Isolation of culturable mycota from Argentinean soils exposed or not-exposed to pesticides and determination of glyphosate tolerance of fungal species in media supplied with the herbicide

In this paper, a study of fungal and multi-mycotoxin contamination in 140 Camellia sinensis and 26 herbal teas marketed in Latvia is discussed. The analysis was performed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC-TOF-MS) and MALDI-TOF-MS. In total, 87% of the tea samples tested positive for 32 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, with the total enumeration of moulds ranging between 1.00 × 101 and 9.00 × 104 CFU g−1. Moreover, 42% of the teas (n = 70) were contaminated by 1 to 16 mycotoxins, and 37% of these samples were positive for aflatoxins at concentrations ranging between 0.22 and 41.7 µg kg−1. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives co-occurred in 63% of the tea samples, with their summary concentrations reaching 81.1 to 17,360 µg kg−1. Ochratoxin A (OTA), enniatins, and two Alternaria toxins were found in 10–37% of the teas at low concentrations. The dietary exposure assessment based on the assumption of a probable full transfer of determined mycotoxins into infusions indicated that the analysed teas are safe for consumers: the probable maximum daily exposure levels to OTA and the combined DON mycotoxins were only 0.88 to 2.05% and 2.50 to 78.9% of the tolerable daily intake levels.

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Impact of basidiomycete fungi on the wettability of soil contaminated with a hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-006-0184-8 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 61 (19) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Paul Hallett ◽

Nia White ◽

Karl Ritz

Keyword(s):

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽

Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽

Water Availability ◽

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Soil Core ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The Impact ◽

Basidiomycete Fungi

AbstractPolyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present a challenge to bioremediation because they are hydrophobic, thus influencing the water availability and repellency of soil. The addition of different concentrations of the PAH, anthracene, showed it to induce moderate levels of repellency. We investigated the efficacy of three basidiomycete fungal species on improving the wettability of soil by reducing repellency caused by contamination of soil with 7 ppm anthracene. A microcosm system was used that enabled determination of the impact of fungi on wettability at three locations down a 30 mm deep repacked soil core. Before incubation with fungi, the contaminated soil had a repellency of R = 3.12 ± 0.08 (s.e.). After 28 days incubation, Coriolus versicolor caused a significant reduction in repellency to R = 1.79 ± 0.35 (P < 0.001) for the top section of the soil in a microcosm. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phlebia radiata did not influence repellency. None of the fungi had an effect at 20 mm depth.

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Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility of the Emerging Fungal Species, Candida nivariensis, Isolated in a Teaching Hospital in Poland

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2019-032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 303-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MAGDALENA SIKORA ◽

ROBERT KUTHAN ◽

KATARZYNA PISKORSKA-MALOLEPSZA ◽

MARLENA GOLAS-PRADZYNSKA ◽

DARIUSZ DOMAŃSKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amphotericin B ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Global Knowledge ◽

Identification Of Species ◽

26S Rrna

The data on susceptibility to antifungals of new specieswithin Candida glabrata complex are limited. Our study was to enrich a global knowledge of yeast epidemiology and drug resistance. The study was focused on the identification of species within clinical isolates of the C. glabrata complex and on the determination of their resistance to antifungals. Four hundred forty-five clinical C. glabrata sensu lato strains were isolated from different clinical samples at routine mycological exams at the Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital in Warsaw. The identification of the most of tested isolates to species complex level was performed using the ID 32 C system. The identification of C. nivariensisand C. bracarensis species within the C. glabrata complex was performed by DNA sequencing. The MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin were determined by E-test. Twenty-four isolates did not have an ITS-1 region, characteristic of C. glabrata sensu stricto and their D1/D2 regions of the 26S rRNA were 99% homologous to C. nivariensis 26S rRNA. No strains of C. bracarensis were recovered. C. nivariensis strains were very susceptible to amphotericin B, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Ninety-two percent of C. nivariensis were resistant to itraconazole. The halves of the strains was resistant to posaconazole. Eighty-three percent of C. nivariensis were susceptible to voriconazole. None of the tested strains were susceptible to fluconazole. In the present study, none of the C. nivariensis strains were simultaneously resistant to azoles and echinocandins. C. nivariensis should be recognized as an emerging pathogen, resistant to azoles.

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Determination of ultra-morphological changes of Trichophyton rubrum treated with hydroxychavicol

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v15i1.1214 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

P.M Ridzuan ◽

Nasir Mohamad ◽

Salwani Ismail ◽

Nor Iza A. Rahman ◽

Mohd Adzim Khalili R. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Treated Group ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽

Betel Leaf ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Resistant Strains

Introduction: Trichophyton rubrum is a common pathogenic fungal species that is responsible for causing infection of human skin, hair and nail. The antifungal-resistant strains however, complicate the treatment regime. Hydroxychavicol (HC) is one of the main compounds from the Piper betel leaf that have antifungal potential and its mechanism of action has yet to be studied. This study was carried out to determine the antifungal properties of HC against Trichophyton rubrum using transmission electron microscope (TEM) on gross and ultrastructure of Trichophyton rubrum hypha. Methods: Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of HC and miconazole (MI) against the Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188). Trichophyton rubrum was treated with HC and MI at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days continuously. Results: The MIC results of the HC and MI against Trichophyton rubrum were 0.00048 mg/mL and 0.000061 mg/mL respectively. MFC results showed 0.0019 mg/mL for HC and 0.000061 mg/mL for MI. Microscopically, the fungi structures became more severely damaged at increasing treatment duration. The cell wall of the fungi treated with HC showed a rough surface, shrinkage and demolition similar to that of the MI treated group. The fungi organelles were also demolished and disorganized. Conclusions: This study reveals that HC has the ability to inhibit Trichophyton rubrum growth and it has the potential to be an antifungal agent especially in treating dermatitis.

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Determination of Soil Properties and Fungal Interrelations Influenced by Forest Restoration on a Contaminated Zinc Mining Area

Applied Environmental Research ◽

10.35762/aer.2019.41.3.3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Chutima Kantong ◽

Kallaya Suntornvongsakul ◽

Yang-Soo Lee

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Forest Restoration ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Mining Area ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Sand Content ◽

Tak Province ◽

Study Sites ◽

The Impact

Forest restoration in a contaminated zinc mining area must take into account the environmental soil properties. This study aimed to analyze the soil properties from the three different stages of restored forests, at 3, 7 and 17, focusing on the impact on soil microorganisms and availability of fungal species. Three study sites were selected, all located in a zinc mining area in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. The results showed that observed soil properties especially soil texture, moisture and nutrients differed between stand initiation and regrowth forests and affected the distribution of fungal species. Soils in older forest stands up to 17 years old showed higher sand content and reduced soil moisture, SOM, and certain nutrients. Forest restoration was found to favour development of a range of soil properties, some of which were suitable for fruiting in nine fungal species from the following families: Agaricaceae, Psathyrellaceae, Cantharellaceae, Phallacae, Coprinaceae, Sclerodermataceae, Lycoperdaceae, Marasmiaceae, and Clavariaceae.

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Methods for Detection of Aflatoxins in Agricultural Food Crops

Journal of Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2014/706291 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Alex P. Wacoo ◽

Deborah Wendiro ◽

Peter C. Vuzi ◽

Joseph F. Hawumba

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Electrochemical Immunosensor ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Primary Health ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Agricultural Food

Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced predominantly by two fungal species: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungal species are contaminants of foodstuff as well as feeds and are responsible for aflatoxin contamination of these agro products. The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them the primary health hazard as well as responsible for losses associated with contaminations of processed foods and feeds. Determination of aflatoxins concentration in food stuff and feeds is thus very important. However, due to their low concentration in foods and feedstuff, analytical methods for detection and quantification of aflatoxins have to be specific, sensitive, and simple to carry out. Several methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), and electrochemical immunosensor, among others, have been described for detecting and quantifying aflatoxins in foods. Each of these methods has advantages and limitations in aflatoxins analysis. This review critically examines each of the methods used for detection of aflatoxins in foodstuff, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each method. Finally, a way forward for overcoming such obstacles is suggested.

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Mycotoxins—Biomonitoring and Human Exposure

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13020113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina Habschied ◽

Gabriella Kanižai Šarić ◽

Vinko Krstanović ◽

Krešimir Mastanjević

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Human Exposure ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Animal Health ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Toxigenic Fungi ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

Occupational And Environmental Exposure ◽

Analysis Application

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly have a toxic effect on human and animal health. Different foodstuff can be contaminated and are considered the major source of human exposure to mycotoxins, but occupational and environmental exposure can also significantly contribute to this problem. This review aims to provide a short overview of the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and regulated mycotoxins in foods and workplaces, following the current literature and data presented in scientific papers. Biomonitoring of mycotoxins in plasma, serum, urine, and blood samples has become a common method for determining the exposure to different mycotoxins. Novel techniques are more and more precise and accurate and are aiming toward the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in one analysis. Application of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a common and most reliable method for determining the exposure to mycotoxins. Numerous references confirm the importance of mycotoxin biomonitoring to assess the exposure for humans and animals. The objectives of this paper were to review the general approaches to biomonitoring of different mycotoxins and the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins, using recent literature sources.

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Fungal species and multiple mycotoxin contamination of cultivated forage crops

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.52313 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Galina Kononenko ◽

Alexey Burkin ◽

Olga Gavrilova ◽

Tatiana Gagkaeva

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Ergot Alkaloids ◽

Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Northwestern Part ◽

Forage Crops ◽

The Moment ◽

Two Stages

The quality of grass samples used for animal feed by combining mycotoxin measures and mycological determination of mycobiota were explored. The samples of the plant material were collected in 2014 in two stages: before the first mowing (May–June) and before the second one (July–August) from the fields of stock-farms located in northwestern part of the Russia. All samples were divided into three types: grasses, mixture of different grasses and clover, alfalfa mixed with timothy. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1, alternariol, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, emodin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin A, PR-toxin, roridin A, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone were determined using ELISA. The multiple fungal and mycotoxin contaminations are already formed in plant tissues by the moment of first mowing. The complexes of mycotoxins including up to 14–16 components and the combined character of plant contamination quite correspond to the taxonomic variety of mycobiota.

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Moulds on paintings

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0519175v ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 175-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jelena Vukojevic ◽

Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Temperature Regulation ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Two Factors ◽

Visual Changes

Spores of many fungal species are present in the air. It is known that main reasons of fungal expansion in museums are inadequate relative humidity, and temperature. Regulation of these two factors can control the germination and development of moulds spores. Isolation and determination of micromycetes from objects which are exhibited and deposited in Museum of Naive Art "Ilijanum" and in the gallery "Sava Sumanovic" in Sid were done. It was analyzed 40 samples from canvas, dyes and wooden frames with visual changes. Many species of genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium Drechslera, Epicoccum, Penicillium; Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Ulocladium, and Wardomyces were isolated and determined.

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