Physical and chemical composition of the body of breeding sows with differing body subcutaneous fat depth at parturition, differing nutrition during lactation and differing litter size

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical composition of sows was determined at first mating (no. = 6), weaning the first litter (12) and 14 days after weaning the fourth litter (24). The sows were from 108 Large White/Landrace Fl hybrid gilts allocated in a factorial arrangement according to two levels of subcutaneous fatness at parturition (12 v. 22 mm P2), two levels of lactation feeding (3 v. 7 kg) and two sizes of sucking litter (six v. 10). Treatments significantly influenced the composition of dissected carcass fat and chemical lipid, but not composition of dissected lean and chemical protein. The final body protein mass of well fed sows at the termination of parity 4 was 41 kg, and the total content of gross energy (GE) in excess of 3000 MJ, with an average of 12·4 MJ GE per kg live weight; equivalent values for the less well fed sows were 33 kg and 9·4 MJ GE per kg live weight respectively. The weights of chemical lipid and protein could be predicted from the equations: lipid (kg) = -20·4 (s.e. 4·5) + 0·21 (s.e. 0·02) live weight + 1·5 (s.e. 0·2) P2; protein (kg) = -2·3 (s.e. 1·6) + 0·19 (s.e. 0·01) live weight - 0·22 (s.e. 0·07) P2. On average, sows lost 9 kg lipid and 3 kg protein in the course of the 28-day lactation; these being proportionately about 0·16 and 0·37 of the live-weight losses respectively. Maternal energy requirement for maintenance was estimated as 0·50 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg M0·75, while the efficiency of use of DE for energy retention was 0·28.

Physical and chemical composition of the carcass of three different types of pigs grown from 25 to 115 kg live weight

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Whittemore ◽  
D.M. Green ◽  
J.D. Wood ◽  
A.V. Fisher ◽  
C.P. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractA total of 74 pigs representing three commercially available crossbred types, Landrace (50%), Pietrain (50%) and Meishan (25%), were given food ad libitum over a 25- to 115-kg growth period and serially slaughtered for physical and chemical analysis in five groups at 32, 42, 63, 82 and 114 kg live weight (W). Results are presented in the order of pig type as above. Pig types grew at similar overall rates of live body gain, but the Meishan type ate more food and had greater back fat depth. The Pietrain type was least fat. Dissected fatty tissue grew substantially faster than the carcass as a whole; allometric exponents being 1·64, 1·34 and 1·52 (P < 0·05) for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively. Dissected lean tissue gains were 0·419, 0·427 and 0·308 kg daily (P < 0·01), and dissected fatty tissue gains were 0·251, 0·158 and 0·218 kg daily (P < 0·05); the Meishan type being slowest for lean gain and the Pietrain type slowest for fatty tissue gain. The Pietrain type had the largest cross-sectional area of the longissimus dorsi muscle, and the Meishan type the smallest. The pelvic limb of the Meishan type lost density (as measured by specific gravity) fastest, and that of the Pietrain slowest as the pigs grew. The Meishan type had a lower proportion of its carcass lean and a higher proportion of its carcass fat in the pelvic limb than did the other two types. For each kg of live-weight gain, 0·037, 0·041 and 0·032 kg (P < 0·05) of chemical protein was deposited in the pelvic limb of the three types respectively. Equivalent values for chemical lipid were 0·041, 0·035 and 0·041 (P < 0·05). The Meishan type retained protein at a relatively slower rate in the pelvic limb than in the body as a whole. The Pietrain type had the greatest ultimate protein mass in the pelvic limb. Estimation of whole body protein content as a linear function of pig live weight gives coefficients of 0·154, 0·178 and 0·168 kg (P < 0·05) for the three types respectively. Equivalent values for whole body lipid content were 0·269, 0·214 and 0·274 (P < 0·05). Best estimates of the daily rates of protein retention in the body of the whole live pig were 0·152, 0·197 and 0·142 kg/day for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively.

The effect of energy supply on the contribution of lean tissue to total body protein mass in pigs slaughtered at 100 kg

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe effect of energy supply between 45 and 100 kg body weight (BW) on the contribution of lean tissue (muscle plus intermuscular adipose tissue) to total protein mass was studied in Large White castrated males (cLW), crossbred Piétrain × Large White castrated males (cPPx) and boars (bPPx). The pigs were allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90 or 1·00 ad libitum) and kept in metabolism cages in experiment 1 or given food ad libitum and kept in individual pens in experiment 2. Daily protein supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth and identical for all pigs in experiment 1. Temperature was 23°C in both experiments. The pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg BW and physically dissected; the body tissues were chemically analysed. Taking into account housing conditions, the food intake of pigs in experiment 2 corresponded to 1·20 of ad libitum intake of pigs in experiment 1; data of both experiments were combined. The energy supply and the type of pig influenced significantly the protein content of empty BW (eBW) (170 g/kg on average), of lean (184g/kg on average) and non-lean compartment (eBW minus lean, 152 g/kg on average), the proportion of total protein deposited in lean (604 g/kg of total protein, on average) but not the protein content in fat-free eBW (209 g/kg on average). The fat-free eBW can be predicted as 4·8 times the body protein mass.

Composition of body-weight change during lactation in Hereford × British Friesian cows

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Trigg ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Weight Losses

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of changes in body water, estimated by the dilution of deuterium oxide, in six Hereford x British Friesian lactating cows in their second lactation and in four of the same animals in their third lactation. The animals were subjected to a prolonged period of underfeeding followed by a period of realimentation. Milk yields were measured twice daily whilst measurement of live weight and certain blood constituents were made at 7-day intervals during the experimental periods in both years. During underfeeding milk yield differed markedly among the cows and it appeared that the cows with a higher milk potential maintained a higher yield but in doing so they incurred a greater loss of body weight. On refeeding there was little or no response in milk yield. Weight losses during the second lactation consisted mainly of body fat (calculated by difference) but the four higher yielding cows lost appreciable amounts of body water and probably significant amounts of body protein. In the third lactation all four cows lost less body fat but more body water and probably body protein than they did in the second lactation. On refeeding all animals in both years except the two lowest yielders in the second lactation gained substantial amounts of body water and probably protein but relatively little or no body fat. Significant negative and positive correlations were obtained between plasma glucose and loss of body water and between plasma free fatty acids and loss of body fat respectively.

The effects of plane of nutrition and slaughter weight on the performance and carcass composition of continental beef bulls given high forage diets

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
C. A. Moore ◽  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBulls (½ Blonde d'Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial design experiment with two planes of nutrition in the finishing period and three slaughter weights. High and low planes of nutrition were based on diets with similar forage to concentrate ratio (0·40 of dry matter (DM)) offered ad libitum or at 0·78 of ad libitum DM intake at equal live weight respectively. The target slaughter live weights were 550, 625 and 700 kg. Twelve bulls were taken to each slaughter point and an additional five animals were killed as a pre-experimental slaughter group. Mean initial live weight was 412 (s.e. 5·3) kg at a mean age of 342 (s.e. 2·5) days. No significant interactions were found between the main factors. For the high and low planes, live-weight and estimated carcass gains were 1251 and 989 (s.e. 47·7), and 816 and 668 (s.e. 35·3) g/day respectively, the reduction in gains being similar to the proportional degree of nutritional restriction. Plane of nutrition had no effect on live-weight or carcass gain per unit of energy intake. The low plane of nutrition produced significant decreases in body cavity fat depots, subcutaneous fat in the sample joint and increased the proportions of both saleable beef and high-priced joints in the carcass.With increase in slaughter weight, energy intake per unit of live weight0·75 and rates of both live-weight and carcass gain tended to decline. The dressing proportions were 583,579 and 609 (s.e. 9·1) g/kg for the slaughter live weights of 550, 625 and 700 kg. Carcass conformation improved while fat depots in the body cavity and estimated concentration of separable fat in the carcass increased with increase in slaughter weight, and both estimated lean and bone concentrations decreased. Forequarter as a proportion of total side tended to increase with increase in slaughter weight. Slaughter weight had no effect on concentration of saleable meat or ultimate pH of carcass muscle. It is concluded that bulls of this genotype can be taken to high slaughter weights on diets having a relatively high proportion of forage as grass silage, with high rates of growth and acceptable carcass leanness.

The influence of the proportion of Duroc genes on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
M. B. Willis ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Lower Shear

AbstractA study was carried out involving 721 pigs, comprising boars and gilts, with either 0, 0.25 , or 0.50 Duroc inclusion level, which were produced by mating Large White boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, Large White boars with Duroc × (Large White × British Landrace) sows, or Duroc boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, respectively. Animals were reared on one of seven different feeding regimens from 30 to 90 kg live weight. Tissue growth rates were determined using a triple sampling procedure based on a combination of full-side and ham joint dissection on subsamples of pigs (127 and 366 pigs, respectively) and P2 backfat thickness on the remainder. Initial body composition was determined at 30 kg on subsamples of the three genotypes. Daily food intakes increased with increasing Duroc inclusion but live-weight gains were similar for the three genotypes. Lean and fat growth rates and food conversion ratios were greatest for the 0·50 Duroc group, although the genotype differences were small. Killing-out proportions and P2 fat depths were higher for the 0.25 and 0·50 Duroc groups. The proportion of lean in the carcass was lower (P < 0·01) for 0·50 Duroc pigs. Japanese colour scores and EEL reflectance indicated that the longissimus muscle was darker for the 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc genotypes. Subcutaneous fat firmness scores and penetrometer readings taken in the mid back indicated softer fat for the 0 Duroc group. Intramuscular fat levels increased (P < 0·01) with increasing Duroc inclusion (10.4, 11.2, and 18·2 g/kg for the 0, 0.25, and 0.50 groups respectively). Cooked longissimus from pigs with 0·50 Duroc had a lower shear force and was judged to have a stronger pork odour and to be more tender and acceptable than that from the 0 Duroc group. The 0.25 Duroc group showed a small improvement in tenderness but a weaker pork odour and similar overall acceptability compared with the 0 Duroc group. This study suggests that the use of the Duroc in crossing systems in the United Kingdom will have limited impact on growth performance but that 0·50 Duroc inclusion will result in fatter carcasses, higher intramuscular fat levels and improved eating quality.

scholarly journals OBSSERVATIIONS O GROWTH, BODY DIMENSIONS AND CARCASS TRAITS OF NIGERIA INDIGENOUS PIGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
E. B. Soniya
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Genetic Potential

Observations were made on 79 Nigerian indigenous (NI) and 24 Large White pigs.There was. a, three-month delay, in growth acceleration in NI pigs as compared with LW pigs. Growth acceleration started at 7 and 4 months for NI and LW respectively. Over all ages studied, NI differed markedly from LW in live weight, body length, height, depth and ham dimen­sions but this difference was much less between males than between females_ In NI ;boars serially slaughtered, live and carcass weights doubled between 7 and 10 months of age while dressing percent and carcass length reached peak values at 10 months. Carcass backfat measurements were higher and more consistent at the shoulder than at the loin or rump. Com­bined longitudinal and dissection studies are needed to elucidate the growth curve, the true genetic potential for growth and the body fat deposition pattern in the NI pigs.

Effects of grilling to 80°c on the physical and chemical composition of pork loin steaks

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 180-180
Author(s):  
J.D. Wood ◽  
G.R. Nute ◽  
R.C. Ball ◽  
G.A.J. Fursey ◽  
G. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Pork Loin ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Previous work has shown that grilling pork steaks to a high final internal temperature (80°C), which corresponds to “well done”, significantly reduces tenderness and juiciness but increases the intensity of pork flavour. This work was done to examine the effects of grilling on physical and chemical composition.Two adjacent 25 mm-thick steaks with backfat and rind attached were cut from each of 62 deboned pork loins (taken from 90 kg live weight pigs, average 11mm P2 fat thickness). One steak was analysed fresh by dissection and standard analytical techniques and the other after grilling to 80°C final internal temperature.

The partition of body fat in British Friesian and Jersey steers

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTNinety-two British Friesians and 62 Jersey castrated male cattle were slaughtered serially in five age groups at 13, 89, 170, 339 and 507 days, and dissected fully into lean, bone, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat, perirenal-retroperitoneal fat (kidney knob and channel fat), omental fat and mesenteric fat. The aim was to investigate the partition of body fat in these dairy breeds and the role of the partition of fat in determining carcass value.Relative to live weight, Friesians had more lean, subcutaneous fat and carcass fat (subcutaneous and intermuscular) at most ages, and Jerseys had more kidney knob and channel fat, and intra-abdominal fat. Friesians had a higher killing-out proportion and lean:bone ratio, and thicker subcutaneous fat.The order of increasing relative growth of fat depots with total body fat as the independent variable was, for Friesians: intermuscular < mesenteric < kidney knob and channel fat < subcutaneous < omental. In Jerseys the order was: intermuscular < mesenteric < subcutaneous < kidney knob and channel fat < omental. There were only small breed differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat between eight regions. t I is suggested that, between breeds, there is a physiological link between the capacity for milk-fat production and the partition of fat within the body, with relatively high milk-fat producers depositing proportionately more fat intra-abdominally.Since the timing of slaughter is often determined by level of external finish in beef production, the breed difference in the partition of fat, which caused Jerseys to have a higher proportion of kidney knob and channel fat, and intermuscular fat, at the same proportion of subcutaneous fat, would reduce carcass value in Jerseys compared with Friesians.

Growth changes in the distribution of dissectable and intramuscular fat in pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Davies ◽  
W. J. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Growth Series ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups

SummaryThe subcutaneous, intermuscular and cavity fat depots of the half carcasses of 15 Large White × Landrace castrated male pigs, forming a growth series from 8 to 62 kg live weight, were dissected. Seventy individual muscles of these pigs were analysed for intramuscular fat content. The growth rates of each of the four fat depots, relative to total fat, were similar. Subcutaneous fat was the predominant fat depot over the growth range studied. Both intramuscular fat and non-fat dry matter grew faster than the entire muscles containing them. Growth gradients for the intramuscular fat of muscle groups, relative to either total intramuscular fat or to total fat, were similar to those for the entire muscles. The growth gradients for muscle groups were affected by neither the growth of the contained intramuscular fat nor the contained non-fat dry matter. Intramuscular fat density, but not non-fat dry-matter density, varied throughout the carcass. The fat content of muscles was highest in those that could be useful as subcutaneous insulators.

scholarly journals An attempt to estimate total body fat and protein in malnourished children

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Total Body

1. An attempt was made to measure body volume and body fat in malnourished children using the same closed-circuit apparatus for both determinations. If these measurements were sufficiently accurate, they would enable total body protein to be calculated.2. A helium dilution technique was used to estimate the volume of the child. Although highly reproducible measurements were obrained for the volume of inanimate objects by this techinque, the results with children were erratic.3. The fat stores of the child were determind by measuring the amount of cyclopropane (C2H4) which would dissolve in the body. This technique gave acceptable answers with marasmic children who have little subcutaneous fat, but with obese children equilibrium could not be obtained in an acceptably short period of time. It is not practicable to calculate the equilibrium concentration by extrapolation of the uptake curve in obese children.

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