Physical and chemical composition of the carcass of three different types of pigs grown from 25 to 115 kg live weight

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.T. Whittemore ◽  
D.M. Green ◽  
J.D. Wood ◽  
A.V. Fisher ◽  
C.P. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractA total of 74 pigs representing three commercially available crossbred types, Landrace (50%), Pietrain (50%) and Meishan (25%), were given food ad libitum over a 25- to 115-kg growth period and serially slaughtered for physical and chemical analysis in five groups at 32, 42, 63, 82 and 114 kg live weight (W). Results are presented in the order of pig type as above. Pig types grew at similar overall rates of live body gain, but the Meishan type ate more food and had greater back fat depth. The Pietrain type was least fat. Dissected fatty tissue grew substantially faster than the carcass as a whole; allometric exponents being 1·64, 1·34 and 1·52 (P < 0·05) for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively. Dissected lean tissue gains were 0·419, 0·427 and 0·308 kg daily (P < 0·01), and dissected fatty tissue gains were 0·251, 0·158 and 0·218 kg daily (P < 0·05); the Meishan type being slowest for lean gain and the Pietrain type slowest for fatty tissue gain. The Pietrain type had the largest cross-sectional area of the longissimus dorsi muscle, and the Meishan type the smallest. The pelvic limb of the Meishan type lost density (as measured by specific gravity) fastest, and that of the Pietrain slowest as the pigs grew. The Meishan type had a lower proportion of its carcass lean and a higher proportion of its carcass fat in the pelvic limb than did the other two types. For each kg of live-weight gain, 0·037, 0·041 and 0·032 kg (P < 0·05) of chemical protein was deposited in the pelvic limb of the three types respectively. Equivalent values for chemical lipid were 0·041, 0·035 and 0·041 (P < 0·05). The Meishan type retained protein at a relatively slower rate in the pelvic limb than in the body as a whole. The Pietrain type had the greatest ultimate protein mass in the pelvic limb. Estimation of whole body protein content as a linear function of pig live weight gives coefficients of 0·154, 0·178 and 0·168 kg (P < 0·05) for the three types respectively. Equivalent values for whole body lipid content were 0·269, 0·214 and 0·274 (P < 0·05). Best estimates of the daily rates of protein retention in the body of the whole live pig were 0·152, 0·197 and 0·142 kg/day for the Landrace, Pietrain and Meishan types respectively.

Physical and chemical composition of the body of breeding sows with differing body subcutaneous fat depth at parturition, differing nutrition during lactation and differing litter size

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical composition of sows was determined at first mating (no. = 6), weaning the first litter (12) and 14 days after weaning the fourth litter (24). The sows were from 108 Large White/Landrace Fl hybrid gilts allocated in a factorial arrangement according to two levels of subcutaneous fatness at parturition (12 v. 22 mm P2), two levels of lactation feeding (3 v. 7 kg) and two sizes of sucking litter (six v. 10). Treatments significantly influenced the composition of dissected carcass fat and chemical lipid, but not composition of dissected lean and chemical protein. The final body protein mass of well fed sows at the termination of parity 4 was 41 kg, and the total content of gross energy (GE) in excess of 3000 MJ, with an average of 12·4 MJ GE per kg live weight; equivalent values for the less well fed sows were 33 kg and 9·4 MJ GE per kg live weight respectively. The weights of chemical lipid and protein could be predicted from the equations: lipid (kg) = -20·4 (s.e. 4·5) + 0·21 (s.e. 0·02) live weight + 1·5 (s.e. 0·2) P2; protein (kg) = -2·3 (s.e. 1·6) + 0·19 (s.e. 0·01) live weight - 0·22 (s.e. 0·07) P2. On average, sows lost 9 kg lipid and 3 kg protein in the course of the 28-day lactation; these being proportionately about 0·16 and 0·37 of the live-weight losses respectively. Maternal energy requirement for maintenance was estimated as 0·50 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg M0·75, while the efficiency of use of DE for energy retention was 0·28.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary 20-hydroxyecdysone supplementation on whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Olga Obvintseva ◽  
Kenes Erimbetov ◽  
Vitaly Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Experimental Group

One of the approaches to creating biologically active additives for use in pig breeding can be the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone regulating protein metabolism in piglets. The purpose of the work is to assess the effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on turnover of protein in piglets. The experiment was carried out on barrows (♂ Danish Yorkshire × ♀ Danish landrace) to achieve a live weight of 53-62 kg. At the age of 60 days, 2 groups of piglets were formed: control and experimental. Piglets of the experimental group were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone at a dose of 1.6 mg / kg body weight. In piglets of the experimental group, in comparison with the control, a decrease in the excretion of nitrogen in the urine was noted (by 26.8%, P <0.05). Nitrogen deposition was higher in piglets of the experimental group by 19.0% (P <0.001) compared with the control. 20-hydroxyecdysone contributed to increased protein deposition in the body of piglets due to protein synthesizing activity. Thus, the use of 20-hydroxyecdysone in pigs increases the efficiency of using amino acids for the synthesis and deposition of proteins in the body.

Weak psoas and spine extensors potentially predispose to hip fracture

2020 ◽  
pp. 112070002090433
Author(s):  
Keong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Jun Hee Lee ◽  
Eic Ju Lim
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Psoas Muscle ◽  
Hounsfield Unit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fracture Group ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: We performed a computed tomography analysis of muscle composition characteristics in hip fracture patients and non-hip fracture controls. Methods: In total, 43 patients (9 men, 34 women) were included in the hip fracture group, matched 1 to 1 with non-hip fracture controls. Muscle cross-sectional areas were measured in axial CT scan at the body level of the 4th lumbar vertebra (L4), intervertebral disc level between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra (L5-S1) and just below level of the lesser trochanter (LT). Attenuation was also evaluated through the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) in these areas. Results: The cross-sectional area per weight (CSA/Wt, mm2/kg) of psoas muscle and extensor muscles of the spine showed a significant difference between the 2 groups at both L4 (9.7 vs. 12.4, p  < 0.001 and 26.3 vs. 29.2, p  = 0.025) and L5-S1 (9.6 vs. 11.5, p  = 0.001 and 8.8 vs. 10.3, p  = 0.041) levels. In addition, the HU of these muscles differed significantly between the 2 groups at both L4 (33.3 vs. 47.6, p  < 0.001 and 13.7 vs. 30.2, p  < 0.001) and L5-S1 (39.7 vs. 52.6, p  < 0.001 and 3.8 vs. 15.1, p  = 0.012) levels. There was no difference in abdominal wall, gluteal, or thigh compartment musculature between the groups. Conclusions: Poorer quantity and quality of psoas muscle and extensor muscles of the spine rather than whole body muscles may contribute to falls and were characteristic features of the hip fracture patients in this series. These findings should be considered when recommending a preventive exercise and rehabilitation protocol.

scholarly journals Prediction of the <i>in vivo</i> Body Composition of Pigs Based on Cross- Sectional Region Analysis of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Scans

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
A. D. Mitchell ◽  
A. Scholz ◽  
V. Pursel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Dxa Scans

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a cross-sectional scan as an alternative to the total body DXA scan for predicting the body composition of pigs in vivo. A total of 212 pigs (56 to 138 kg live body weight) were scanned by DXA. The DXA scans were analyzed for percentage fat and lean in the total body and in 14 cross-sections (57.6 mm wide): 5 in the front leg/thoracic region, 4 in the abdominal region, and 5 in the back leg region. Regression analysis was used to compare total body and cross-sectional DXA results and chemical analysis of total body fat, protein and water. The relation (R2) between the percentage fat in individual slices and the percentage of total body fat measured by DXA ranged from 0.78 to 0.97 and by chemical analysis from 0.71 to 0.85, respectively. The relation between the percentage of lean in the individual slices and chemical analysis for percentage of total body protein and water ranged from 0.48 to 0.60 and 0.56 to 0.76, respectively. These results indicate that total body composition of the pig can be predicted (accurately) by performing a time-saving single-pass cross-sectional scan.

Incorporating turn-over in whole body protein retention efficiency in cattle and sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Turn Over

AbstractIn pigs the quantification of breakdown and synthesis by powers of body protein led to the estimation of turn-over related protein retention efficiency by the equation kP= {1 + [1 − (P/α)(2/9)Q]−1/6}−1, with α the limit value of whole body protein (P) maturity, so that 0 ≤(P/α)≤1. The factor 2/9 is derived from diffusion attributes indicated by cell and nucleus geometries α and Q represents a scaled transformation of intake, 0 ≤ Q ≤ 1, such that a value of Q = 1 may represent ad libitum intake and Q = 0 the intake at the maintenance requirement. Published observations on finishing steers provide estimates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown at pre-determined levels of intake in confirmation of the theoretical (2/9)Q power associated with (P/α) inkP. Further confirmation of the (2/9)Q power in cattle follows from satisfactory agreement between an estimate of conventional multiple regression retention efficiency and the turn-over related retention efficiency calculated at the given level of intake, for the mid point of the body mass interval covered by the regression estimate. In addition, a simulation experiment on cattle from the literature gives power estimates of protein breakdown and synthesis in general agreement with those accepted for pigs. Examples on both fine and coarse diets are employed to suggest a general rule for prediction on diets causing submaximal efficiency due to suboptimal intakes.In sheep, evidence derived from estimates of conventional multiple regression efficiencies suggests that the rule (a-b) = (2/9) Q for the calculation ofkPshould be reserved for the description of compensatory growth. Protein retention efficiency for ordinary growth should be described by an adaptation of the rule derived for suboptimal intakes.

scholarly journals Anatomical and biomechanical traits of broiler chickens across ontogeny. Part II. Body segment inertial properties and muscle architecture of the pelvic limb

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Paxton ◽  
Peter G Tickle ◽  
Jeffery W Rankin ◽  
Jonathan R Codd ◽  
John R Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Muscle Architecture ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Pelvic Limb

In broiler chickens, genetic success for desired production traits is often shadowed by welfare concerns related to musculoskeletal health. Whilst these concerns are clear, a viable solution is still elusive. Part of the solution lies in knowing how anatomical changes in afflicted body systems that occur across ontogenyinfluence standing and moving. Here, to demonstrate these changes we quantify the segment inertial properties of the whole body, trunk (legs removed) and the right pelvic limb segments of five broilers at three different age groups across development. We also consider how muscle architecture (mass, fascicle length and other properties related to mechanics) changes for selected muscles of the pelvic limb. Wholelimb morphology is not uniform relative to body size, with broilers obtaining large thighs and feet between four and six weeks of age. This implies that the energetic cost of swinging the limbs is markedly increased across this growth period, perhaps contributing to reduced activity levels. Hindlimb bone length does not change during this period, which may be advantageous for increased stability despite the increased energetic costs. Increased pectoral muscle growth appears to move the centre of mass cranio-dorsally in the last two weeks of growth. This has direct consequences for ventilation (heavier sterna apparatus must be moved with each breath) and locomotion (potentially greater limb muscle stresses during standing andmoving). Our study is the first to measure these changes in the musculoskeletal system across growth in chickens, and reveals how artificially selected changes of the morphology of the pectoral apparatus may cause deficits in locomotion, as well as breathing.

Growth equations for skeletal muscle derived from the cytonuclear ratio and growth constraining supplementary functions

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Z. Roux
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Mass Growth ◽  
Growth Constraints ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

AbstractFor purely hypertrophic muscle it is postulated that the growth rate in number of nuclei is proportional to the cytoplasmic mass per nucleus multiplied by a growth constraining supplementary function. Growth constraint depends on the distance from any one of the limit number of nuclei, the limit muscle mass or the limit cytoplasmic mass per nucleus. Furthermore, theory and evidence are presented for a power (allometric) relationship between total number of nuclei (n) and muscle mass (m) given by the equation n = gmh. Evidence points to two clusters of values for h, one in the vicinity of h = 2/3 and the other h = 1/2. Both may depend on a linear relationship between number of nuclei inside muscle fibre and fibre cross-sectional area. The difference between the two situations can be derived from basic assumptions on either local or systemic diffusion mediated control of the number or division of satellite cell nuclei, leading directly to values of h either equal to 2/3 or V2. For likely values of h and suitable choices of growth constraints, almost all well known growth functions in the literature are derived as potentially applicable to total number of nuclei, or muscle mass or their ratio. Muscle mass growth will show a sigmoidal form for h = 1. This explains sigmoidal growth in body mass as it is mostly dominated by muscle mass. A possible linear growth phase before maturity is explicable from the cessation of either length (h = 1) or nuclear (h = 0) growth in muscle fibres, while cytoplasmic growth continues to maturity. Furthermore, two rat examples indicate that whole body protein growth can be described by the equations derived for muscle mass growth.

Influence of protein intake on whole body and splanchnic leucine kinetics in humans

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. E584-E591 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cayol ◽  
Y. Boirie ◽  
F. Rambourdin ◽  
J. Prugnaud ◽  
P. Gachon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Leucine Kinetics ◽  
Protein X ◽  
Pool Model

The influence of the protein content of the meal on protein turnover was investigated in the splanchnic bed and in the remaining parts of the body in humans. Two groups of five subjects consumed every 20 min a liquid formula providing either 1.5 g protein x kg(-1) x day(-1) (P) or no protein (PF). L-[1-(13)C]leucine and L-[5,5,5-(2)H3]leucine were administered by vein and gut, respectively. An open two-pool model was developed to calculate leucine kinetics in both compartments, with the assumption that the enrichment of the tracers incorporated into very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 at isotopic steady state could reflect the leucine labeling in the splanchnic region. Nonsplanchnic uptake and release of leucine were not significantly different in the two groups. Within the splanchnic area, leucine uptake was 2.1 times higher in the P than in the PF group (P < 0.01), whereas leucine release was reduced but not significantly (-19%) in the P group compared with the PF group. Moreover, data derived from this model showed that protein intake induced an increase in whole body protein synthesis and no change in whole body protein breakdown. Albumin synthesis, as well as its contribution to whole body protein synthesis, was significantly enhanced by protein intake.

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

Effect of diet on dairy cow nitrogen balance and live weight change during the dry period

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 84-84
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
S. Miles ◽  
R.T. Evans ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
D.W.R. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Condition Score

Increases in yields of milk and milk protein have been observed from dairy cows offered a high protein supplement during the dry period (Van Saun et al., 1993; Moorby et al., 1994). One possible mechanism for this is a decrease in the mobilisation of maternal body protein to support foetal growth as more dietary protein is supplied and used for this purpose. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of offering diets differing in protein concentration on whole body nitrogen balance in dairy cows and change in live weight (LW) and condition score (CS) over the dry period.

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