Physiological attributes as possible selection criteria for milk production 3. Plasma hormone concentrations and metabolite and hormonal responses to changes in energy equilibrium

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Land ◽  
W. R. Carr ◽  
I. C. Hart ◽  
T. J. Osmond ◽  
R. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Plasma Hormone ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTPlasma hormone concentrations and metabolite responses to changes in energy equilibrium were measured in experiments designed to compare a) Hereford × Friesian with Friesian calves and b) Friesian calves sired by bulls with a high level of Improved Contemporary Comparison with those sired by bulls of a low level. The concentration of thyroxine and triiodothyronine tended to be greater in calves of higher dairy merit. The concentration of growth hormone was largely unrelated to dairy merit in the circumstances studied. The concentration of insulin was greater in Hereford × Friesian than in Friesian calves following feeding and following the injection of propionate. Responses to the injection of insulin and of growth hormone (as measured by changes in the plasma concentration of urea nitrogen, free fatty acids, glucose or the other hormone) were little affected by the level of Improved Contemporary Comparison of a calfs sire.It was concluded that the thyroid system and the response of insulin to perturbation of energy balance may provide criteria of genetic merit for milk production which are neither age- nor sex-limited.

scholarly journals Specificity and Mode of Action of the Antifungal Fatty Acid cis-9-Heptadecenoic Acid Produced byPseudozyma flocculosa

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 956-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Avis ◽  
Richard R. Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sterol Content ◽  
Structural Mechanism ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT cis-9-Heptadecenoic acid (CHDA), an antifungal fatty acid produced by the biocontrol agent Pseudozyma flocculosa, was studied for its effects on growth and/or spore germination in fungi. Inhibition of growth and/or germination varied considerably and revealed CHDA sensitivity groups within tested fungi. Analysis of lipid composition in these fungi demonstrated that sensitivity was related primarily to a low intrinsic sterol content and that a high level of unsaturation of phospholipid fatty acids was not as involved as hypothesized previously. Our data indicate that CHDA does not act directly with membrane sterols, nor is it utilized or otherwise modified in fungi. A structural mechanism of CHDA, consistent with the other related antifungal fatty acids produced by P. flocculosa, is proposed in light of its activity and specificity. The probable molecular events implicated in the sensitivity of fungi to CHDA are (i) partitioning of CHDA into fungal membranes; (ii) a variable elevation in fluidity dependent on the buffering capability (sterol content) in fungi; and (iii) higher membrane disorder causing conformational changes in membrane proteins, increased membrane permeability and, eventually, cytoplasmic disintegration.

Physiological attributes as possible selection criteria for milk production 1. Study of metabolites in Friesian calves of high or low genetic merit

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tilakaratne ◽  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
W. R. Carr ◽  
R. B. Land ◽  
T. J. Osmond
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Blood Characteristics

ABSTRACTThe use of variation in metabolism to predict genetic merit for milk production was studied using 42 Friesian calves: 11 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂ were the offspring of four bulls with high (H), and 11 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂ of four with low (L) improved contemporary comparison (ICC) values (mean = + 402 kg and − 276 kg respectively). The animals were 14 or 15 weeks of age at the start of the study and treated similarly throughout.Blood samples were collected: I—in relation to feeding; II—at set intervals; III—during a 44-h fast; and IV—following the sudden introduction of an energy metabolite (sodium propionate), and then refeeding. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, urea, free fatty acids, total proteins and albumin were measured in all samples.Blood characteristics apparently differed among animals, particularly protein and urea (repeatability 0·74 and 0·62 respectively).The progeny of high ICC bulls had lower levels of urea during fasting (H = 4·70, L = 5·62P< 0·05) but higher levels of free fatty acids (H = 578, L = 492 μ equivalents/l;P< 0·05). There was a small difference in total protein (H = 69·7, L = 66·8 g/l,P< 0·05) but the other metabolites showed no significant ICC group difference.In general, sex of the animal did not influence the metabolites.Results suggest that calves with different potentials for milk production vary in aspects of energy and nitrogen metabolism; the possibility of using these as criteria for genetic selection for milk production is discussed.

Influence of Egg Characteristics on Survival, Growth and Feeding in Larval Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. E. Moodie ◽  
N. L. Loadman ◽  
M. D. Wiegand ◽  
J. A. Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

A subsample of eggs from 109 walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) from Crean Lake, Saskatchewan, was sieved soon after fertilization to yield four groups of eggs ranging in size from 4.86 to 5.62 mm3. Overall egg size tended to correspond to yolk and oil volumes. At hatching, larvae from the eggs with the least yolk and oil were significantly shorter than larvae from all other egg groups. At the end of the experiment, 13 d after hatching, the larvae from the eggs with the most yolk were significantly larger than larvae from the other egg groups. Differences in the mean amount of food ingested by larvae were related to initial egg size. The yolk of the smallest eggs was deficient in the (n-3) series of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Larvae from these small eggs had a high level of major body deformities and a mortality rate which reached 100% by day 10. Small egg size in itself did not appear disadvantageous; larvae from a different stock (Lake of the Prairies, Manitoba) which produced eggs with a mean size less than that of the smallest sieved eggs, had survival and growth rates comparable with those of the larger Crean Lake eggs.

Effects of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on plasma concentration of growth hormone and insulin in sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Matsunaga ◽  
N.T. Arakawa ◽  
T. Goka ◽  
K.T. Nam ◽  
A. Ohneda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids

Effects of ACTH on the zona glomerulosa of sodium-loaded timolol maleate-treated rats: stereology and plasma hormone concentrations

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gastone G. Nussdorfer ◽  
Giulano Neri ◽  
Anna S. Belloni ◽  
Giuseppina Mazzocchi ◽  
Piera Rebuffat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Timolol Maleate ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Sodium Loading ◽  
Plasma Hormone

Abstract. The effect of chronic ACTH administration on the growth and aldosterone secretion of the zona glomerulosa of sodium-loaded timolol maleate-treated rats was investigated by stereological and radioimmunological techniques. Combined sodium loading and timolol maleate administration induced a significant atrophy of the zona glomerulosa and its cells. The plasma concentration of aldosterone was significantly decreased, while that of corticosterone did not vary. ACTH administration completely reversed zona glomerulosa atrophy, and the plasma concentration of corticosterone was noticeably enhanced, whereas that of aldosterone underwent a further decrease. This data suggests that in the absence of the other adrenoglomerulotrophic factors, ACTH stimulates the growth of the zona glomerulosa, but transforms its parenchymal elements to a functional fasciculata cell type.

scholarly journals Human energy metabolism below, near and above energy equilibrium

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. H. Van Es ◽  
J. E. Vogt ◽  
CH. Niessen ◽  
J. Veth ◽  
L. Rodenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
High Level

1. Complete 24 h energy and nitrogen balances were measured for fifteen subjects at three levels of energy intake and for two other subjects at two levels of intake.2. At each level, the fifteen subjects ate diets consisting of fifteen to twenty separate foods for 7 or 8 d. Faeces and urine were collected for the final 4 d. Respiratory gas exchange was measured during the final 72 h while the subjects stayed in an 11 m3 open-circuit respiration chamber, and simulated office or light household work. The energy balance of the other two subjects was determined initially in a similar way when they consumed a diet which was sufficient for energy equilibrium. Subsequently, the measurements were repeated twice at the same high level of metabolizable energy (ME) intake after 4 and 18 d on that diet.3. Neither energy nor N digestibilities were significantly affected by intake level or subject. Due to relatively small urinary energy losses the ME content of the gross energy increased slightly at the higher intake.4. Respiratory quotient increased with intake level from 0.78 to 0.87.5. The efficiencies of utilization of ME were approximately 1.0 for maintenance (from the low to the intermediate intake level) and decreased to about 0.9 for maintenance and energy deposition (from the intermediate to the high intake level).6. Estimates of daily ME requirements at energy equilibrium were 149 (SD 13) kJ ME/kg body-weight, 432 (SD 33) kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 and 204 (SD 22) kJ/kg lean body mass. The former two values were negatively correlated with percentage body fat although not significantly so.7. ME utilization and heat production of the other two subjects were nearly equal after 6 and 20 d on a diet supplying 1.5–1.7 times the ME needed for energy equilibrium.

scholarly journals Trans Fatty Acids in the Hong Kong Food Supply

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. C. Chung ◽  
S. K. Tong ◽  
Violette F. P. Lin ◽  
Melva Y. Y. Chen ◽  
Janny K. M. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Fatty Food ◽  
High Level

This study aimed to examine trans fatty acids (TFA) content of 142 individual food items, including bakery, fast food, and other fatty food that may contain high level of TFA. TFA was detected in all samples, except for four samples including one plain bread, one sponge cake, and two batter-made foods (egg roll and eggette) samples. For those found to contain detectable TFA, the content ranged up to 4.7 g/100 g of food or 17.3% of total lipids. On a per 100 grams of food basis, the highest mean TFA content among the 18 food subgroups was the doughnuts/French toast subgroup (0.95 g), followed by the other pastries subgroup (0.49 g) and the bread with filling/topping subgroup (0.44 g). Among the samples, the highest TFA content is from a doughnut (4.7 g/100 g), followed by two cream-filled bread with shredded coconut (1.8 and 1.4 g/100 g) and a sweetheart cake (1.7 g/100 g). Only consuming one whole piece of doughnut would have reached 100% of the maximum daily TFA intake as recommended by WHO based on a 2000 kcal diet. About 78% of samples had TFA ≤0.3 g/100 g food. For the majority of the food samples available in Hong Kong, if TFA was present, C18:1 trans would possibly be the predominant one.

Milking of cows in late pregnancy: milk production during this period and during the succeeding lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Rémond ◽  
Alain Ollier ◽  
Guy Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Performance

SummaryFifteen lactating cows were milked throughout pregnancy, and the effects on milk performance were studied during this period and during the succeeding lactation, relative to 11 conventionally managed cows (2 months dry before calving) as controls. During the last 2 months of pregnancy, only nine cows did not dry off spontaneously. Protein and fat concentrations in milk increased rapidly, but the concentration of lactose, corrected for milk yield, did not change. The ratios of individual caseins to total protein decreased with the quantity of milk produced, but only for yields below ˜ 6 kg/d. The relative proportion of κ-casein tended to decrease in the last milkings. During the succeeding lactation (first 15 weeks after calving and first 6 weeks of grazing) continuously milked cows yielded 4 kg milk/d less than the cows of the other group. The protein content of their milk was higher (2–3 g/kg depending on the period) than that of the control group, and the lactose content tended (p < 0·10) to be lower. Changes in the relative proportions of nitrogenous fractions with time were not different in the two groups. Differences between the two groups in the concentration of protein in milk, and in the concentration of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids in the plasma, suggest a better energy balance for the continuously milked cows during the succeeding lactation.

scholarly journals The Ruminal Acidosis’s effect over the Milk production in dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 2788-2792
Author(s):  
VASILE BOGHIAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis

The ruminal acidosis is a decrease in the ruminal pH by the accumulation of acidic metabolites at this level. As a result, the proportion of ruminal volatile fatty acids and glycaemia changes with immediate repercussions on the milk production. Of the total ruminant-reticular indigestions diagnosed in a lot of 370 cows, 37.9% were represented by ruminal acidosis. Out of these, most of the cases (90.9%) had a subacute evolution, which implies difficulties of diagnosis under farm conditions. On the other hand, the amount of milk was, on average, smaller with 1.7 liters in cows with ruminal acidosis compared to the clinically healthy cows. Milk fat decreased from 3.8% to 2.8% in sick cows, by an average of 1% and had a coefficient of variation of individual values almost double compared to the values obtained in clinically healthy cows. This shows the direct implication of ruminal acidosis over milk production. Appart of ruminal paresis and indigestion, milk production’s impairment is an important clinical sign in most of the dairy cows with ruminal acidosis.

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