The immune response in human beings to Amb a 1 linked to ISS DNA

AbstractThe host-protective immune response to infection with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes involves a range of interacting processes that begin with recognition of the parasite's antigens and culminate in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa. Precisely which immune effectors are responsible for the loss of specific worms is still not known although many candidate effectors have been proposed. However, it is now clear that many different genes regulate the response and that differences between hosts (fast or strong versus slow or weak responses) can be explained by allelic variation in crucial genes associated with the gene cascade that accompanies the immune response and/or genes encoding constitutively expressed receptor/signalling molecules. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been recognized for some time as decisive in controlling immunity, and evidence that non-MHC genes are equally, if not more important in this respect has also been available for two decades. Nevertheless, whilst the former have been mapped in mice, only two candidate loci have been proposed for non-MHC genes and relatively little is known about their roles. Now, with the availability of microsatellite markers, it is possible to exploit linkage mapping techniques to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to GI nematodes. Four QTL for resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and additional QTL affecting faecal egg production by the worms and the accompanying immune responses, have been identified. Fine mapping and eventually the identification of the genes (and their alleles) underlying QTL for resistance/susceptibility will permit informed searches for homologues in domestic animals, and human beings, through comparative genomic maps. This information in turn will facilitate targeted breeding to improve resistance in domestic animals and, in human beings, focused application of treatment and control strategies for GI nematodes.

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The Dynamics of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Sars Cov-2 Infection and Its Limitations in Human Beings

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i45a32708 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10-25

Author(s):

Akpanda Etido ◽

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu ◽

Chukwuma J. Okafor ◽

Udunma Olive Chijioke ◽

C. C. N. Vincent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Infection Process ◽

Host Cells ◽

Human Beings ◽

Infected People ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Cell Immunity

This article deals with the dynamics of the innate and adaptive immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection. SARSCoV2 is the viral factor that causes the current global coronavirus pandemic disease 2019 (COVID2019). In terms of person-to-person transmission, it is contacted by inhaling the sneeze droplets of infected people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 attacks lung cells first in its binding mechanism because there are many conservative receptor entries, such as angiotensin converting enzyme 2. The presence of this virus in host cells triggers a variety of protective immune responses, resulting in leads to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In the SarsCoV2 infection process, virus replication, immune response, and inflammatory response are dynamic events that can change rapidly; leading to different results, involving the dynamic expression of pro-inflammatory genes, peaking after the lowest point of respiratory function and leading to a cytokine storm, research on the interleukin 1 (IL1) pathway has shown that it is a factor related in severe respiratory diseases. The weakened expression of cytokines associated with mild infections will also delay T cell immunity to SARSCoV2, thereby prolonging the infection time; this indicates that such afebrile (afebrile) infections and undifferentiated COVID19 cases may promote the virus in the community Spread. This review aims to provide a general overview of the dynamics involved in the human immune response to this viral infection. It also includes a brief description of its structure, discovery history and pathogenesis to facilitate the understanding of this article.

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Investigation of the Molecular Mechanisms of Antioxidant Damage and Immune Response Downregulation in Liver of Coilia nasus Under Starvation Stress

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.622315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Meiyao Wang ◽

Gangchun Xu ◽

Yongkai Tang ◽

Shengyan Su ◽

Yinping Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Fish Species ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Commercial Fishing ◽

Human Beings ◽

Starvation Stress ◽

Coilia Nasus ◽

Regulatory Pathways ◽

First Time

Commercial fishing of estuarine tapertail anchovy (Coilia nasus), an important anadromous fish species in the Yangtze River of China, has been prohibited due to the serious damage overfishing has caused to the wild population. Research regarding the energy metabolism is important for migratory fish to ensure the continuation of their existence. In this study, we performed, for the first time, a comparative transcriptome analysis of the liver of C. nasus subjected to long-term starvation stress. The results indicated that the damaging effects involved downregulation of the antioxidant capacity and immune response. The positive response to starvation involved upregulation of the anti-allergy and anticancer capacity, which supports the function of starvation in cancer inhibition, as has also been determined for human beings. This study revealed regulatory pathways, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and mechanisms leading to damage of the liver in C. nasus affected by starvation. This research contributes information for the further study of the energy metabolism mechanism of C. nasus and provides a theoretical reference for starvation metabolism research of other fish species and even human beings.

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Old friends meet a new foe

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoaa037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (1) ◽

pp. 234-248

Author(s):

Tara J Cepon-Robins ◽

Theresa E Gildner

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Evolutionary Medicine ◽

Host Cells ◽

Human Beings ◽

Global Impact ◽

Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽

Parasitic Worms ◽

Old Friends

Abstract The novel virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the associated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent a pathogen to which human beings have limited to no evolved immune response. The most severe symptoms are associated with overactive inflammatory immune responses, leading to a cytokine storm, tissue damage, and death, if not balanced and controlled. Hypotheses within Evolutionary Medicine, including the Hygiene/Old Friends Hypothesis, provide an important lens through which to understand and possibly control this overactive immune response. In this article, we explore the role that infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; i.e. intestinal parasitic worms) may play in dampening SARS-CoV-2 symptoms and mitigating the worst COVID-19 outcomes. Specifically, STHs stimulate the immunosuppressive and regulatory T-helper 2 (TH2) branch of the immune system, which decreases ACE2-receptor expression (i.e. receptors SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect host cells), balances the inflammatory TH1/TH17 branches of the immune system triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and reduces inflammation through the release of anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines. Because STHs are common and affect the most vulnerable and marginalized members of society, it is especially important to consider how these parasites may impact COVID-19 outcomes. Areas experiencing endemic STH infections are often characterized by a lack of preventative infrastructure and medical care, which may further exacerbate risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development. For this reason, we also explore biocultural factors that contribute to disease outcomes for both SARS-CoV-2 and STH infections. Biocultural and Evolutionary Medicine perspectives on COVID-19 are crucial for understanding the global impact of the disease. Lay summary: An evolutionary perspective is required to understand the global impact and various presentations of COVID-19. We consider how coinfection with soil-transmitted helminths (common parasitic worms that coevolved with humans) may suppress inflammatory immune activity, thereby potentially reducing COVID-19 disease severity. Structural and lifestyle factors shaping coinfection patterns are also discussed.

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ENDURING IMMUNITY FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF MICE WITH FORMALIN-INACTIVATED VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER (FAR EASTERN, TICK-BORNE) ENCEPHALITIS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.82.6.431 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 431-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. Casals ◽

Peter K. Olitsky

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Human Beings ◽

Immune State ◽

Active Virus ◽

Long Period ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

High Degree ◽

Far Eastern ◽

Circulating Antibody

A single course of two intraperitoneal injections of formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis induced in albino mice a solidly immune state which endured almost throughout life. Active virus is therefore not essential for the production of a high degree of lasting immunity. The immune response to vaccination consists of resistance to peripherally introduced active virus and development of circulating antibody. A correlation has been found to exist throughout the long period of the immune state between the titer of neutralizing antibody, as determined by the intraperitoneal method described, and the degree of immunity to peripherally introduced active virus. Thus laboratory tests for the immunizing power of a vaccine suggest themselves, to be carried out by an estimation in vaccinated mice of (a) immunity to peripherally inoculated active virus, and (b) serum virus-neutralizing antibody determined by the intraperitoneal method. The rôles as indicators of immunity in vaccinated mice of complement-fixing antibody in the serum, of the intracerebral challenge dose of virus, and of the intracerebral method for testing neutralizing antibody are discussed. Finally, if the immune response of man to vaccination with formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis follows the pattern of the response of mice as here described, and if the correlation of neutralizing antibody with immunity to peripherally introduced virus applies to man as to mice, then possibly the degree of immunity in human beings following vaccination can be appraised by a peripheral test for neutralizing antibody in the serum.

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Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants on Human Lung Epithelial Cells with Subsequent Influenza Virus Infection

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121998 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1998

Author(s):

Janine J. Wilden ◽

Eike R. Hrincius ◽

Silke Niemann ◽

Yvonne Boergeling ◽

Bettina Löffler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Immune Response ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Lung Epithelial Cells ◽

Human Beings ◽

Small Colony Variants ◽

Small Colony ◽

Tract Infections ◽

The Impact

Human beings are exposed to microorganisms every day. Among those, diverse commensals and potential pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) compose a significant part of the respiratory tract microbiota. Remarkably, bacterial colonization is supposed to affect the outcome of viral respiratory tract infections, including those caused by influenza viruses (IV). Since 30% of the world’s population is already colonized with S. aureus that can develop metabolically inactive dormant phenotypes and seasonal IV circulate every year, super-infections are likely to occur. Although IV and S. aureus super-infections are widely described in the literature, the interactions of these pathogens with each other and the host cell are only scarcely understood. Especially, the effect of quasi-dormant bacterial subpopulations on IV infections is barely investigated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of S. aureus small colony variants on the cell intrinsic immune response during a subsequent IV infection in vitro. In fact, we observed a significant impact on the regulation of pro-inflammatory factors, contributing to a synergistic effect on cell intrinsic innate immune response and induction of harmful cell death. Interestingly, the cytopathic effect, which was observed in presence of both pathogens, was not due to an increased pathogen load.

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Regulatory T Cells Are Locally Induced during Intravaginal Infection of Mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00552-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

pp. 5456-5465 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Mónica Imarai ◽

Enzo Candia ◽

Carolina Rodriguez-Tirado ◽

Javier Tognarelli ◽

Mirka Pardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Humoral Response ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Human Beings ◽

Local Survival

ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that in human beings produces gonorrhea. Much clinical evidence has led to the conclusion that gonococcus has important mechanisms to evade host immune functions; however, these mechanisms are only now beginning to be elucidated. In this study, we determined that the BALB/c mouse is a good animal model to study gonococcus infection and examined the immune response against the bacteria. We determined that after intravaginal inoculation of mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria reached and invaded the upper female reproductive tissues and elicited a T-cell-specific immune response associated with a very weak humoral response, altogether resembling gonococcus infection and disease in women. Remarkably, in the draining lymph nodes of the genital tracts of infected mice, we found an increase of regulatory T lymphocytes, namely, transforming growth factor β1-positive CD4+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells. Altogether, results indicate that N. gonorrhoeae induces regulatory T cells, which might be related to the local survival of the pathogen and the establishment of a chronic asymptomatic infection.

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β-Glucan Oligosaccharide EnhancesCD8+T Cells Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding Hepatitis B Virus Core Antigen

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2010/645213 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Shengfu Dong ◽

Chunhong Liu ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Shuhui Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Dna Vaccine ◽

Dna Vaccination ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Basic Unit ◽

Cell Immune Response ◽

Core Antigen ◽

Human Beings

DNA vaccination can induce specificCD8+T cell immune response, but the response level is low in large mammals and human beings. Coadministration of an adjuvant can optimize protective immunity elicited by a DNA vaccine. In this study, we investigated the effect of a synthetic glucohexaose (β-glu6), an analogue of Lentinan basic unit, on specificCD8+T cell response induced by a DNA vaccine encoding HBcAg (pB144) in mice. We found thatβ-glu6 promoted the recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells, enhanced the activation ofCD8+andCD4+T cells and increased the number of specificCD8+/IFN-γ+T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues in mice immunized by pB144. Immunization with pB144 andβ-glu6 increased the anti-HBc IgG and IgG2a antibody titer. These results demonstrate thatβ-glu6 can enhance the virus-specific CTL and Th1 responses induced by DNA vaccine, suggestingβ-glu6 as a candidate adjuvant in DNA vaccination.

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Ocular Surface as Barrier of Innate Immunity

The Open Ophthalmology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874364101509010049 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Rodrigo Bolaños-Jiménez ◽

Alejandro Navas ◽

Erika Paulina López-Lizárraga ◽

Francesc March de Ribot ◽

Alexandra Peña ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Innate Immunity ◽

Ocular Surface ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Human Beings ◽

Humoral Factors ◽

Lacrimal Apparatus ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Ocular System

Sight is one of the most important senses that human beings possess. The ocular system is a complex structure equipped with mechanisms that prevent or limit damage caused by physical, chemical, infectious and environmental factors. These mechanisms include a series of anatomical, cellular and humoral factors that have been a matter of study. The cornea is not only the most powerful and important lens of the optical system, but also, it has been involved in many other physiological and pathological processes apart from its refractive nature; the morphological and histological properties of the cornea have been thoroughly studied for the last fifty years; drawing attention in its molecular characteristics of immune response. This paper will review the anatomical and physiological aspects of the cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus, as well as the innate immunity at the ocular surface.

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