scholarly journals A small-scale ochratoxin A production method for rapid and affordable assay for screening microorganisms for their ability to degrade the mycotoxin

LWT ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 113058
Author(s):  
Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa ◽  
Tiago de Melo Nazareth ◽  
Giuseppe Meca ◽  
Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale

scholarly journals Production organization capacity of ethnic minorities in northwestern region of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16004
Author(s):  
Thu Trang Vu ◽  
Dung Vu ◽  
Thi Mai Lan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Shifting Cultivation ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
New Production ◽  
Organization Capacity ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
Traditional Production ◽  
Production Organization

Survey results of 1,452 people representing families of 6 ethnic minorities in 11 communes of 7 districts in 7 provinces in the Northwest region shows that the production organization capacity of the ethnic minorities surveyed has changed, but still remains many limitations. The change in production capacity of ethnic minorities is reflected in the fact that the majority of families have produced in a new way (know how to use some machines, use new plant varieties and breeds, apply chemical fertilizers, use pesticides, and some agricultural products produced for sale). The limitations of the production organization capacity of ethnic minority families are shifting cultivation, dibbling, rudimentary production tools, low labor productivity, production by small-scale, autarky, shifting cultivation of wandering hilltribes). If comparing between traditional production method and new production method, the traditional production method is still more prevalent. One of the main causes of this situation is that ethnic minorities live in mountainous areas with difficult transportation, so the main cultivation method is shifting cultivation. The application of machines in production faces many difficulties.

scholarly journals Converting from Seepage Irrigation to Plasticulture for Vegetable Production: A Case Study

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Barrett ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli ◽  
Lucas G. Paranhos ◽  
Mark W. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Seepage Irrigation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tail Water

This article is intended to provide information to producers and Extension agents that are interested in using drip irrigation for vegetable production. Cabbage production in Florida is dominated by the use of seepage or sub-irrigation. This system has traditionally been used because it is inexpensive to maintain and simple to use. Seepage irrigation works by damming tail water ditches, pumping water into open furrows, and effectively raising the water table to a depth accessible to the crop root system (For more information see EDIS Publication #HS1217). This type of irrigation practice is almost completely unique to Florida and is possible due to the persistence of a shallow, impermeable layer in the soil profile. This system can require vast quantities of water to be pumped from the aquifer in low-rainfall years. Plasticulture, or the use of drip irrigation and plastic mulch, has been proposed as an alternative production method for cabbage production in Florida. An on-farm demonstration was set up to provide a platform for collaboration between researchers, growers, and Extension professionals. The demonstration was located on Greene’s Farms in Bunnell, FL. The goal of the demonstration was to grow high-density cabbage populations using plasticulture side by side with seepage on a commercial farm. Fertilizer and irrigation management was closely matched between systems. The plasticulture system was designed to provide a small-scale installation of this technology for learning and commercial adaptation purposes. This small-scale system has great potential for encouraging adoption of this type of system with low risk to the grower. This article illustrates an innovative approach for converting from seepage irrigation to plasticulture and points out some options and challenges for growers considering a plasticulture system. 

scholarly journals Does manufacturers' size affect the prevalence of mycobiota and occurrence of mycotoxins in spices and spice-based products?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Ahmad-Zaidi ◽  
M.A.A. Ghazali ◽  
N.A. Nik-Muhammad ◽  
N.S. Sazali ◽  
N. Mahror ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Food Safety And Quality

The present work aimed to establish the prevalence of mycobiota and occurrence of mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) in spices and spice-based products, and correlate these to their manufacturers’ sizes. A total of 90 spice, sauce and paste samples were purchased; 3 manufacturer sizes (small, medium, large) × 3 types of samples (spices, sauces, pastes) × 5 brands × 2 replicates. The prevalence of mycobiota was assessed with dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (AFPA) medium, while the occurrence of mycotoxins was quantified with HPLC-FLD. Large-scale manufacturers were found to adopt a greater number of safety and quality certifications. Small-scale manufacturers significantly yielded the highest total fungal loads on DRBC (log 5.084±0.417 cfu/g paste, log 6.253±0.407 cfu/g sauce, log 6.662±0.222 cfu/g spice) and AFPA (log 4.461±0.451 cfu/g paste, log 5.661±0.395 cfu/g sauce, and log 6.269±0.432 cfu/g spice). Correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) revealed that manufacturers’ sizes positively influenced (DRBC r=0.781; AFPA r=0.702) the prevalence of mycobiota. Aflatoxin B1 was present in 6/30 (20%) paste samples, 1/30 sauce samples (3.33%) and 12/30 spice samples (40%). Aflatoxin B2 was only present in 2/30 sauce samples (6.67%). Aflatoxin G1 and G2 were absent from all samples. Ochratoxin A was present in 11/30 (36.67%) paste samples, 5/30 sauce samples (16.67%) and 21/30 spice samples (70%). It was found that, to a certain extent, the size of and certification adopted by manufacturers affected the prevalence of mycobiota and the occurrence of mycotoxins in spices and spice-based products analysed in the present work. Nevertheless, it is henceforth recommended that a surveillance study of this nature be extended and widened in terms of number of samples as well as type of spices, sauces and pastes to obtain a more thorough and significant profile of the products’ food safety and quality level.

scholarly journals Mechanization of the 18ct Gold Ring Manufacturing Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
Cleverton Cruz dos Santos ◽  
David Barbosa de Alencar ◽  
Alexandra Priscilla Tregue Costa ◽  
Mauro Cezar Aparício de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Artisanal Production

The process of manufacturing handcrafted 18ct gold wedding rings is a method widely used by small scale and self-employed manufacturers, this manufacturing method has low investment in labor, equipment, tools and physical space, but this method becomes a both outdated when improvements are needed, in this case the alliance manufacturing process through micro-casting and machining is considered to be one of the efficient ways to produce on a medium scale and requires a slightly larger investment in equipment, and tools that eliminate some processes. idle, generating a higher production volume and a superior finish compared to the artisanal production method.

scholarly journals BULGARIAN GARDENING ROAD AS A CULTURAL DESTINATION IN HUNGARY - CASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1799-1804
Author(s):  
Jordan Tutunkov
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
National Council ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
The Road ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
The Social

The concept of Bulgarian gardening became widespread in Hungary from the 1870s-1880s, including the complex vegetable production method used by Bulgarian horticultural farms, which meant special small-scale methods, greenhouse forcing and irrigation. Bulgarian gardening made field growing vegetable production into intensive farming which was also a revolutionary change in the production methods of the period. The first and second generations of Bulgarian gardeners in Hungary were working in a special organization of workforce imported from home, which was a kind of co-operative or association called druzhestvo or tayfa until the 1930s. The social-economic and cultural significance of Bulgarian gardening is connecting to implementation of new technologies in vegetable gardening, new management of activity and very new approaches for development of the basic economic section in Hungary. The cultural impact of Bulgarian’s gardening road is evaluated by different cultural signs in recent Hungarian history. The Bulgarian National Council announced „The road of Bulgarian gardening” project in 2015 with the aim to create such an international thematic road that shows the influence of Bulgarian gardening on the European agriculture, especially focusing on Hungary, also, to depict how the Hungarian vegetable growing landscapes were created.

scholarly journals Determination of the optimum effort for small scale fisheries in Bulukumba regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 919 (1) ◽  
pp. 012014
Author(s):  
A Agus ◽  
Najamuddin ◽  
A R Jalil ◽  
A F Petrus Nelwan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Data ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Surplus Production ◽  
Almost All

Abstract This study aims to determine the catch per unit effort (CPUE) or abundance, maximum sustainable yield (Cmsy), optimum effort (Emsy), catch quota, utilization level, and effort of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacarez) for small scale fisheries in Bulukumba Regency, using a surplus production method, as well as time-series data for 11 years. According to the results, the CPUE or abundance average, Cmsw, Emsw, and catch quota, were about 4.4284 tons/unit, 720 tons, 184 units of hand line, and 576 tons, respectively. Meanwhile, the sustainable production with actual production showed overfishing, except for 2010 and 2015, while the production data for 2016 – 2020 were unavailable. In addition, the average MSY utilization, catch quota, and average effort levels were 61.9512 %, 77.4397 %, and 86.8352%, respectively. Theoretically, the MSY utilization levels for all years were about 100%, except for 2010 (1.4449 %) and 2015 (23.7581%), as well as 2012, where the value exceeded 100% (364.7357%), while the catch quota for all years was above 100 %, except for 2010 (1.8062 %) and 2015 (29.6976 %). However, the two production data values were unavailable for 2016 – 2020. Also, the effort levels fluctuated while almost all the half values were below 100 %.

scholarly journals The development and evaluation of a speciality handknitting yarn using appropriate technology for the empowerment of women in rural India

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Sugathan ◽  
Tom Cassidy ◽  
Bruce Carnie
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Content Type ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Unpaid Labour ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Observation Method

Purpose The purpose of this paper is about understanding an existing situation in a South Indian village and developing a strategy to produce and market speciality hand knitting yarn, involving the unpaid labour (women) in the handloom industry. An observation method (field study) is used to identify an appropriate method for the design and development of speciality yarns. Design/methodology/approach Participatory action research is a recursive process that identifies methods leading to the choice of appropriate technology (AT) for the production of speciality yarn. A field study observation method was carried out to identify an AT that is acceptable for the community considering their socio-cultural background of the society. Once the technology (AT) was identified to design the speciality yarn, the research then tests the quality and marketability of the yarn. Findings The method used for product design and quality testing can be adapted by researchers and designers to develop craft items that can build a platform to start a small-scale business. The research describes a model/framework that could be used/investigated by other bodies in the future. Research limitations/implications The limitation of AT and the approach taken for research cannot be clearly identified without testing the production method with the women in the village. Originality/value This research confirms that along with identifying a sustainable method of production for speciality yarn, it is very essential to ensure the quality of the product that can compete with other market-available hand knitting yarns.

scholarly journals Mislabelling and species substitution in fishery products retailed in Sardinia (Italy), 2009-2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Meloni ◽  
Pierluigi Piras ◽  
Rina Mazzette
Keyword(s):  
Production Method ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Species Substitution ◽  
Fishery Products ◽  
Open Air Markets ◽  
Italian Legislation ◽  
The Eu

Mislabelling and species substitution are major concerns for fishery products marketed in the EU. The present survey aimed to investigate the correct enforcement of the Community and National rules on the labelling and marketing of fishery products retailed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2009 and 2014. A total of 3000 labels for fresh unpacked fishery products have been considered. A total of 900 labels (30%) presented non-compliance concerning the wrong trade name, the wrong or missing information about the catch area and the production method. The highest percentage of mislabelling and species substitution has been detected in open-air markets (65%) and small-scale retail shops (40%) compared with the big supermarket chains (10%). The high percentage of non-compliances with the European and Italian legislation highlights the need to improve the essential information demanded by consumers on fishery products marketed in open-air markets and small-scale retail shops. While there are laws in place, it is unclear how effective they are and what type of penalties food business operators of open-air markets and small-scale retail shops may incur.

scholarly journals Production of dry wood chips in connection with a district heating plant

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Yrjölä
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Heating Plant

Moisture and its variation in wood chips make the control of burning in small scale heating appliances difficult resulting in emissions and loss of efficiency. If the quality of wood chips would be better, i. e. dried and sieved fuel with more uniform size distribution would be avail able, the burning could be much cleaner and efficiency higher. In addition higher power out put could be obtained and the investment costs of the burning appliances would be lower. The production of sieved and dried wood chip with good quality could be accomplished in connection with a district heating plant. Then the plant would make profit, in addition to the district heat, from the dried wood chips sold to the neighboring buildings and enterprises sep a rated from the district heating net using wood chips in energy production. The peak power of a district heating plant is required only a short time during the coldest days of the winter. Then the excess capacity during the milder days can be used as heat source for drying of wood chips to be marketed. Then wood chips are sieved and the fuel with best quality is sold and the reject is used as fuel in the plant it self. In a larger district heating plant, quality of the fuel does not need to be so high In this paper the effect of moisture on the fuel chain and on the boiler is discussed. Energy and mass balance calculations as a tool of system design is described and the characteristics of proposed dry chips production method is discussed.

Heterologous expression of active Dehalobacter spp. respiratory reductive dehalogenases in Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine J. Picott ◽  
Robert Flick ◽  
Elizabeth A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Heterologous Expression ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Starting Point

Reductive dehalogenases (RDases) are a family of redox enzymes that are required for anaerobic organohalide respiration, a microbial process that is useful in bioremediation. Structural and mechanistic studies of these enzymes have been greatly impeded due to challenges in RDase heterologous expression, potentially because of their cobamide-dependence. There have been a few successful attempts at RDase production in unconventional heterologous hosts, but a robust method has yet to be developed. Here we outline a novel respiratory RDase expression system using Escherichia coli . The overexpression of E. coli ’s cobamide transport system, btu , and anaerobic expression conditions were found to be essential for production of active RDases from Dehalobacter - an obligate organohalide respiring bacterium. The expression system was validated on six enzymes with amino acid sequence identities as low as 28%. Dehalogenation activity was verified for each RDase by assaying cell-free extracts of small-scale expression cultures on various chlorinated substrates including chloroalkanes, chloroethenes, and hexachlorocyclohexanes. Two RDases, TmrA from Dehalobacter sp. UNSWDHB and HchA from Dehalobacter sp. HCH1, were purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Incorporation of the cobamide and iron-sulfur cluster cofactors was verified; though, the precise cobalamin incorporation could not be determined due to variance between methodologies, and the specific activity of TmrA was consistent with that of the native enzyme. The heterologous expression of respiratory RDases, particularly from obligate organohalide respiring bacteria, has been extremely challenging and unreliable. Here we present a relatively straightforward E. coli expression system that has performed well for a variety of Dehalobacter spp. RDases. IMPORTANCE Understanding microbial reductive dehalogenation is important to refine the global halogen cycle and to improve bioremediation of halogenated contaminants; however, studies of the family of enzymes responsible are limited. Characterization of reductive dehalogenase enzymes has largely eluded researchers due to the lack of a reliable and high-yielding production method. We are presenting an approach to express reductive dehalogenase enzymes from Dehalobacter , a key group of organisms used in bioremediation, in E. coli . This expression system will propel the study of reductive dehalogenases by facilitating their production and isolation, allowing researchers to pursue more in-depth questions about the activity and structure of these enzymes. This platform will also provide a starting point to improve the expression of reductive dehalogenases from many other organisms.

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