Observed energy intake of weaned piglets and its effect on temperature requirements

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Robertson ◽  
J. J. Clark ◽  
J. M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTEnergy intake was recorded for two batches of 12 individually-penned piglets weaned at 5 kg live weight and fed milk-based diets of 18·7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg up to 8 kg live weight and 15.4 MJ ME per kg thereafter. The piglets were kept within their thermoneutral zone throughout the experiments. Regression equations describing the relationship between energy intake and days after weaning were developed for each piglet and the means of the regression coefficients and constants were incorporated in an equation for estimating energy intakes for piglets of 5 to 15 kg live weight. The lower and upper critical temperatures were calculated for each piglet on every day of the trial. These values were extrapolated to give temperature recommendations for piglets of 5 to 15 kg live weight kept in groups of 20. The temperatures ranged from 30°C at weaning to 19°C, 23 days after weaning. This represented a reduction in temperature equivalent to 0·5°C per day.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

scholarly journals The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d.2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MJ/kg DM).4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P < 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM).5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment.6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.

A note on the response of British Friesian steers to trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol, and to alternation in dietary energy intake

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Galbraith ◽  
K. J. Geraghty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Main Effects

ABSTRACTFour steers from a group of eight British Friesian steers were implanted with 300 mg trenbolone acetate and 30 mg hexoestrol at the beginning of a 90-day trial period. The remainder were untreated. They were offered diets that varied in estimated content of metabolizable energy as follows (MJ/day): day 0 to 34 (period A), 100; day 35 to 60 (period B), 50; and day 61 to 90 (period C), 75 increasing to 110. Implanted steers gained significantly more live weight in periods A and C, and lost less in period B, than controls. Implanted steers had significantly elevated concentrations of plasma glucose in period A, and lower values for plasma urea and serum albumin throughout. Differences between control and implanted steers for the other blood constituents studied, including growth hormone, insulin and prolactin, were small and not significant. The main effects of changes in dietary energy intake on blood composition included significant increases in both groups of animals in the concentration of free fatty acids and growth hormone during underfeeding (period B). These concentrations decreased in period C, concomitant with significant increases in the concentrations of insulin and prolactin.

Annual energy intake and the performance of beef cows differing in body size and milk potential

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Sinclair ◽  
S. Yildiz ◽  
G. Quintans ◽  
P. J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Calf Performance

AbstractThe accumulative effects of different levels of annual energy intake over the first two parities on four breeds of beef cow (small size and low milk potential, Aberdeen Angus; small size and high milk potential, Welsh Black; large size and low milk potential, Charolais; and large size and high milk potential, Simmental) were assessed for various production traits and calf performance. Heifers were allocated to each of two levels of annual energy intake relative to metabolic body weight (M0·75) (mean daily intakes equivalent to 705 and 820 kj M0·75) and for the next 2 years these animals (10 per breed) were continuously housed and given diets designed to represent energy intakes while grazing during the summer and conserved forage feeding during the winter. Changes in live weight and body composition were measured throughout both years and milk yield, milk composition and calf performance during both lactations.Animals from each of the four breeds gained weight but lost body condition during their first two parities in a manner that was dependent on their annual level of dietary energy intake. Welsh Black cows grew more than Aberdeen Angus cows and Charolais cows more than Simmental cows so that, by weaning during the second parity, the rank order of live weights between breeds was Charolais > Simmental > Welsh Black > Aberdeen Angus. Welsh Black and Simmental cows produced higher yields of milk (7·9 and 8·7 kg respectively) than Aberdeen Angus and Charolais cows (6·5 and 5·7 kg respectively; P < 0·001). Calves from the two large breeds grew more quickly than those from the two small breeds (1·13 v. 0·99 kg/day; P < 0·01) and calf performance was influenced by milk consumption. Biological efficiency, defined as weight of calf at weaning per GJ metabolizable energy (ME) on an annual basis, increased as annual energy intake decreased and tended to be higher for large breeds on 33 GJ ME per year than for small breeds on the same level of annual energy intake (7·19 v. 6·75). The complex means by which the different breed types interacted with their nutritional environment is discussed.

A note on the effects of body fatness and level of food intake on the rate of fat loss in lactating ewes

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Cowan ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTData from three comparative slaughter experiments involving a total of 73 ewes were used to study the influence of body fat content at the start of lactation (X1 kg) and of metabolizable energy intake (X2, MJ/day), on the rate of loss of body fat by lactating ewes over the first 6 weeks of lactation (Y, g/day). The relationship was described by the equation:Thus the rate of fat loss was greater for ewes with higher initial fat contents, but the differential became less as metabolizable energy intake increased. Since increases in body fatness depress food intake it was not possible to prevent loss of body fat during early lactation in fat ewes given high concentrate diets ad libitum. The likely response in milk yield to increase in body fatness at parturition is therefore strongly dependent on the relative levels of body fatness and metabolizable energy intake. The value of any improvement in condition of the ewe at parturition may be considerable when metabolizable energy intake during lactation is low but much less when it is expected to be high.

Energy intake and patterns of growth for male and female fallow deer of two genotypes, between 10 and 21 months of age

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
R.C. Mulley ◽  
G.W. Asher ◽  
J.S. Flesh ◽  
K.T. O’Neill ◽  
J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dama Dama ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractEuropean (no. = 36) and hybrid (¼ Mesopotamian, ¾ European; no. = 36) fallow deer (Dama dama) were evaluated for weight gain and energy intake from 10 to 21 months of age. Twelve each of bucks, does and castrated males (haviers) were tested for each genotype, in both concentrate-fed and pasture-based feeding systems. Based on weekly weighing hybrids (H) in each of the sex classes grew more rapidly (5 g/day across all groups) than the European (E) fallow deer (P < 0·05). Haviers given concentrates grew significantly faster than pasture-fed haviers (P < 0·01), whilst does grown on pasture grew significantly faster than those given concentrates (P < 0·01). There was no significant difference in pattern of growth between bucks on pasture and those given concentrates (P > 0·05). Does grew significantly less (P < 0·01) than bucks and haviers in spring, summer and winter but environmental differences between years could not be accounted for in the analysis.Animals of all sexes and genotypes experienced rapid growth from 10 to 12 months of age (spring) and this was associated with energy intakes according to metabolic body weight (M0·75) these ranging between 0·8 and 1·1 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg M0·75 per day. There were significantly (P < 0·01) higher levels of energy consumed by H does and haviers in the summer, compared with their E counterparts but this was not associated with greater growth rates. However, H does had significantly higher (P < 0·01) dressing proportions at slaughter than E does. The energy intake on a metabolic body weight basis for most groups declined to between 0·7 and 0·8 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 12 to 21 months of age, except for the does, which declined even further to between 0·5 and 0·6 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 17 months of age.There were no significant differences between E and H deer for energy intakes per M0·75, and H deer were slightly more energy efficient than their E counterparts in terms of growth rate in relation to annual gross energy intake. The food intake : weight gain ratio increased considerably for both genotypes after 14 months of age, indicating the desirability for slaughtering as soon as animals reach the target live weight. It was concluded that the crossbreeding system described is production efficient and produced offspring that reached slaughter weight sooner than E fallow deer and thereby produced carcasses with a greater wholesale value than their E counterparts of the same age.

Faecal index to estimate intake and digestibility in grazing sheep

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. DAVID ◽  
C. H. E. C. POLI ◽  
J. V. SAVIAN ◽  
G. A. AMARAL ◽  
E. B. AZEVEDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Linear Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe current research was carried out to evaluate the use of crude protein and fibre components in faeces for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep fed with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). The equations were developed from four trials in metabolism cages with 16 sheep in each trial. Each animal received a different quantity of millet leaves in the diet: 0·015, 0·020 and 0·025 dry matter (DM) as a proportion of live weight (LW) and ad libitum with at least 0·2 of daily feed refusals. Organic matter intake (OMI, g/day) was measured, through the difference between offer and refusals; total faeces were collected for 5 days, which was used to determine faecal crude protein (CPf, g/day and g/kg of organic matter (OM)), faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDFf, g/day and g/kg OM), faecal acid detergent fibre (ADFf, g/day and g/kg OM) and OM digestibility (OMD). Linear regression equations were calculated to determine the relationship between OMI and CPf (P<0·001, R2=0·90, relative prediction error (RPE=14·02%). A multiple linear equation was generated for OMI including CPf and NDFf (P<0·001, R2=0·94; RPE=9·25%). Hyperbolic (single and multiple) and exponential models were tested to estimate OMD, where the hyperbolic multiple model including CPf and NDFf showed lower RPE (3·90%). These equations for estimating OMI and OMD were evaluated on sheep grazing P. americanum fertilized with increasing levels of nitrogen (N) (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha), comparing measured and estimated OMI. The intake estimated by multiple regression (CP and NDFf) showed a higher R2 (0·98) and lower RPE (5·25%) than the simple (CPf only) linear equation (R2=0·94; RPE=20·45%). The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the faecal index generated in metabolism cages for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep grazing P. americanum.

Effect of energy intake on protein and energy metabolism of boars of high genetic potential for lean growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Rao ◽  
K. J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Genetic Potential

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted each using one batch of six Landrace littermate, entire male, pedigree pigs in a Latin-square change-over study of the effects of energy intake on nitrogen and energy metabolism over the range 33 to 88 kg live weight. One animal from each litter was slaughtered at 33 kg body weight to obtain initial body composition data. Five feeding levels (80, 100, 120, 140 and 160g/kg M0·63) were used during five consecutive metabolism trials each of 11-days duration, excreta being collected during the last 7 days. The pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages and the diets were offered in liquid form (approx. 300 g dry matter (DM) per kg) twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 h. Heat production was measured for 1 day during each balance period in an open-circuit respiration chamber. The average daily gain, nitrogen retention, heat production and energy retention increased linearly (P < 0·001) with increasing metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The relationship between energy intake and protein deposition was linear up to levels above the normal ad libitum consumption of energy. Protein deposition potential of these high genetic potential pigs was at least 200 g/day, and tended to be constant between 35 and 85 kg live weight. From the combined results of experiments 1 and 2, the energy requirement for maintenance was 0·982 MJ ME per kg M0·63 per day and the decrease in protein deposition was approximately 6 g/MJ reduction in ME within the range of practical energy intakes.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance in relation to energy intake in entire male pigs weighing 75 kg

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dunkin ◽  
J. L. Black ◽  
K. J. James
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Entire Male

1. Nitrogen balance (NB) was determined in entire male pigs weighing 75.6 (SE 0.56) kg and given 1.43 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d of semi-synthetic liquid diets which varied in crude protein (N x 6.38):ME from 2.5 to 14.5 g/MJ. Maximum NB of 20.8 g/d was reached with diets containing at least 6.2 g protein/MJ ME.2. The relation between energy intake and NB was then examined in pigs of comparable live weight (mean 73.8 (SE 0.39) kg) and receiving a liquid diet not limiting in protein. The diet, containing 10.0 g protein/MJ ME, was given at eight rates from 0.24 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d to ad lib. by approximately equal increments. Two animals were allocated to each level and two animals were fasted during the balance period.3. The animals fed ad lib. achieved a mean intake of 1.84 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d. NB increased linearly as ME intake increased up to 27.6 MJ/d (1.096 MJ/kg LW0.75per d) but thereafter remained constant at 22.8 g N/d.

Production characteristics of high-yielding dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Neilson ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gross Efficiency

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the relationships between food intake, milk output and body condition in high-yielding dairy cows is crucial in determining suitable management strategies. During two winter feeding periods 38 and 37 cows were individually fed, to appetite, complete diets which on average contained 11·7 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter and comprised grass silage, concentrate meal and brewers' grains (draff). The groups' mean 305-day yield was 7 240 kg (s.d. 1 281) with 42 g (s.d. 4·3) fat per kg. Regression analysis was carried out to describe dry-matter intake both for 26 weeks post calving and for four successive 6-week periods from calving. The final equations, which had a residual s.d. of 0·07 to 0·10 of the observed intake, included milk yield, cow size and a measure of body-condition change. The cows were divided into three groups (high, medium and low) on two criteria: (1) mean milk yield (MJ/day) during the first 26 weeks of lactation and (2) post-calving backfat index determined ultrasonically. Differences were found between milk-yield groups from gross efficiency (milk yield (MJ)/energy intake (MJ metabolizable energy)) (P < 0·001), mean metabolizable energy intake (MJ/day) (P < 0·01), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05), and post calving live weight (kg) (P < 0·05). Differences were found between backfat-index groups for maximum backfat loss and loss to day 42 (P < 0·001); also for mean live weight during the 26 weeks and post calving live weight (P < 0·001), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05) and lactation number (P < 0·05). Interactions were found between the milk yield groups and backfat groups for milk yield (P < 0·01) and gross efficiency (P < 0·05) with the fattest group containing the highest and lowest yields and efficiencies.

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