The impact of harmfulness information on citric acid induced cough and urge-to-cough

This study reports the impact of margarine-representative ingredients on its oxidative stability and green tea extract as a promising antioxidant in margarine. Oil-in-water emulsions received much attention regarding factors that influence their oxidative stability, however, water-in-oil emulsions have only been scarcely investigated. Margarine, a widely consumed water-in-oil emulsion, consists of 80–90% fat and is thermally treated when used for baking. As different types of margarine contain varying additives, their impact on the oxidative stability of margarine during processing is of pressing importance. Thus, the influence of different ingredients, such as emulsifiers, antioxidants, citric acid, β-carotene and NaCl on the oxidative stability of margarine, heated at 80 °C for 1 h to accelerate lipid oxidation, was analyzed by the peroxide value and oxidation induction time. We found that monoglycerides influenced lipid oxidation depending on their fatty acyl chain. α-Tocopheryl acetate promoted lipid oxidation, while rosemary and green tea extract led to the opposite. Whereas green tea extract alone showed the most prominent antioxidant effect, combinations of green tea extract with citric acid, β-carotene or NaCl increased lipid oxidation in margarine. Complementary, NMR data suggested that polyphenols in green tea extracts might decrease lipid mobility at the surface of the water droplets, which might lead to chelating of transition metals at the interface and decreasing lipid oxidation.

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Enrichment of hydrogen production from fruit waste biomass using ozonation assisted with citric acid

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211010364 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110103

Author(s):

Anbazhagan Sethupathy ◽

Pushkar Kumar Pathak ◽

Palani Sivashanmugam ◽

Chelliah Arun ◽

Jayakumar Rajesh banu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Hydrogen Production ◽

Suspended Solid ◽

Net Energy ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Acid Pretreatment ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Fruit Waste ◽

The Impact ◽

Acid Dosage

In this study, the impact of ozonation abetted with the citric acid pretreatment (OZCAP) method on fruit waste was investigated for ameliorating hydrogen production. Initially, the ozonation pretreatment (OZP) method was performed by varying ozone (O3) dosage and disintegration time. At optimized conditions (O3 dosage (0.04 g/g suspended solid; SS) and disintegration time (40 minutes)), 17.6% of liquefied organics emancipate rate (LER) and 13.5% of SS reduction were perceived. Further augmenting LER of fruit waste, OZCAP method was proceeded by varying citric acid dosage and disintegration time at an optimized OZP dosage (0.04 g/g SS). A higher LER (24.4%) and SS reduction (19%) were described at an optimal citric acid dosage (0.03 g/g SS) and disintegration time (20 minutes). Then, the hydrogen production potential of OZCAP, OZP and raw fruit waste were evaluated in which OZCAP method exhibited a higher cumulative hydrogen production (30 mL/g volatile solids). Energy valuation reveals that OZCAP method exhibited a net energy of 3.7 kWh/kg of fruit waste.

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Reuse of Newspaper As An Adsorbent For Cu (II) Removal By Citric Acid Modification

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815602012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 02012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mardiah ◽

Rif’an Fathoni ◽

Pratiwi Pudyaningtyas ◽

Hamdania Gamu ◽

Rinaldy

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Adsorption Process ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Order Reaction ◽

Acid Modification ◽

Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽

First Order ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

Heavy Metal Adsorbent ◽

The Impact

High Consumption of paper, bring the impact of the waste paper itself. And the utilization of the paper is limited to recycled products and crafts, whereas paper such as newspaper still contains cellulose that can be potential to be used as a heavy metal adsorbent. In this study, newspaper was dissolved in sodium bicarbonate to reduce various impurities and then was reacted with citric acid (CA). The modified adsorbent was characterized by FTIR and was tested for adsorb Cu(II) in artificial solution. After adsorption process, the solution was filtered and analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The adsorption experimental data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich for equilibrium model and was fitted to pseudo first order reaction and pseudo second order reaction for kinetic studies. The result showed that CA-modification newspaper able to remove heavy metals Cu(II) in solution.

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Profil Plumbum (Pb) dan Cadmium (Cd) sebagai Kontaminan Dampak Penggunaan Agrokimia serta Remediasi Biji Kedelai Menggunakan Swelling Agent pada Khelasi dengan Asam Sitrat

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.15.1.45-51 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Sapto Priyadi ◽

Purnama Darmaji ◽

Umar Santoso ◽

Pudji Hastuti

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Concentration Factor ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Acceptable Daily Intake ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Swelling Agent ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

This research were aimed to know the plumbum (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) profile on soybean seeds as contaminants of the impact use of agrochemistry material impact and to know of swelling agent of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) needs at certain level of pH in chelation with citric acid. The results showed that the content of Pb in soybean seeds at cultivation system agrochemistry materials i.e. 0.63 ppm, while cultivation system without agrochemistry materials i.e. 0.46 ppm. Cd content in soybean seeds at cultivation system agrochemistry materials i.e. 0.05 ppm and the cultivation system without agrochemistry materials i.e. 0.1 ppm. Acceptable daily intake in terms of Pb content in soybean after treatment increases to 2.93 times compared before treatment (11.3379 to 33.2099 g per body weight per day). Acceptable daily intake in terms of the content of the Cd in soybean after treatment increases to 5.26 times compared before treatment. The value of the bio-concentration factor which expressed an accumulation of Pb in soybean seeds on both cultivation is low system (BCF<250), while for Cd is a moderate to high level (1.000<BCF>250). Cd reduction on soybeans seeds for all chelation treatment was maximum (not detected-detection limits was 0.01 ppm), while the highest reduction of Pb occurs at swelling agent N, N-dimethylformamide 15 mL at pH 10.

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The Impact of (bio-)organic substances on the ice nucleation activity of the K-feldspar microcline in aqueous solutions

10.5194/acp-2021-806 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kristian Klumpp ◽

Claudia Marcolli ◽

Thomas Peter

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Carboxylic Acids ◽

Water Activity ◽

Active Sites ◽

Ice Nucleation ◽

Organic Substances ◽

Nucleation Activity ◽

Ice Nucleation Activity ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Potassium-feldspars (K-feldspars), such as microcline, are considered key dust minerals inciting ice nucleation in mixed phase clouds. Besides the high ice nucleation activity of microcline, recent studies also revealed a high sensi-tivity of microcline towards interaction with solutes on its surface. Here, we investigate the effect of organic and bio-organic substances on the ice nucleation activity of microcline, with the aim to better understand the underlying sur-face interactions. We performed immersion freezing experiments with microcline in solutions of three carboxylic acids, five amino acids and two polyols to represent these compound classes. By means of a differential scanning calorimeter we investigated the freezing of emulsified droplets of microcline suspended in various solutions. Depend-ing on the type of solute, different effects were observed. In the case of carboxylic acids (acetic, oxalic and citric acid), the measured heterogeneous onset temperatures, Thet, showed no significant deviation from the behavior pre-dicted by the water activity criterion, Thet(aw) = Tmelt(aw+Δaw), which relates Thet with the melting point temperature Tmelt via a constant water activity offset Δaw. While this behavior could be interpreted as a lack of interaction of the solute molecules with the surface, the carboxylic acids caused the fraction of heterogeneously frozen water, Fhet(aw), to decrease by up to 40 % with increasing solute concentrations. In combination, unaltered Thet(aw) and reduced Fhet(aw) suggest that active sites were largely deactivated by the acid molecules, but amongst those remaining active are also the best sites with the highest Thet. A deviation from this behavior is citric acid, which showed not only a de-crease in Fhet, but also a decrease in Thet of up to 4 K for water activities below 0.99, pointing to a depletion of the best active sites by interactions with the citrate ions. When neutralized solutions of the acids were used instead, the de-crease in Fhet became even more pronounced. The slope of Thet(aw) was different for each of the neutralized acid solu-tions. In the case of amino acid solutions, we found a decrease in Thet (up to 10 K), significantly below the Δaw-criterion, as well as a reduction in Fhet (up to 60 %). Finally, in case of the investigated polyols, no significant devia-tion of Thet from the Δaw-criterion was observed, and no significant deviation of Fhet in comparison to a pure water suspension was found. Furthermore, we measured the effects of aging on the ice nucleation activity in experiments with microcline suspended in solutions for up to seven days, and tested the reversibility of the interaction with the solutes after aging for 10 days. For citric acid, an ongoing irreversible degradation of the ice nucleation activity was observed, whereas the amino acids showed completely reversible effects. In summary, our experiments demonstrate a remarkable sensitivity of microcline ice nucleation activity to surface interactions with various solutes, underscoring the importance of the history of such particles from source to frozen cloud droplet in the atmosphere.

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Assessing and maintaining membrane performance in a post-sedimentation ultrafiltration process

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2012.041 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher C. Boyd ◽

Steven J. Duranceau

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Water Treatment Plant ◽

Feed Water ◽

Membrane Performance ◽

Surface Water Treatment ◽

Cleaning Agents ◽

The Impact

A pilot test program was conducted to evaluate methods for maintaining the productivity of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane operating at constant flux values of 49.2 and 62.3 gallons/ft2-day. The ultrafiltration pilot filtered settled water from a conventional surface water treatment plant in Florida. The testing assessed the impact of different chemical maintenance protocols on UF membrane performance. Seasonal variations in water quality necessitated changes in the type and combination of cleaning agents used to maintain membrane performance. Sodium hypochlorite, citric acid and sodium hydroxide were used during pilot testing as the fouling characteristics of the water changed with time. Pilot results were used to develop alternative chemically enhanced backwash strategies that varied with seasonally-impacted changes in feed water quality. Citric acid, with a target pH of <3, was found to be effective in August and September; whereas, a combination of citric acid and high pH sodium hydroxide chemically enhanced backwashes successfully maintained performance between November, 2010 and May, 2011.

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Alternative microwave curing approach for imparting ease and care characteristics and antimicrobial activity to viscose fabric

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-09-2020-0102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kh M. Mostafa ◽

A. A. Elsanabary

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Citric Acid ◽

Graft Copolymer ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Sodium Hypophosphite ◽

Content Type ◽

Microwave Curing ◽

Recovery Angle ◽

The Impact

Purpose This study aims to use multi-functional viscose fabric that was facilely developed with with respect to ease and care characteristics, reinforcement effect and antibacterial activity by using novel echo friendly antibacterial finish based on citric acid/sodium hypophosphite and the authors’ previously tailor-made poly meth acrylic acid (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer via alternative microwave curing approach instead of traditional high-temperature cure one. Design/methodology/approach Viscose fabric was paddled twice in the cross-linking formulations containing different concentrations of citric acid, poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer and sodium hypophosphite to 90 % wet pick up and dried at 100°C for 3 min in an electric oven. Then, the treated fabrics were placed on the disk spinner of the microwave oven and cured at different power (100–800 Watt) for various durations (60–180 s). The fabric was then water-rinsed and dried at ambient condition before use. Findings Results revealed that the above echo friendly method for finished viscose fabrics was found to achieve relatively high dry wrinkle recovery angle and maintain the loss in tensile strength within the acceptable range, as well as antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as a gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively; in addition to durability up to ten washing cycles. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope images, nitrogen content and add on % of the finished fabric confirmed the penetration of grafted chitosan inside the fabric structure. The tentative mechanism for these reactions is advocated. Originality/value The novelty addressed here is undertaken with the advantages of using citric acid as a nonformaldehyde, safe and cheap poly carboxylic acid as a crosslinking agent and sodium hypophosphite as a potential catalyst, in addition to the authors’ noncitable multifunctional echo friendly tailor-made poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer for imparting reinforcement and antibacterial characteristics to viscose fabric that uses the pad-dry/cure microwave fixation for progressively persuaded heat within the fabric during curing. Research limitations/implications This was done to see the impact of microwave as green and efficient tool with respect to reduction in organic solvents, chemicals and exposer time as well as fixation temperature on the finishing reaction in comparison with traditional pad-dry-cure method. Practical implications Poly (MAA)-chitosan graft copolymer as amphoteric biopolymer was expected to impart multifunctional properties to viscose fabrics especially with comparable dry wrinkle recovery angle and minimize the loss in tensile strength in addition to antibacterial properties in comparison with untreated one.

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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter affect transport activity and protein expression

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00213.2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 299 (4) ◽

pp. F704-F711 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ana M. Pajor ◽

Nina N. Sun

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Citric Acid Cycle ◽

Protein Abundance ◽

Substrate Selectivity ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Transport Activity ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Acid Cycle ◽

The Impact

The sodium-coupled transport of citric acid cycle intermediates in the intestine and kidney is mediated by the Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC1. In the kidney, NaDC1 plays an important role in regulating succinate and citrate concentrations in the urine, which may have physiological consequences including the development of kidney stones. In the present study, the impact of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on NaDC1 expression and function was characterized using the COS-7 cell heterologous expression system. The I550V variant had an increased sensitivity to lithium inhibition although there were no significant effects on protein abundance. The L44F variant had no significant effects on expression or function. The membrane protein abundance of the M45L, V117I, and F254L variants was decreased, with corresponding decreases in transport activity. The A310P variant had decreased protein abundance as well as a change in substrate selectivity. The P385S variant had a large decrease in succinate transport Vmax, as well as altered substrate selectivity, and a change in the protein glycosylation pattern. The most damaging variant was V477M, which had decreased affinity for both succinate and sodium. The V477M variant also exhibited stimulation by lithium, indicating a change in the high-affinity cation binding site. We conclude that most of the naturally occurring nonsynonymous SNPs affect protein processing of NaDC1, and several also affect functional properties. All of these mutations are predicted to decrease transport activity in vivo, which would result in decreased intestinal and renal absorption of citric acid cycle intermediates.

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Assessment of TiO2 photoactivity on the lead removal: kinetic and mechanistic processing

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2017.133 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 75 (11) ◽

pp. 2508-2519 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anca Peter ◽

Anca Mihaly-Cozmuta ◽

Camelia Nicula ◽

Leonard Mihaly-Cozmuta

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Uv Light ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Catalyst Particle ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Lead Removal ◽

Starting Solution ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

High Concentrations ◽

The Impact

Removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions, in the presence and in absence of commercial TiO2, under UV-light was studied. The influence of catalyst mass, concentration of Pb(II) ions and of citric acid in the starting solution as well as the impact of illumination conditions on the removal rate were also investigated. The results were fitted on the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models, Weber-Morris intraparticle and liquid film diffusion models, in order to establish the photoreduction mechanism. The Pb removal rate increased in time by a combined linear-exponential mechanism. The catalyst had a positive influence on the removal rate at the start of the photoreduction. At a low concentration of Pb(II) ions (20 mg/L), the amount of photoreduced Pb(II) ions was proportional to the concentration of the citric acid solution, but at high concentrations (240 mg/L), the correlation was inversely proportional. The rate limiting steps in the removal of lead were both the photoreduction on the TiO2 surface and the diffusion through the film surrounding the catalyst particle. The lead removal was significantly influenced by the mobility and by the concentration of the species in solution.

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