compounds. This hypothesis is tested here for Eucalyptus globulus trees, since eucalypt species are frequently associated with elevated repellency levels. In a young, first-rotation plantation on coastal dune sands in central Portugal, repeat measurements of water repellency using the ‘Molarity of an Ethanol Droplet’ (MED) test were carried out in situ between April 2001 and May 2002. On 25 dates, repellency was measured at initially 2 and later 3 distances on 2 sides of 8–11 randomly selected trees. On 15 occasions, additional repellency measurements were performed within small grids aside 3 of the selected trees. The postulated decrease in topsoil water repellency with increased distance from eucalypt tree stems was found to apply on several individual measurement dates, as well as, more unexpectedly since repellency usually is a transient phenomenon, for the study period as a whole. The results confirm the general association of eucalypt trees with water repellency, and indicate that tree stem proximity is an important but not sufficient factor to explain repellency distribution in topsoil.

scholarly journals Analysis of Corneal Spherical Aberrations in Chinese Bilateral Ectopia Lentis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Chen ◽  
Yating Tang ◽  
Qinghe Jing ◽  
Yi Lu ◽  
Yongxiang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Ectopia Lentis ◽  
Corneal Asphericity ◽  
Optical Zone ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Purpose: To analyze the anterior, posterior, and total corneal spherical aberrations (ASA, PSA, and TSA) in patients with Chinese bilateral ectopia lentis (EL).Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate corneal spherical aberration (CSA) using a Pentacam system at the 6-mm optical zone. Axial length, keratometry, astigmatism, and corneal asphericity were also determined.Results: This study included 247 patients (420 eyes) with a mean age of 18.1 years. The values of ASA, PSA, and TSA were 0.136 ± 0.100 μm, −0.118 ± 0.030 μm, and 0.095 ± 0.095 μm, respectively. In the EL patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS), ASA and TSA were significantly lower than in the non-MFS patients (0.126 ± 0.094 μm vs. 0.155 ± 0.107 μm, P = 0.004 for ASA; 0.085 ± 0.091 μm vs. 0.114 ± 0.099 μm, P = 0.003 for TSA), whereas PSA was not significantly different (P = 0.061). The values of ASA and TSA were significantly higher in the patients with EL aged ≥ 40 years old than in younger patients, whereas ASA and PSA were lower in patients aged <10 years old than in older patients (all P < 0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, age, keratometry, astigmatism, anterior asphericity, higher-order aberration (HOA), and lower-order aberration (LOA) were positively or negatively correlated with TSA in the patients with EL (r = 0.681, P < 0.001).Conclusions: Corneal spherical aberration was low in the patients with EL especially for MFS and tended to increase with aging. Preoperatively, individual measurement of CSA was necessary for bilateral EL patients with MFS.

scholarly journals Analiza zmian jakości powietrza Małopolski w latach 2012–2020

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 854-854
Author(s):  
Mateusz Rataj ◽  
◽  
Jadwiga Holewa-Rataj ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
National Centre ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring Stations ◽  
The City

The article focuses on the problem of air pollution, which is referred to as smog, which, according to the WHO, causes the death of 4.2 million people annually. In Europe, the problem of smog particularly affects Poland, according to WHO data, among the 50 most polluted European cities, as many as 33 are in Poland. Out of concern for the health of the residents, Polish law has given local authorities the opportunity to introduce anti-smog resolutions. Anti-smog resolutions focus mainly on reducing dust emissions from the municipal and housing sector, and according to the data of the National Centre for Balancing and Emissions Management, it is responsible for approximately 49% of dust emissions into the atmosphere in Poland. Małopolska also adopted anti-smog resolutions in 2016 (for the city of Kraków) and 2017 (for the remaining area of the voivodeship). Nevertheless, actions under the implementation of air protection programs in Małopolska have been undertaken much earlier. In the years 2013–2018, 43.6 thousand boilers and stoves using solid fuels were decommissioned in Małopolska, including 22.5 thousand in Kraków alone. The article analyzes the changes in air quality in Małopolska in the years 2012–2020. The data analysis focused on five basic pollutants included in smog (i.e. PM10 and PM2.5 dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide) and the readings of 8 air quality monitoring stations (3 located in the city of Krakow and 5 stations located outside Krakow). The main purpose of the analysis was to show whether the measures taken in Małopolska lead to the improvement of air quality. For this purpose, both changes in daily average and annual average pollutant concentrations recorded by individual measurement stations, as well as changes in the number of days in the heating season in which the limit values were exceeded were analyzed. The analysis of the available measurement data for the years 2012–2020 clearly showed that there are pollutants for which the permissible content in the air is exceeded many times a year throughout the voivodeship. At the same time, in the analyzed period, there are noticeable decreasing trends in the observed concentrations of individual pollutants in the air, which proves that the measures taken in Małopolska to improve air quality are slowly bringing results.

scholarly journals Improvement of outcome prediction of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 by a dual marker strategy using high-sensitive cardiac troponin I and copeptin

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C K Kaufmann ◽  
A A Ahmed ◽  
M K Kassem ◽  
M F Freynhofer ◽  
B J Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Cardiac Troponin I ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Icu Admission

Abstract Background COVID-19 has been associated with a high prevalence of myocardial injury and increased cardiovascular morbidity. Copeptin, a marker of vasopressin release, has been previously established as a risk marker in both infectious and cardiovascular disease. Purpose Investigate the prognostic impact of copeptin and high-sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) in COVID-19. Methods This prospective, observational study of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection was conducted from June 6th to November 26th, 2020 in a tertiary care hospital. Copeptin and hs-cTnI levels on admission were collected and tested for their association with the primary composite endpoint of ICU admission or 28-day mortality. Results A total of 213 eligible patients with COVID-19 were included of whom 55 (25.8%) reached the primary endpoint. Median levels of copeptin and hs-cTnI at admission were significantly higher in patients with an adverse outcome (Copeptin 29.6 pmol/L, [IQR, 16.2–77.8] vs 17.2 pmol/L [IQR, 7.4–41.0] and hs-cTnI 22.8 ng/L [IQR, 11.5–97.5] vs 10.2 ng/L [5.5–23.1], P<0.001 respectively). ROC analysis demonstrated an optimal cut-off of 19.6 pmol/L for copeptin and 16.2 ng/L for hs-cTnI and an increase of either biomarker was significantly associated with the primary endpoint. The combination of raised hs-cTnI and copeptin yielded a superior prognostic value to individual measurement of biomarkers and was a strong prognostic marker upon multivariable logistic regression analysis (OR 4.274 [95% CI, 1.995–9.154], P<0.001). Addition of copeptin and hs-cTnI to established risk models improved C-statistics and net reclassification indices. Conclusion The combination of raised copeptin and hs-cTnI upon admission is an independent predictor of deterioration (ICU admission) or 28-day mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Bürgermeisterfond der Stadt WienLudwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular ResearchAssociation for the Promotion of Research on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB) Copeptin and hs-cTnI in COVID-19 Biomarker based risk assessment

Obtaining Interpretable Parameters From Reparameterized Longitudinal Models: Transformation Matrices Between Growth Factors in Two Parameter Spaces

2021 ◽  
pp. 107699862110520
Author(s):  
Jin Liu ◽  
Robert A. Perera ◽  
Le Kang ◽  
Roy T. Sabo ◽  
Robert M. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Longitudinal Models ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Parameter Spaces ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Transformation Matrices ◽  
Confidence Interval Coverage ◽  
Interval Coverage ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study proposes transformation functions and matrices between coefficients in the original and reparameterized parameter spaces for an existing linear-linear piecewise model to derive the interpretable coefficients directly related to the underlying change pattern. Additionally, the study extends the existing model to allow individual measurement occasions and investigates predictors for individual differences in change patterns. We present the proposed methods with simulation studies and a real-world data analysis. Our simulation study demonstrates that the method can generally provide an unbiased and accurate point estimate and appropriate confidence interval coverage for each parameter. The empirical analysis shows that the model can estimate the growth factor coefficients and path coefficients directly related to the underlying developmental process, thereby providing meaningful interpretation.

HbA1c Values Calculated from Blood Glucose Levels Using Truncated Fourier Series and Implementation in Standard SQL Database Language

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Luger ◽  
M. Riedl ◽  
W. Temsch
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Individual ◽  
Individual Measurement ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Remote Server ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sql Database ◽  
Truncated Fourier Series ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Summary Objectives: This article presents a mathematical model to calculate HbA1c values based on self-measured blood glucose and past HbA1c levels, there by enabling patients to monitor diabetes therapy between scheduled checkups. This method could help physicians to make treatment decisions if implemented in a system where glucose data are transferred to a remote server. The method, however, cannot replace HbA1c measurements; past HbA1c values are needed to gauge the method. Methods: The mathematical model of HbA1c formation was developed based on biochemical principles. Unlike an existing HbA1c formula [1], the new model respects the decreasing contribution of older glucose levels to current HbA1c values. About 12 standard SQL statements embedded in a php program were used to per-form Fourier transform. Regression analysis was used to gauge results with previous HbA1c values. The method can be readily implemented in any SQL database. Results: The predicted HbA1c values thus obtained were in accordance with measured values. They also matched the results of the HbA1c formula in the elevated range. By contrast, the formula was too “optimistic” in the range of better glycemic control. Individual analysis of two subjects improvedthe accuracy of values and reflected the bias introduced by different glucometers and individual measurement habits.

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