Increased plasma availability of l-arginine in the postprandial period decreases the postprandial lipemia in older adults

Adipose tissue is an important site of clearance of circulating triacylglycerol (TAG), especially in the postprandial period. Postprandial lipemia is usually increased in obesity. We studied the extraction of TAG from plasma and TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in subcutaneous adipose tissue in 11 control and 8 obese subjects before and after a mixed meal. Clearance of plasma TAG and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TAG was decreased in the obese subjects after an overnight fast. After the meal, chylomicron-TAG extraction increased in the control group whereas VLDL-TAG clearance decreased; these changes were not seen in the obese group, in whom the VLDL particles appeared to be better able to compete with the chylomicrons for clearance by lipoprotein lipase. In the control subjects, removal of TAG from the TRL in the postprandial period was accompanied by a shift toward addition of cholesterol to the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction; this was not observed in the obese subjects. We conclude that disturbed TRL-TAG clearance in adipose tissue is related both to the elevated plasma TAG concentrations and the depressed HDL-cholesterol concentrations typical of obesity.

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Postprandial lipemia in the elderly involves increased incorporation of ingested fat in plasma free fatty acids and small (Sf 20–400) triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00670.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 301 (2) ◽

pp. E356-E361 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guilherme M. Puga ◽

Christian Meyer ◽

Sarah Everman ◽

Lawrence J. Mandarino ◽

Christos S. Katsanos

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

The Elderly ◽

Apo B ◽

Postprandial Period ◽

Plasma Free Fatty Acids ◽

Healthy Elderly ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Young Subjects

In the elderly, the rise in postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations is increased, contributing to their increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine the incorporation of ingested fat (whipping cream enriched with [1,1,1-13C]triolein) into plasma lipids during the postprandial period in six healthy elderly (67 ± 1 yr old) and six healthy young (23 ± 2 yr old) subjects. Blood and expired air samples were taken before and at 2-h intervals during the 8-h postprandial period. As expected, the area under the curve of postprandial plasma TG concentrations was larger in the elderly compared with the young subjects (152 ± 38 vs. 66 ± 27 mg·dl−1·h, P < 0.05). The incorporation of [13C]oleate in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and TG of the small (Sf = 20–400) triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction was significantly higher in the elderly compared with the young subjects, resulting in increased postprandial contributions of the ingested lipid to plasma FFAs (41 ± 3 vs. 26 ± 6%, P < 0.05) and the small TRL fraction (36 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 3%, P < 0.05) in elderly. Plasma apoB-100 concentration was higher, whereas the rate of oxidation of the ingested lipid was lower ( P < 0.05) in the elderly. We conclude that increased postprandial lipemia in the elderly involves increased contribution of ingested lipid to the plasma small TRLs. This appears to be driven at least in part by increased appearance of the ingested fat as plasma FFA and increased availability of apo B-100 lipoproteins in the elderly.

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Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular diseases: the beneficial role of strength exercise

Jornal Vascular Brasileiro ◽

10.1590/jvb.2014.057 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cleiton Silva Correa ◽

Bruno Costa Teixeira ◽

Aline Bittencourt ◽

Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo ◽

Álvaro Reischak-Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Strength Training ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Pharmacological Intervention ◽

Strength Exercise ◽

Postprandial Period ◽

Beneficial Effects

Development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been linked with changes to the lipid profile that can be observed during the postprandial period, a phenomenon known as postprandial lipemia (PL). Physical exercise is currently the number one non-pharmacological intervention employed for prevention and reduction of risk factors for the development of CVD. This in turn has created a growing interest in the effects of physical exercise on regulation and equilibrium of lipid metabolism. In this review we compare the results of studies that have investigated the beneficial effects of strength training on PL. We analyzed articles identified in the PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO databases published from 1975 to 2013 in international journals. Studies were selected for review if they covered at least two of four keywords. The results of these studies lead to the conclusion that strength training is effective for reduction of postprandial lipemia because it increases baseline energy expenditure. This type of training can be prescribed as an important element in strategies to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.

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Effect of exercise intensity on postprandial lipemia, markers of oxidative stress, and endothelial function after a high-fat meal

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2016-0262 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (12) ◽

pp. 1278-1284 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Renata Lopes Krüger ◽

Bruno Costa Teixeira ◽

Juliano Boufleur Farinha ◽

Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo ◽

Francesco Pinto Boeno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance ◽

High Fat ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Postprandial Period ◽

Fat Meal

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different exercise intensities on postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress markers, and endothelial function after a high-fat meal (HFM). Eleven young men completed 2-day trials in 3 conditions: rest, moderate-intensity exercise (MI-Exercise) and heavy-intensity exercise (HI-Exercise). Subjects performed an exercise bout or no exercise (Rest) on the evening of day 1. On the morning of day 2, an HFM was provided. Blood was sampled at fasting (0 h) and every hour from 1 to 5 h during the postprandial period for triacylglycerol (TAG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentrations. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was also analyzed. TAG concentrations were reduced in exercise conditions compared with Rest during the postprandial period (P < 0.004). TAG incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was smaller after HI-Exercise compared with Rest (P = 0.012). TBARS concentrations were reduced in MI-Exercise compared with Rest (P < 0.041). FMD was higher in exercise conditions than Rest at 0 h (P < 0.02) and NOx concentrations were enhanced in MI-Exercise compared with Rest at 0 h (P < 0.01). These results suggest that acute exercise can reduce lipemia after an HFM. However, HI-Exercise showed to be more effective in reducing iAUC TAG, which might suggest higher protection against postprandial TAG enhancement. Conversely, MI-Exercise can be beneficial to attenuate the susceptibility of oxidative damage induced by an HFM and to increase endothelial function in the fasted state compared with Rest.

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Clinical Considerations and Mechanistic Determinants of Postprandial Lipemia in Older Adults

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.3945/an.113.004903 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 226-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Christos S. Katsanos

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Clinical Considerations

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Determinants of Postprandial Triglycerides Across the Spectrum of Aging

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab033_044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 44-44

Author(s):

Kara Poindexter ◽

Nicholas Koemel ◽

Madison Dixon ◽

Bryant Keirns ◽

Jill Joyce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Postprandial Lipemia ◽

Age Groups ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Blood Draw ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Postprandial Triglycerides

Abstract Objectives Elevated postprandial triglycerides (TG) are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and older adults exhibit greater postprandial lipemia (PPL) compared to younger adults. However, determinants of PPL, especially in older populations, remain poorly defined. This cross-sectional study examined the influence of body composition, lifestyle behaviors, and metabolic risk factors for PPL across the aging spectrum. Methods We recruited individuals evenly distributed between the ages of 50–89 years (50% male; 50% female). Participants completed diet and physical activity questionnaires and wore an accelerometer for 5 days. Body composition was measured via bioelectrical impedance. Following an overnight fast, participants also completed an abbreviated fat tolerance test: a blood draw was performed before and 4 hours after consumption of a high-fat meal (9 kcal/kg; 73% fat) to determine fasting and peak postprandial metabolic responses. Results 56 participants (age groups: 50s, n = 15; 60s, n = 15; 70s, n = 15; 80s, n = 11) completed the study. Fasting TG did not differ across age groups (50s: 99.7 ± 50.1 mg/dL; 60s: 114.3 ± 71.1 mg/dL; 70s: 102.9 ± 45.0 mg/dL; 80s: 86.9 ± 39.5 mg/dL; P = 0.63). There was also no difference in 4-hour TG across age groups (50s: 162.9 ± 76.9 mg/dL; 60s: 181.9 ± 99.9 mg/dL; 70s: 130.8 ± 82.0 mg/dL; 80s: 130.8 ± 60.6 mg/dL; P = 0.40). Across age groups, variables significantly correlated (p's < 0.05) with 4-hour TG included BMI (r = 0.29), visceral adiposity (r = 0.31), ALT (r = 0.37), fasting glucose (r = 0.27), 4-hour glucose (r = 0.34) and alcohol intake (r = 0.33). In a backward elimination regression (R2 = 0.31), the most predictive variables of 4-hour TG were 4-hour glucose (β = 0.31; P = 0.01), ALT (β = 0.33; P = 0.007), and alcohol intake (β = 0.25; P = 0.04). Conclusions In older adults aged 50–89, we identified ALT, postprandial glucose, and alcohol intake as key determinants of postprandial TG. Future studies should aim to explore the relationship between liver health, insulin resistance, alcohol intake, and PPL across the aging spectrum. Funding Sources Donna Cadwalader Research and Development Grant, College of Education and Human Sciences and Oklahoma State University Foundation.

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Cognitive control constrains memory attributions

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19001869 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Colleen M. Kelley ◽

Larry L. Jacoby

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Cognitive Control

Abstract Cognitive control constrains retrieval processing and so restricts what comes to mind as input to the attribution system. We review evidence that older adults, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and people with traumatic brain injury exert less cognitive control during retrieval, and so are susceptible to memory misattributions in the form of dramatic levels of false remembering.

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Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0222 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 1258-1277 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Megan K. MacPherson

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Load ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Incongruent Condition ◽

Sentence Production ◽

Movement Duration ◽

Production Task ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

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Effects of Aging on the Subcortical Encoding of Stop Consonants

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-19-00044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 391-403

Author(s):

Dania Rishiq ◽

Ashley Harkrider ◽

Cary Springer ◽

Mark Hedrick

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Auditory Brainstem ◽

Auditory Brainstem Responses ◽

Aging Effects ◽

Formant Frequency ◽

Place Of Articulation ◽

Second Formant ◽

Effects Of Aging

Purpose The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aging effects on the predominantly subcortical (brainstem) encoding of the second-formant frequency transition, an essential acoustic cue for perceiving place of articulation. Method Synthetic consonant–vowel syllables varying in second-formant onset frequency (i.e., /ba/, /da/, and /ga/ stimuli) were used to elicit speech-evoked auditory brainstem responses (speech-ABRs) in 16 young adults ( M age = 21 years) and 11 older adults ( M age = 59 years). Repeated-measures mixed-model analyses of variance were performed on the latencies and amplitudes of the speech-ABR peaks. Fixed factors were phoneme (repeated measures on three levels: /b/ vs. /d/ vs. /g/) and age (two levels: young vs. older). Results Speech-ABR differences were observed between the two groups (young vs. older adults). Specifically, older listeners showed generalized amplitude reductions for onset and major peaks. Significant Phoneme × Group interactions were not observed. Conclusions Results showed aging effects in speech-ABR amplitudes that may reflect diminished subcortical encoding of consonants in older listeners. These aging effects were not phoneme dependent as observed using the statistical methods of this study.

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Partner-Specific Communication Deficits in Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00094 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Eun Jin Paek ◽

Si On Yoon

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Referential Communication ◽

Sorting Task ◽

Audience Design ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Communication Task ◽

Design Skills ◽

Referential Expressions

Purpose Speakers adjust referential expressions to the listeners' knowledge while communicating, a phenomenon called “audience design.” While individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show difficulties in discourse production, it is unclear whether they exhibit preserved partner-specific audience design. The current study examined if individuals with AD demonstrate partner-specific audience design skills. Method Ten adults with mild-to-moderate AD and 12 healthy older adults performed a referential communication task with two experimenters (E1 and E2). At first, E1 and participants completed an image-sorting task, allowing them to establish shared labels. Then, during testing, both experimenters were present in the room, and participants described images to either E1 or E2 (randomly alternating). Analyses focused on the number of words participants used to describe each image and whether they reused shared labels. Results During testing, participants in both groups produced shorter descriptions when describing familiar images versus new images, demonstrating their ability to learn novel knowledge. When they described familiar images, healthy older adults modified their expressions depending on the current partner's knowledge, producing shorter expressions and more established labels for the knowledgeable partner (E1) versus the naïve partner (E2), but individuals with AD were less likely to do so. Conclusions The current study revealed that both individuals with AD and the control participants were able to acquire novel knowledge, but individuals with AD tended not to flexibly adjust expressions depending on the partner's knowledge state. Conversational inefficiency and difficulties observed in AD may, in part, stem from disrupted audience design skills.

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