Biogas production from high-protein and rigid cell wall microalgal biomasses: Ultrasonication and FT-IR evaluation of pretreatment effects

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 120676
Author(s):  
Marta Oleszek ◽  
Izabela Krzemińska
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pretreatment Effects

Sites of Adsorption of the Bacteriophages T3 and T5 on the Wall of Escherichia Coli B.

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 96-97
Author(s):  
Manfred E. Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall ◽  
Host Cell Surface ◽  
Bacterial Viruses ◽  
Escherichia Coli B

Bacterial viruses adsorb specifically to receptors on the host cell surface. Although the chemical composition of some of the cell wall receptors for bacteriophages of the T-series has been described and the number of receptor sites has been estimated to be 150 to 300 per E. coli cell, the localization of the sites on the bacterial wall has been unknown.When logarithmically growing cells of E. coli are transferred into a medium containing 20% sucrose, the cells plasmolize: the protoplast shrinks and becomes separated from the somewhat rigid cell wall. When these cells are fixed in 8% Formaldehyde, post-fixed in OsO4/uranyl acetate, embedded in Vestopal W, then cut in an ultramicrotome and observed with the electron microscope, the separation of protoplast and wall becomes clearly visible, (Fig. 1, 2). At a number of locations however, the protoplasmic membrane adheres to the wall even under the considerable pull of the shrinking protoplast. Thus numerous connecting bridges are maintained between protoplast and cell wall. Estimations of the total number of such wall/membrane associations yield a number of about 300 per cell.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Feasibility of Using the Bacteriophage T4 Lysozyme to Improve the Hydrolysis and Biochemical Methane Potential of Secondary Sludge

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3644
Author(s):  
Sangmin Kim ◽  
Seung-Gyun Woo ◽  
Joonyeob Lee ◽  
Dae-Hee Lee ◽  
Seokhwan Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Bacteriophage T4 ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
T4 Lysozyme ◽  
Biochemical Methane Potential ◽  
Secondary Sludge ◽  
Methane Potential

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of secondary sludge is a rate-limiting step due to the bacterial cell wall. In this study, experiments were performed to characterize secondary sludges from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and to investigate the feasibility of using bacteriophage lysozymes to speed up AD by accelerating the degradation of bacterial cell walls. Protein was the main organic material (67.7% of volatile solids in the sludge). The bacteriophage T4 lysozyme (T4L) was tested for hydrolysis and biochemical methane potential. Variations in the volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentration and biogas production were monitored. The VSS reduction efficiencies by hydrolysis using T4L for 72 h increased and ranged from 17.8% to 26.4%. Biogas production using T4L treated sludges increased and biogas production was increased by as much as 82.4%. Biogas production rate also increased, and the average reaction rate coefficient of first-order kinetics was 0.56 ± 0.02/d, which was up to 47.5% higher compared to the untreated samples at the maximum. Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteriia were major microbial classes in all sludges. The interpretation of the microbial community structure indicated that T4L treatment is likely to increase the rate of cell wall digestion.

Comparative Investigation of Secondary Cell Wall Development in Cotton Fiber Near Isogenic Lines Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR)

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongliang Liu ◽  
Hee-Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Fiber Maturity

In this investigation, we applied previously proposed simple algorithms to analyze the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra of cotton fibers during secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. The infrared crystallinity ( CIIR) and maturity ( MIR) indices were compared from developmental fibers representing two pairs of upland cotton near isogenic lines (NILs). One pair of NILs consisted of Texas Marker-1 (TM-1) and an immature fiber ( im) mutant that differ in fiber maturity. The other pair of NILs included MD52ne and MD90ne that show variations in fiber strength. The observations revealed significant difference in the MIR values between developmental TM-1 and im NILs grown at a field in crop year 2015, and also a significant difference in the CIIR values between these NILs grown at the same field in crop year 2011. These different patterns of CIIR and MIR values during fiber development for the two different crop years indicated the impact of genetics and crop year on the development of fiber maturity and crystallinity of the TM-1 and im fibers. Furthermore, the tendency of linking CIIR with MIR values suggested that the im fibers have more CIIR development than the TM-1 fibers when the fibers have the similar MIR values. In contrast, the NIL pair having variations in fiber strength showed insignificant differences in the patterns of CIIR and MIR as well as the relationship between CIIR and MIR values. The results suggested that CIIR and MIR indices from ATR FT-IR measurement could be used to facilitate the understanding of how fiber genetics and crop year affect fiber maturity and crystallinity during SCW biosynthesis.

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Microscopy as an Imaging Tool for Physiological Studies II. SIMS Microscopy of Plant Tissues

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Grignon ◽  
Sylvain Halpern ◽  
Josette Jeusset ◽  
Philippe Fragu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall ◽  
Large Central Vacuole ◽  
Small Solute

Serious difficulties are encountered when SIMS analysis is applied to plant cells because of the cells' basic organization. In most plant cells, the cytoplasm is present as a thin layer that surrounds a large central vacuole, and is surrounded externally by a porous semi-rigid cell wall. Due to the high internal hydrostatic pressure typical of plant cells, large-scale solute redistribution may occur when tissues are excised. Relatively small solute decompartmentation is sufficient to collapse the native solute gradients between the cytoplasm and the adjacent compartments, due to the small volume of the former. For these reasons, most of the SIMS analyses in plant cells have been performed on elements bound to non-diffusible structures such as proteins, cell wall polymers, or in dry seeds. Sample preparation remains a limiting factor when imaging the distribution of soluble compounds. Cryotechniques have generated considerable interest to circumvent these problems. Cryofixation followed by cryosectioning would a priori be the best procedure, but encouraging results indicate that cryofixation followed by cryosubstitution is an interesting alternative.

scholarly journals Xyloglucan Remodeling Defines Auxin-Dependent Differential Tissue Expansion in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Melina Velasquez ◽  
Xiaoyuan Guo ◽  
Marçal Gallemi ◽  
Bibek Aryal ◽  
Peter Venhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Rigid Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Complexity ◽  
Genetic Interference

Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan’s molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.

scholarly journals Effect of Thermal Pretreatment on the Yield of Biogas from Microcoleous Vaginatus

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
M. Haruna ◽  
O.R. Momoh ◽  
S. Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Made In

Biomass is being looked upon as one of the promising renewable energy sources for the future, with growing interest in microalgae conversion into biogas through anaerobic digestion. Recently, the ability of microalgae to treat waste water has doubled its potentials material today. However, in spite of the progress made in that regards, there are still challenges of algae conversion to biofuel, due to the presence of complex cell wall in some algae. Cell wall inhibits bacteria growth during degradation. In this research work 10 grams of Microcoleous vaginatus was treated in an oven at varying temperatures of 70, 75 and 80 oC for an hour, out of which 4 g was measured into 250 ml serum bottle for digestion at mesophilic temperature of 37 oC. Based on the results of proximate analysis, 69%increase in carbohydrate was attained with 72.7 – 148% reduction in moisture content. The biogas yield of untreated sample was 4.36 mLg−1 VS, while, pretreated samples at 70, 75 and 80 ℃ produced 8.39, 9.07 and 9.38 mLg−1VS (volatile solid) of biogas. This  corresponds to 92, 108 and 115% higher than that of untreated samples. However, thermal treatment of M. vaginatus prior to digestion show positive effect on carbohydrate extraction and enhanced biogas and methane yield as well. Therefore, this makes the substrate a good feedstock for biogas production. Keywords: Biomass, pretreatment, thermal, anaerobic digestion, degradation, Microcoleous vaginatus.

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