Post-partum depression risk factors in pregnant women

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s279-s280
Author(s):  
A. Ugarte ◽  
P. López ◽  
C. Serrulla ◽  
M.T. Zabalza ◽  
J.G. Torregaray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technique ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionPostpartum depression has a prevalence of 15% and has consequences for mother and baby (delayed physical, social and cognitive development). It's essential to prevent the illness with an early identification of Risk Factors (RF).MethodsFive hundred and seventy-two women in 3rd trimester of pregnancy were evaluated and selected those with ≥ 1 RF (n = 290). We re-evaluated in the postpartum with Edinburgh Depression Scale and selected those with subsyndromal depressive symptoms (≥ 7.5) (n = 57). Clinical, demographic and functional data were collected.ResultsA total of 50.7% had RF. A percentage of 48.6 had family history of mental illness (MI), 34.1%had personal history of (MI) and 34.1% had some pregnancy associated illness. Twenty percent had needed some assisted reproductive technique, 14.1% had little family support and 15.2% had little couple support, 3.8% showed anxiety-depressive disorders during pregnancy, 19.7% had depressive symptoms after delivery. The mean age was 33.67. No significant differences between patients with and without RF (T-1858, P 0.064). Among women with RF, 59.6% were married, 35.1% single and 3.0% had other situation. 89.5% live with their own family, 8.8% with their family of origin, 1.8% alone. 50.8% had university studies.ConclusionsAssessing RF during pregnancy can help these women, since we see that the 19.7% will have serious risk of developing postpartum depression. The RF to take more into account are not those related to social-academic development, neither the presence of anxiety-depressive symptoms during pregnancy, but the family or personal history of (MI) and the presence of a pregnancy associated illness. Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of this disease improving the quality of life of mother and babies’ development.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Correlates of Postpartum Depression in First Time Mothers Without Previous Psychiatric Contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Sylvén ◽  
T.P. Thomopoulos ◽  
N. Kollia ◽  
M. Jonsson ◽  
A. Skalkidou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Time Mothers ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder after childbirth. The strongest known predictors are a history of depression and/or a history of PPD. However, for a significant proportion of women, PPD constitutes their first depressive episode. This study aimed to gain further insight into the risk factors for PPD in first time mothers without previous psychiatric contact.MethodsWomen delivering in Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, from May 2006 to June 2007, were asked to participate and filled out questionnaires five days and six weeks postpartum, containing inter alia the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Univariate logistic regression models, as well as a path analysis, were performed to unveil the complex interplay between the study variables.ResultsOf the 653 participating primiparas, 10.3% and 6.4% reported depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 12 points) five days and six weeks postpartum, respectively. In the path analysis, a positive association between anxiety proneness and depressive symptoms at five days and six weeks postpartum was identified. For depressive symptoms six weeks after delivery, additional risk factors were detected, namely depressive symptoms five days postpartum and subjective experience of problems with the baby. Caesarean section and assisted vaginal delivery were associated with fewer depressive symptoms at 6 six weeks postpartum.ConclusionsIdentification of anxiety proneness, delivery mode and problems with the baby as risk factors for self-reported depressive symptoms postpartum in this group of primiparas can be important in helping health care professionals identify women at increased risk of affective disorders in the perinatal period, and provide a base for early intervention.

Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S362-S362 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F Cherif ◽  
I. Feki ◽  
R. Sellami ◽  
D. Trigui ◽  
I. Baâti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Almost All

IntroductionChildbirth represents for women a time of vulnerability to postpartum mood disorders. These disorders range in severity from the early maternal blues to postpartum psychosis. Along this spectrum is postpartum depression (PPD) that may have many risk factors.ObjectivesThe study aims to examine the prevalence of PPD and associated risk factors among a sample of Tunisian women receiving cares in the hospital of Sfax.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study regarding 150 parturients examined during the first and the sixth week post-delivery. The EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) was used to assess PPD.ResultsThe total sample had a mean age of 29.61 years. During the sixth week study period, 126 of 150 were examined. Almost all of the women have a low school level (82.7%). Only 9.3% had a personal psychiatric history. Multiparity was found in 43.3% of cases. The current pregnancy was undesired in 15.3% of cases. Sympathetic signs of pregnancy were reported by 64.7% of women. The prevalence of PPD in the first week was 14.7% and 19.8% in the sixth week after delivery. The PPD was associated with the maternal age (> 35 years), the low school level, the existence of mood personal background, the parity, the difficulty to accept the pregnancy and sympathetic signs of pregnancy.ConclusionPostpartum depression is common on our sample. Identifying risk factors of PPD allows clinicians to detect subgroups of women with an increased vulnerability who might receive early psychiatric care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression at a tertiary care institute

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2773
Author(s):  
Vanithamani Sivapragasam ◽  
Anitha A. Manjappa ◽  
Aruna B. Patil ◽  
Monicka Kalaimani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Care Institute ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
History Of

Background: Up to 85% of the women experience some type of mood disturbance in the postnatal period. Postpartum depression affects bonding with infant which may lead to malnutrition and other complications in the infant. This article focuses on the prevalence of depression among postnatal women attending a tertiary care institute in Chennai and to identify the risk factors that affect postpartum depression.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study, performed over a period of three months from January 2019 to March 2019. 200 postnatal mothers were recruited for the study, who were in postpartum period from 1 to 6 weeks after delivery. Specially designed proforma was used to record various determinants to assess the risk factors which could contribute to postpartum depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to detect the depressive symptoms in postnatal mother.Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 25%. Primi gravida, history of miscarriage and unplanned pregnancy were associated with increased risk of developing depression in the postnatal period. Fear regarding gender of the child and failure of lactation were not contributing risk factors to postpartum depression. Spacious house and partner support were found to be protective factors to combat depression in postnatal women.Conclusions: Prevalence of postpartum depression was 25%. Significant association was found between primi gravida, history of miscarriage, unplanned pregnancy and postpartum depression. Early screening of the women will reduce the adverse outcomes among both mother and the child.

scholarly journals A preliminary study on identifying specific risk factors of post-partum depression

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Afiya M. Shafi ◽  
Rohit Jain ◽  
Smita Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Post Natal Depression ◽  
Preliminary Study

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are important events in the life of a woman and also highly vulnerable period of various physiological and psychological illnesses. Several literatures propound that 22% young Indian mothers are showing depressive symptoms after delivery. The consequence of maternal depression is adverse both for mother and development of the child. Objective of this study was to examine the social and obstetric factors contributing post-partum depression.Methods: Women, 18-35 years of age, having four days to one-year postpartum period was taken from the tertiary care hospital settings. Terminal illness, still birth delivery and comorbid psychiatric illness was excluded. Screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression done based on international classification of diseases (ICD 10) using Edinburgh post-natal depression scale (EPDS). A comparative approach by the means of descriptive statistics was implied for data analysis where mothers with depressive symptoms are experimental group and non-depressed mothers were acted as the controls.Results: Study findings indicated a statistically significant association between postpartum depression and risk factors such as occupation and average social economic class, first time delivery.Conclusions: It is a preliminary study in a restricted geographical area, not covering the neurobiological risk factors of postpartum depression. Hence, the future study will focus on the large sample size in a multi areal population for assuring the accuracy of the result.

Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Sutter-Dallay ◽  
V. Giaconne-Marcesche ◽  
E. Glatigny-Dallay ◽  
H. Verdoux
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Pregnancy Anxiety ◽  
Postnatal Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractObjective– Studies have suggested that women with pregnancy anxiety may be at greater risk of postnatal depression (PND). However, due to the high comorbidity between anxiety and depressive disorders, this finding may be confounded by the association between prenatal depression and postnatal depression. The aim of the present prospective study was to assess whether anxiety disorder (AD) during pregnancy is an independent predictor of intensity of postnatal depressive symptoms.Method.– The MATQUID cohort survey was conducted on pregnant women (n = 497) attending a state maternity hospital. Psychiatric status during pregnancy was assessed during the third trimester using a structured diagnostic interview. Intense postnatal depressive symptoms at 6 weeks post-partum were defined by a score >12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).Results.– Nearly one out of four women (24.1%) presented with at least one pregnancyAD, and 29 (5.8%) presented with a score >12 on the EPDS. After adjustment for presence of major depression during pregnancy and other confounding factors, women with pregnancy AD were nearly three times more likely to present with intense postnatal depressive symptoms (OR = 2.7, 95%CI 1.1-6.3, P = 0.03).Conclusion.– Promoting the recognition and management of AD in pregnant women may be of interest for the prevention of postnatal depression.

scholarly journals POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL RISK FACTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-1) ◽  
pp. S47-51
Author(s):  
Amina Hanif Tarar ◽  
Mohammad Mohsin Ijaz ◽  
Muhammad Ali Tarar ◽  
Munazza Batool
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family System ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Social Support Scale ◽  
Depression Assessment ◽  
Poor Social Support

Objective: To explore the cultural risk factors influencing the Postpartum Depression of first-born infants’mothers. Study Design: Correlational survey. Place and Duration of Study: Jannat Maternity Home, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, from Jan to Nov 2019. Methodology: A sample of 101 first-born infants’ mothers with ages ranging from 18 to 26 years was selectedthrough purposive sampling. Edinburgh Post-Partum Depression Scale and Oslo Social Support Scale were used. Results: Results suggested significantly lower mean scores for Postpartum Depression of mothers having a firstborn baby boy (M=5.98, SD=2.44) and higher for those having a girl (M=18.33, SD=4.62). Multi-factorial analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of Social Support and Family System on Postpartum Depression levels of first-born infants’ mothers, explaining 44% and 11% variance respectively. Further, Post-Hoc analysis revealed higher levels of Postpartum Depression for mothers having poor Social Support (M=17.30, SD=6.15) as compared to those having moderate (M=9.68, SD=6.27) and strong Social Support (M=6.26, SD=2.30). Moreover, pair wise-comparisons demonstrated higher levels of Postpartum Depression for first-born infants’ mothers belonging to nuclear families (M=17.61, SD=7.09) as compared to joint ones (M=9.60, SD=5.70). Conclusion: The study establishes that first-born infants’ gender, degree of social support, and nature of familyhave a profound effect on the Postpartum Depression levels of mothers. These findings will extend the understanding of cultural risk factors influencing first-born infants’ mother’s mental health.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Patients with Noncommunicable Diseases in The Kingdom of Bahrain

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
History Of

Background and objectives: There is a high coexistence between mental disorders and chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Patients with chronic illnesses have higher rates of depression and anxiety when compared to the healthy individuals. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety and to explore the associated risk factors. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in the NCD clinics of five health centers in the Kingdom of Bahrain included all patients attending these clinics from January 2016 to March 2016. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was used to screen patients for depression and anxiety. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with anxiety and depression. All the analyses were conducted using STATA 12; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 456 patients were included in the study. Mild and moderate to severe type of depression were observed in 71 (15.6%) and 53 (11.6%) patients, respectively. According to the multivariable model, the odds of having high depression score was significantly higher in patients aged < 45 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.01; P = 0.01), with low income (adjusted OR = 1.99; P = 0.02), with personal history of mental illness (adjusted OR = 5.13; P = 0.001), and with lower educational levels (P = 0.02). Mild and moderate to severe anxiety scores were observed in 55 (12.1%) and 34 (7.5%) patients, respectively. According to the multivariate model, the odds of having high anxiety score was significantly higher in females (adjusted OR = 2.85; P < 0.001), patients aged < 45 years (adjusted OR = 2.41; P = 0.005), in patients with low income (adjusted OR = 3.62; P < 0.001), and in those with personal history of mental illness (adjusted OR = 4.5; P = 0.004). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients attending NCD clinics in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Therefore, screening of mental health diseases should be established.

scholarly journals Sports Psychiatry: Exercise and postpartum depression

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
New Mothers ◽  
Depressive Feelings ◽  
Baby Blues ◽  
Mood Lability

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common psychiatric disorder in the peripartum period affecting approximately 8% of European women without prior psychiatric history [1] and even more with pre-existing depressive disorders. Up to 70% of new mothers develop mild depressive symptoms called “baby-blues” which include weepiness, sadness and mood lability. Those symptoms usually peak between 2 and 5 days post-delivery and abate spontaneously within days up to 2 weeks [2]. In contrast to “baby blues” postpartum depression can have a serious impact on functioning and even lead to suicidality rendering it highly important to detect the disorder as early as possible. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [3] is widely used to screen for postpartum depression and should be applied to all new mothers who develop depressive symptoms such as loss of interest, hopelessness and depressive feelings. Several risk factors for postpartum depression have been identified: Prenatal depression poses the highest risk, followed by low self-esteem, childcare stress, prenatal anxiety, life stress and lack of social support [4]. Postpartum depression is a treatable condition, however, it has to be distinguished from bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis, which require different treatment strategies [2].

scholarly journals PREVALENSI DAN FAKTOR RISIKO DEPRESI POST PARTUM DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
I Komang Lindayani ◽  
Gusti Ayu Marhaeni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Partum Depression

Depresi post partum dapat dialami oleh ibu nifas sejak 2 minggu sampai dengan 1 tahun setelah melahirkan. Kondisi ini jika dideteksi sejak awal dan dapat penanganan yang tepat, akan dapat mencegah masalah lebih lanjut. Identifikasi gejala depresi dan faktor risiko terjadinya depresi post partum penting dilakukan. Kuesioner Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)sudah sangat umum digunakan di seluruh dunia untuk mendeteksi adanya depresi post partum dengan tingkat sensitivitas sebesar 80% dan spesifitas 84,4%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung prevalensi kejadian depresi post partum di Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019, mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian depresi post partu dan menganalisis hubungan antara faktor risiko yang ditemukan. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian observasional dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian dilaksanakan di 3 (tiga) puskesmas rawat inap yaitu Puskesmas I Denpasar Timur, IV Denpasar Selatan dan II Denpasar Barat. Responden berjumlah 67 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner EPDS,  kuesioner faktor yang terkait dengan kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas, dan kuesioner faktor sosial. Analisis univariat dengan menghitung proporsi, analisis bivariat dengan menggunakan uji Chi Square dan analisis multivariate dengan menggunakan regresi logistic. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi kejadian depresi post partum sebesar 25,4%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan secara bermakna dengan kejadian depresi post partum antara lain : jenis keluarga, nutrisi untuk bayi dan dukungan keluarga. Sedangkan faktor risiko usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, penghasilan keluarga, paritas, status kehamilan, komplikasi persalinan dan jenis kelamin bayi tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan. Hasil regresi logistik menunjukkan nutrisi untuk bayi memiliki hubungan yang paling kuat dengan kejadian depresi post partum. Post partum depression can be experienced by postpartum mothers from 2 weeks to 1 year after giving birth. This condition, if detected early and can be handled properly, will be able to prevent further problems. Identification of depressive symptoms and risk factors for post partum depression is important. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire has been very commonly used worldwide to detect post partum depression with a sensitivity level of 80% and a specificity of 84.4%. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of post partum depression events in Denpasar City in 2019, determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of post partum depression and analyze the relationship between risk factors found. This research is an observational research with cross sectional design. The study was conducted in 3 (three) inpatient puskesmas, namely Puskesmas I Denpasar Timur, IV Denpasar Selatan and II Denpasar Barat. Respondents numbered 67 people. The instruments used were EPDS questionnaire, factor questionnaire related to pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, and social  factor questionnaire. Univariate analysis by calculating proportions, bivariate analysis using the Chi Square test and multivariate analysis using logistic regression.The results showed the prevalence of post partum depression was 25.4%. Risk factors significantly related to the incidence of post partum depression include: type of family, nutrition for infants and family support. While risk factors for age, education, occupation, family income, parity, pregnancy status, complications of childbirth and sex of the baby did not show a significant relationship. Logistic regression results show that nutrition for infants has the strongest association with the incidence of post partum depression. 

Management and Strategy of Thromboprophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3996-3996
Author(s):  
Giorgio Corinaldesi ◽  
Christian Corinaldesi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Placental Abruption ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Familial History ◽  
History Of ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy increases the risk of foetal loss, foetal growth retardation, pre-eclampsia, and placental abruption; VTE was more frequent and the risk was higher in ante partum RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.2. range 2.1%–4.2%, and post partum RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–6.9. range 7.1%–11.5%. Risk factors for VTE during pregnancy are: age >38 years, obesity, familial or personal history of VTE, abnormalities of blood flow, and vessel wall injury; they lead to venous thrombosis just as comorbility conditions associated to thrombophilia or to a state of hypercoagulability (Factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A, hyperhomocysteinemia with C677T mutation, deficiencies of PS and/or PC, ATIII, elevated levels of FVIII, dysfibrinogenemia, anticardiolipin antibodies / lupus anticoagulant), or they may be associated to additional risk factors (sepsis, inflammation, recent major surgery, prolonged bed rest, trauma, severe varicose vein); any of these factors approximately tripled the absolute risk of VTE. Antithrombotic agents during pregnancy in patients with a familial history of thrombosis are recommended prior and during pregnancy. The overall prevalence of VTE in these patients is 60% without any therapy; in about 80% of these cases there was an involvement of the left lower limb; the high risk for pulmonary embolism (60% in patients with Factor V Leiden deficiency) justifies the thrombo-prophylaxis throughout pregnancy and puerperium. The complications of pregnancy associated with maternal carriage of Factor V Leiden are: VTE, hypertensive disorder (gestational hypertension, HELLP-syndrome, preeclampsia), late pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption. We have studied a 28 years old patient that showed leg pain, skin tension, swelling, oedema, fever, tenderness, low abdominal pain, and raised WBC, with Factor V Leiden (R506Q) heterozygosis and a familial history and personal history of recurrent VTE. Factor V Leiden is resistant to the action of activated C-protein (ACP) because the mutation G1691A (substitution of a glutamine for arginine residue 506) occurs on ACP cleavage site (there are three major cleavage site for this molecule: R 306, R 506, R 679); the frequency of Factor V Leiden in Caucasian people was between 3–10% (7.2% heterozygotes - 0.8% homozygotes). An exhaustive bilateral comparative color-Doppler ultrasound investigation was performed during and after the end of pregnancy for six months. Current strategy to prevent thrombus formation consists on using unfractioned heparin (UHF), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (enoxaparine 40 mg sc daily, or 30 mg sc twice daily; or dalteparin 5000 U s.c. once or twice daily), or consists on danaparoid that do not cross the placenta; heparin may be associated with warfarin, and this regimen can be continued in the post partum for 12 weeks. We used active prophylaxis with enoxaparine 40 mg sc daily with ASA 150 mg during the second and third three months, (plasma heparin levels measured as anti FX activity of 0.2 to 0.6 U/ml), in addition to graduated compression socks; medications used during pregnancy included folic acid and iron supplement (80 mg/daily) without any bleeding event or other clinic problem. The therapeutic approach to VTE includes two potential foetal complication: teratogenesis from coumarin derivates (nasal hypoplasia, stippled epiphyses, optic atrophy, cleft lip), and bleeding; the main maternal complications include bleeding, osteoporosis, heparin induced thrombocytopenia which may occur during both therapy with heparin or LMWH.

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