scholarly journals Pretreating biomass via demineralisation and torrefaction to improve the quality of crude pyrolysis oil

Energy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 481-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tansy Wigley ◽  
Alex C.K. Yip ◽  
Shusheng Pang
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Oil

scholarly journals Utilization of LDPE plastic waste on the quality of pyrolysis oil as an asphalt solvent alternative

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 100872
Author(s):  
Dedy Hariadi ◽  
Sofyan M. Saleh ◽  
R. Anwar Yamin ◽  
Sri Aprilia
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil

Tire pyrolysis oil in Brazil: Potential production and quality of fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 109614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander R. Gamboa ◽  
Ana M.A. Rocha ◽  
Leila R. dos Santos ◽  
João A. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Potential Production

scholarly journals Effect of Exchangeable Cation in Clays on the Yield and Quality of the Bio-Oil during Microwave Pyrolysis of Cellulose

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324
Author(s):  
Alisa Doroshenko ◽  
Ihor Pylypenko ◽  
Simona Gromovaite ◽  
James Clark ◽  
Vitaliy Budarin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Yield ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Microwave Pyrolysis ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Cation Nature

Bio-oil (pyrolysis oil) is an essential feedstock for the production of renewable fossil-free fuels and valuable chemicals. Enhancement of the pyrolysis oil yield and its quality are significant challenges for an efficient and sustainable biorefinery. Here, we report the microwave (MW)-assisted noncatalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, as a green and controllable alternative to conventional heating, in the presence of eco-friendly Li-, Na-, K-, Mg-, Ca- and Ba-bentonites. The detailed analysis of the MV heating traces demonstrates that the bentonite MW activity significantly depends on the presence of internal water. The intensity of this interaction is controlled by the cation nature reduced in the order: Li+ > Na+ > K+ and Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+. A unique experimental design for the MW-assisted pyrolysis of cellulose in the presence of Li-doped clays helps to increase the bio-oil yield to 37.8% with high selectivity towards the commercially useful levoglucosan (purity: 39.36%). The combination of an alternative green heating method and environmentally friendly bentonites can be used many times without recycling. We believe that the improved yields of bio-oil are due to: (i) high MW activity of bentonites, which conventionally increases the heating rates of cellulose; and (ii) production of water by hydrophilic clay minerals, favouring depolymerisation of cellulose.

scholarly journals Comparison of Dimethylformamide with Dimethylsulfoxide for Quality Improvement of Distillate Recovered from Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
Su Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Simple Distillation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Increase Rate

As a part of improving the quality of the distillate (distilling temperature 120–350 °C) recovered from waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) by simple distillation, the enrichment of paraffin components present in the distillate was compared by the equilibrium extraction of dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Regardless of the solvent used, the concentration increase rate of the paraffin component in the raffinate relative to the raw material was reduced by increasing the mass fraction of water in the solvent in an initial state. On the other hand, it increased by increasing the mass ratio of the solvent to the raw material in an initial state. The enrichment performance of paraffin component in raffinate recovered by DMF was higher than that by DMSO under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, the two solvents were compared by adding color and the waxing phenomena of recovered raffinate to assess the enrichment performance of paraffin components.

scholarly journals Improving the Quality of Pyrolysis Oil from Co-firing High-density Polyethylene Plastic Waste and Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1498
Author(s):  
Eny Kusrini ◽  
Dijan Supramono ◽  
Volkan Degirmenci ◽  
Saeful Pranata ◽  
Aji Agraning Bawono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
High Density ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

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