Prediction of eye-muscle area from introscope measurements on carcasses of pigs of bacon weight

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Janet E. Marshall ◽  
J. H. Watson ◽  
A. Slattery
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values

Carcasses of 156 pigs (78 gilts, 78 barrows) slaughtered at 200 lb live weight, were probed by introscope at six positions in line with the last rib. Backfat was measured directly and muscle depth was obtained as the difference between total probed depth from skin to rib and backfat depth. The various measurements were used to predict eye-muscle area measured on the exposed cross-section of the longissimus dorsi cut at the level of the last rib.Depth of muscle at 7·5 cm and depth of fat at 10 cm were the best predictive measurements for both barrows and gilts, although muscle at 4·5 cm in gilts and at 10 cm in barrows were of equivalent value to muscle at 7·5 cm. The correlation between observed and predicted values of eye-muscle area was 0·8. The accuracy of these predictions compared favourably with those of carcass lean percentage from maximum depth of backfat at shoulder, minimum depth of fat at loin and fat depth at ‘C’.

Proportionality of organ development in osteodystrophic dwarf beef cattle

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
E. H. Rupnow
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dwarf Males

Sixteen osteodystrophic dwarf cattle and ten controls of comparable age were slaughtered. The components of the body and eviscerated carcass were weighed and measured. At birth the dwarfs were thick and blocky. At the time of slaughter a bulging forehead was common but not always extreme and not always present. The symptoms of dwarfism became increasingly pronounced with age, due to retarded growth. The dwarfs had shorter thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, body, loin, hind leg, arm bone and forearm bone than the controls. No explanation can be given for the difference. However, the dwarfs were hydrocephalic and had significantly lighter adrenal and pituitary glands than the control animals. The dwarf animals had more blood, heavier feet, less abdominal fat, smaller loin ‘eye muscle’ area at the 12th rib and a less deep loin ‘eye muscle’. The dwarf females had a lighter rumen (with and without contents) and large intestines (without content) as a percentage of live weight than the controls and dwarf males. There was no difference in palatability of the meat or percentage of wholesale cuts from the dwarf and control animals except for percentage of plate. The following three ratios were disproportionate in the dwarfs as compared with the controls:

scholarly journals Effect of boars own performance on progeny fattening and carcass traits in two different environments

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bahelka ◽  
P. Fľak ◽  
Anna Lukácová
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Progeny Performance

The effect of own performance traits of meat breed boars on fattening and carcass parameters of progeny in two different test stations (Bucany and Nitra) was evaluated. Own performance traits of boars were average daily gain (ADG) from birth to 100 kg live weight, backfat thickness (BF) and lean meat content (LMC) in field conditions. Progeny of boars was housed in pairs (gilt and barrow) and fed standardized feed mixture semi ad libitum. Progeny test lasted from 30 to 100 kg live weight. There were evaluated following parameters: ADG and feed consumption/kg gain (FC) at test from 30 to 100 kg live weight, slaughter weight (SW), proportion of meaty cuts (PMC) proportion of ham (PHAM), eye muscle area (EMA), and BF. At Bucany and Nitra was found the effect of genotype of boars on progeny BF and/or FC respectively. Better tested boars from own performance test individually as well as a group achieved in progeny better fattening and carcass traits than worse tested boars at Bucany (+33 g ADG, -0.21 cm BF, +2.34 % PMC). Progeny performance from better evaluated boars at Nitra did not exceed the progeny performance from worse tested boars. There was found significant effect of dams on progeny performance.

A comparison of Canadian Holstein and British Friesian steers for the production of beef from an 18-month grass/cereal system

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Cook ◽  
Jennifer M. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slaughter Age

ABSTRACTThe trial compared 50 purebred Canadian Holstein and 46 British Friesian steers. The cattle were reared on a grass/cereal system designed to achieve an overall target live-weight gain of 0·82 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age. The cattle, born i n September 1973, grazed during the summer of 1974 and were slaughtered out of yards from January to July 1975. Equal numbers of each breed were allocated at random to three slaughter weights (477, 500 and 523 kg live weight). The Meat and Livestock Commission measured and classified all carcasses. In addition, a sample was cut according to commercial specifications. There were no significant differences in slaughter age or live-weight gain between the breeds. A significant difference (P < 0·05) in killing-out percentage was found in favour of the British Friesian as was a small (4%) but highly significant difference (P < 0·001) in carcass gain.The Canadian Holstein carcasses were considerably longer (P < 0·001) with less eye-muscle area (P < 0·001). The British Friesian carcasses contained 0·7% more saleable meat (P < 0·001) and 1% less bone (P < 0·01). There were no significant differences in fat trim. There were large differences in live appearance and carcass classifications, the British Friesians being of superior beef conformation.

Further observations on the effects of growth checks in pigs of 50 lb. live-weight and over

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Severe Restriction ◽  
Minimum Thickness ◽  
Large White ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gut Fill

Forty-eight individually-fed Large White pigs, initially 10 weeks of age, were used to test the effects of growth checks induced by severe restriction of feed intake. The checks were imposed at 50 lb. or 100 lb. live-weight and lasted for 5 weeks, during which live-weight gains averaged only 1·6 lb. and 4·1 lb. per pig, respectively. The daily feed allowances of the unchecked controls and of other pigs while not on check were according to a fixed scale based on live-weight. All pigs were slaughtered as their individual weights reached 200 lb. and a number of measurements were made on the carcasses.Excluding the period of the check, efficiency of feed conversion and rate of gain were better for pigs checked at 50 lb. than for the controls. The difference in age at a given weight caused by the check was narrowed by about 6 days at the end of the experiment. Indications of a similar compensation in growth of pigs checked at 100 lb. were mostly explained by the rapid growth of these pigs before 100 lb. and by the sudden increase i n their weight at the end of the check period which was probably due to increased gut fill.A check at 50 lb. or 100 lb. did not affect either the specific gravity of the carcass, which was taken as an indication of the overall proportion of lean to fat, the area of ‘eye’ muscle, the depth of backfat over the shoulder, the thickness of streak or the Danish ‘slight of lean’ measurement, but the check at 50 lb. increased the thickness of fat at position (1) over the ‘eye’ muscle. Both checks increased the minimum thickness of back fat in females but not in castrates and reduced the average rump fat in castrates but not in females. It was concluded that the checks did not affect carcass composition although they probably caused changes in the distribution of the backfat.

Growth and carcass characteristics of heavy slaughter weight lambs: effects of sire breed and sex of lamb and relationships to serum metabolites and IGF-1

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. G. Wylie ◽  
D. M. B. Chestnutt ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Sire Breed

AbstractTexel (T) and Suffolk (S) sired ram, wether and ewe lambs (no = 180) were kept at grass with their dams until weaned at 20 weeks and then taken to slaughter weights of 40, 44 and 48 kg, also at grass. Sex type, but not sire breed, affected lamb growth rate (rams 293, wethers 253, ewes 224 g/day; P < 0·001). Both T and S ewe lambs were fatter at slaughter in all fat depots compared with their ram and wether siblings such that rams could be slaughtered at a calculated 7·7 kg greater live weight than ewes at equal carcass fat cover. T carcasses were greater than S carcasses in eye-muscle area (793 v. 732 mm2; P < 0·001) and killing-out proportion (481 v. 476 g/kg; P < 0·05) but not in any fat measurement. Slaughter weight influenced killing-out proportion (P < 0·001) and all fat measurements (P < 0·01) but did not significantly affect eye-muscle area.Mean serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations (μig/l), determined during weeks 8,11, 14, 17 and 20 in a balanced subset of 84 lambs, were higher in T than in S lambs (P < 0·05), in singles than in twins (P < 0·01; rams and wethers only) and in rams than in either wethers or ewes (P < 0·001). Mean serum IGF-1 concentration decreased between week 8 and week 20 with a greater rate of decline in singles than in twins (P < 0·001). IGF-1 was more strongly correlated with live weight at 8 weeks (r = 0·629; P< 0·001) than at 20 weeks (r = 0·293; P < 0·05). Mean IGF-1 (weeks 8 to 20) was correlated with rate of live-weight change (r = 0·576; P < 0·001). Significant differences for T and S lambs were found in the relationships between mean serum IGF-1 (weeks 8 to 20) and daily live-weight gain (weeks 8 to 20) and between mean IGF-1 and eye-muscle area at slaughter. Metabolite concentrations differed little between sire breeds and not at all between sex types.

Daily gain, food intake and food efficiency in pigs during the growing period

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis ◽  
W. J. Koops
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Food Efficiency ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe non-linear model y = ae(−hW−c/W) was fitted to weekly calculated daily gain (DG), daily food intake (FI) and food efficiency (FE) of 653 barrows and gilts fed ad libitum or restrictedly during a growing period from 27 to 108 kg live weight. Where y was DG, FI or FE, W was live weight and a, b and c were parameters. The model fitted well to the expected course of the traits, with an accuracy similar to that of quadratic polynomials. Parameters for one trait could simply be derived from the parameters for the other two traits. For each trait, four basic patterns were distinguished, depending on the signs of b and c. Curves with a maximum (b > 0 and c > 0) occurred most frequently. In cases of curves with a maximum, the model could be reparameterized to a model with parameters having a simple biological meaning.Coefficients of determination in barrows averaged 0·29 for DG, 0·88 for FI and 0·45 for FE, whereas these values were somewhat lower in gilts. With ad libitum feeding, a DG curve with a maximum was fitted in proportionately 0·83 of the barrows and 0·61 of the gilts. The maximum DG was on average at live weights of 64 kg for barrows and 77 kg for gilts. A maximum in the FI curve was predicted in proportionately 0·60 of the barrows and 0·39 of the gilts. Curves for DG and FI in gilts were less curvilinear than in barrows. FE curves, with ad libitum feeding, had a maximum in proportionately 0·59 of the barrows and 0·52 of the gilts. This predicted maximum FE was, on average, before the start of the growing period. Gilts had a higher FE than barrows from 35 kg body weight onwards, and the difference increased with increasing live weight. Differences in FE between ad libitum and restricted feeding were small, with a tendency for animals fed at a restricted feeding level to be more efficient at the end of the growing period.Average FE curves and individual FI or DG curves were used for indirect prediction of individual DG or FI curves, respectively. The correlation between directly and indirectly predicted values of DG and FI at live weights of 30, 65 or 100 kg was about 0·7 in ad libitum fed barrows and gilts, and greater than 0·8 in pigs fed at a restricted level. This indicates that the model is suitable to predict and control the course of individual daily gain by influencing the course of food intake.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of major genes and genomic prediction using high-density and text-mined gene-based SNP panels in Hanwoo (Korean cattle)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0241848
Author(s):  
Hyo Jun Lee ◽  
Yoon Ji Chung ◽  
Sungbong Jang ◽  
Dong Won Seo ◽  
Hak Kyo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Genomic Prediction ◽  
Causal Variant ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Korean Cattle ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Snp Panels

It was hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from text-mined genes could be more tightly related to causal variant for each trait and that differentially weighting of this SNP panel in the GBLUP model could improve the performance of genomic prediction in cattle. Fitting two GRMs constructed by text-mined SNPs and SNPs except text-mined SNPs from 777k SNPs set (exp_777K) as different random effects showed better accuracy than fitting one GRM (Im_777K) for six traits (e.g. backfat thickness: + 0.002, eye muscle area: + 0.014, Warner–Bratzler Shear Force of semimembranosus and longissimus dorsi: + 0.024 and + 0.068, intramuscular fat content of semimembranosus and longissimus dorsi: + 0.008 and + 0.018). These results can suggest that attempts to incorporate text mining into genomic predictions seem valuable, and further study using text mining can be expected to present the significant results.

scholarly journals Effect of Breed Types and Castration on Carcass Characteristics of Boer and Large Frame Indigenous Veld Goats of Southern Africa

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertruida L. van Wyk ◽  
Louwrens C. Hoffman ◽  
Phillip E. Strydom ◽  
Lorinda Frylinck
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
The Right ◽  
Boer Goats

Weaner male Boer Goats (BG; n = 36; 21 bucks and 15 wethers) and large frame Indigenous Veld Goats (IVG; n = 41; 21 bucks and 20 wethers) were raised on hay and natural grass ad libitum and the recommended amount of commercial pelleted diet to a live weight between 30 and 35 kg. Carcass quality characteristics (live weight, carcass weights, dressing %, chilling loss and eye muscle area) were measured. The right sides of the carcasses were divided into wholesale cuts and dissected into subcutaneous fat, meat and bone. Large frame Indigenous Veld Goat (IVG) wethers were slightly lighter than the IVG bucks with no significant difference observed between BG. Wethers compared to bucks had higher dressing %, subcutaneous fat % in all primal cuts, intramuscular fat %, kidney fat % and, overall, slightly less bone %. Some breed–wether interactions were noticed: IVG wethers were slightly lighter than the IVG bucks, but the IVG bucks tended to produce higher % meat compared to other test groups. Judged on the intramuscular fat % characteristics, it seems as if wethers should produce juicier and more flavorsome meat compared to bucks.

Restricted and ad lib. feeding of liquid skim-milk, with and without the addition of formalin, to fattening pigs

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
P. H. Sedgwick
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fattening Pigs

SummaryResults are reported of an experiment with fattening pigs, made under commercial conditions, on the effect of adding formalin to liquid skim-milk, to delay souring, on the nutritive value of the milk given either in restricted or in unrestricted quantities.There were four treatments: (i) Meal, fed to a scale based on live weight, plus sour skim-milk restricted to a maximum of 5¼ pints per pig per day. (ii) As (i) except that milk kept sweet by the addition of 0·15% formalin shortly after separation, was fed. (iii) Daily allowance of 2 lb meal/pig fed throughout the fattening period plus an unrestricted supply of sour skim-milk. (iv) As (iii) except that milk kept sweet by the addition of 0·15% formalin shortly after separation, was fed.There were five pens of nine group-fed pigs on each treatment, involving a total of 180 pigs. The pigs were on experiment from about 9 weeks of age to bacon weight. Comprehensive carcass measurements were made on all the pigs, and bacon-tasting tests were made on samples of both green and smoked bacon from a number of the carcasses.There were no significant differences between any of the four treatments in rate of growth or overall efficiency of food utilization.Pigs given formalin-treated milk had a significantly thinner layer of back fat over the loin than those given sour milk. Although the difference was relatively small, it was apparent whether the milk was fed in restricted amounts or ad lib. and was reflected in the commercial grading results. There were no significant differences between treatments in dressing percentage, carcass length, shoulder back fat thickness, belly thickness or size of eye muscle.No taint or off-flavour was detected in samples of green or smoked bacon from pigs fed milk to which 0·15% formalin had been added.The feeding of liquid skim-milk in unrestricted quantities is discussed in relation to the comparative prices of meal and skim-milk.The importance of adding the formalin to the skim-milk as soon as possible after separation, particularly during warm weather, is stressed in order that souring might be delayed for at least 1 week.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Responses to Selection for Ultrafine Wool in Uruguayan Yearling Lambs

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Zully Ramos ◽  
Hugh Thomas Blair ◽  
Ignacio De Barbieri ◽  
Gabriel Ciappesoni ◽  
Fabio Montossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Phenotypic Responses

This study evaluated the phenotypic trends for wool and growth traits of the fine Merino genetic nucleus in Uruguay. Data were collected from one-year-old lambs over a twenty-year period (1999–2018). The overall aim of the selection flock was to reduce fiber diameter with concomitant increases in fleece and live weights. Traits analyzed included fiber diameter (FD), greasy fleece weight (GFW), coefficient of variation of FD (CVfd), staple length (SL), scoured yield (SY), live weight post-shearing (LW), eye muscle area (EMA) and fat thickness (FAT). Data from approximately 5300 one-year-old male and female lambs were analyzed. During the study period, FD decreased by approximately 3 µm, whereas GFW and LW increased by at least 0.5 and 3.0 kg, respectively. There were interactions between the sex of the individual and the year for all wool traits. Except for FAT, all other traits were affected by the dam age. This study indicates that the selection program applied in the fine Merino genetic nucleus over a twenty-year period resulted in reductions in FD and increases in GFW and LW. Therefore, the results indicate it is possible to produce ultrafine wool in semi-extensive grazing systems without compromising other economically relevant traits in one-year-old lambs.

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