scholarly journals The piglet as a model for studying dietary components in infant diets: effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on intestinal functions

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alizadeh ◽  
P. Akbari ◽  
E. Difilippo ◽  
H. A. Schols ◽  
L. H. Ulfman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Neonatal Piglet ◽  
Intestinal Functions ◽  
Histomorphological Changes ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Human Neonates ◽  
Junction Proteins

AbstractPrebiotic oligosaccharides, including galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are used in infant formula to mimic human milk oligosaccharides, which are known to have an important role in the development of the intestinal microbiota and the immune system in neonates. The maturation of the intestines in piglets closely resembles that of human neonates and infants. Hence, a neonatal piglet model was used to study the multi-faceted effect of dietary GOS in early life. Naturally farrowed piglets were separated from the mother sow 24–48 h postpartum and received a milk replacer with or without the addition of GOS for 3 or 26 d, whereafter several indicators of intestinal colonisation and maturation were measured. Dietary GOS was readily fermented in the colon, leading to a decreased pH, an increase in butyric acid in caecum digesta and an increase in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria numbers at day 26. Histomorphological changes were observed in the intestines of piglets fed a GOS diet for 3 or 26 d. In turn, differences in the intestinal disaccharidase activity were observed between control and GOS-fed piglets. The mRNA expression of various tight junction proteins was up-regulated in the intestines of piglet fed a GOS diet and was not accompanied by an increase in protein expression. GOS also increased defensin porcineβ-defensin-2in the colon and secretory IgA levels in saliva. In conclusion, by applying a neonatal piglet model, it could be demonstrated that a GOS-supplemented milk replacer promotes the balance of the developing intestinal microbiota, improves the intestinal architecture and seems to stimulate the intestinal defence mechanism.

scholarly journals Elevated Plasma Peptide YY in Human Neonates and Infants

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1225-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
T E Adrian ◽  
H A Smith ◽  
S A Calvert ◽  
A Aynsley-Green ◽  
S R Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Human Neonates

scholarly journals Raffinose-Series Oligosaccharides in Soybean Products

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Švejstil ◽  
Š. Musilová ◽  
V. Rada
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Soybean Flour ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

Abstract Soybean foods forming a substantial part of Asian diet have still more expanded into European diet. Raffinose-series oligosaccharides (RSO) are important constituents of soya beans and they can be found also in soybean products. These oligosaccharides can be considered potentially prebiotic for their capability of influencing the composition of the host’s intestinal microbiota. The aim of the present paper was to determine the oligosaccharide content in various soybean products. Enzymatic assay has been used for the determination of oligosaccharides. RSO have been found in all tested samples and their content varied from 0.66 g per 100 g in soybean beverage to 5.59 g per 100 g in first clear soybean flour. Generally, the highest content of RSO has been detected in soybean flour in the average amount of 4.83 g per 100 g. There was no statistically significant difference observed in the amount of oligosaccharides in all four types of soybean flour (P < 0.01). Considerably high amounts of RSO have been found in sweet soybean bars and textured soy protein. Foods as soybean flour and soybean bar ‘Sójový suk’ seem to be effective natural sources of prebiotic oligosaccharides for humans.

scholarly journals Effects of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota, tight junctions, and inflammation in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1797-1808
Author(s):  
Chi Huan Chang ◽  
Po Yun Teng ◽  
Tzu Tai Lee ◽  
Bi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Tight Junction Proteins ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Mucin 2 ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Junction Proteins

Objective: This study assessed the effects of probiotics on cecal microbiota, gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and immune response in the cecal tonsil of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.Methods: One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 240) were randomly allocated to four treatments: negative control (Cont), multi-strain probiotic-treated group (Pro), Salmonella-infected group (Sal), and multi-strain probiotic-treated and Salmonella-infected group (ProSal). All chickens except those in the Cont and Pro groups were gavaged with 1×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/mL of S. enterica subsp. enterica 4 days after hatching.Results: Our results indicated that body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of birds were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by Salmonella challenge. Chickens challenged with Salmonella decreased cecal microbial diversity. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited abundant Proteobacteria than those in the Cont, Pro, and ProSal groups. Salmonella infection downregulated gene expression of Occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO1), and Mucin 2 in the jejunum and Occludin and Claudin in the ileum. Moreover, the Sal group increased gene expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) and reduced levels of transforming growth factor-β4 and IL-10 compared with the other groups (p<0.05). However, chickens receiving probiotic diets increased Lactobacillaceae abundance and reduced Enterobacteriaceae abundance in the ceca. Moreover, supplementation with probiotics increased the mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO1, and Mucin 2 in the ileum (p<0.05). In addition, probiotic supplementation downregulated the mRNA levels of IFN-γ (p<0.05) and LITAF (p = 0.075) and upregulated IL-10 (p = 0.084) expression in the cecal tonsil.Conclusion: The administration of multi-strain probiotics modulated intestinal microbiota, gene expression of tight junction proteins, and immunomodulatory activity in broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Olivares ◽  
Gemma Castillejo ◽  
Vicente Varea ◽  
Yolanda Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Tnf Α

Interactions between the immune system and the intestinal microbiota may play a role in coeliac disease (CD). In the present study, the potential effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed CD were evaluated. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in thirty-three children who received a capsule containing either B. longum CECT 7347 (109 colony-forming units) or placebo (excipients) daily for 3 months together with a gluten-free diet (GFD). Outcome measures (baseline and post-intervention) included immune phenotype of peripheral blood cells, serum cytokine concentration, faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) content, anthropometric parameters and intestinal microbiota composition. Comparisons between the groups revealed greater height percentile increases (P= 0·048) in the B. longum CECT 7347 group than in the placebo group, as well as decreased peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes (P= 0·004) and slightly reduced TNF-α concentration (P= 0·067). Within-group comparisons of baseline and final values did not reveal any differences in T lymphocytes and cytokines in the placebo group, while decreased CD3+ (P =0·013) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ T lymphocytes (P =0·029) and slightly reduced TNF-α concentration (P= 0·085) were detected in the B. longum CECT 7347 group. Comparison between the groups showed that the administration of B. longum CECT 7347 reduced the numbers of the Bacteroides fragilis group (P= 0·020) and the content of sIgA in stools (P= 0·011) compared with the administration of placebo. Although this is a first exploratory intervention with limitations, the findings suggest that B. longum CECT 7347 could help improve the health status of CD patients who tend to show alterations in gut microbiota composition and a biased immune response even on a GFD.

Maturation of the Circadian Rhythm of the Adrenocortical Functions in Human Neonates and Infants

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vermes ◽  
J. Dohanics ◽  
G. T&oacute;th ◽  
J. Pongr&aacute;cz
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Human Neonates

scholarly journals Identifying neurophysiological features associated with anesthetic state in newborn mice and humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Chini ◽  
Sabine Gretenkord ◽  
Johanna K. Kostka ◽  
Jastyn A. Pöpplau ◽  
Laura Cornelissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Intraoperative Awareness ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Anesthetic Depth ◽  
Neonatal Mice ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
Human Neonates

One Sentence SummaryMachine learning reveals consistent features of anesthetic states assessed by intracranial recordings in newborn mice and multichannel EEG in human neonates and infants.AbstractMonitoring the hypnotic component of anesthesia during surgeries is critical to prevent intraoperative awareness and reduce adverse side effects. For this purpose, electroencephalographic methods complementing measures of autonomic functions and behavioral responses are in use in clinical practice. However, in human neonates and infants existing methods may be unreliable and the correlation between brain activity and anesthetic depth is still poorly understood. Here, we characterize the effects of different anesthetics on activity of several brain areas in neonatal mice and develop machine learning approaches to identify electrophysiological features predicting inspired or end-tidal anesthetic concentration as a proxy for anesthetic depth. We show that similar features from electroencephalographic recordings can be applied to predict anesthetic concentration in neonatal mice, and human neonates and infants. These results might support a novel strategy to monitor anesthetic depth in human newborns.

scholarly journals Supplementing Mannan Oligosaccharide Reduces the Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin G and Improves Antioxidative Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Neonatal Goats

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yang ◽  
Tianxi Zhang ◽  
Quanhua Tian ◽  
Yan Cheng ◽  
Kefyalew Gebeyew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Mannan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Positive Effects

Successful establishment of passive immunity (PIT) and regulation of intestinal microbiota are crucial for ruminants to maintain body health and reduce the risk of disease during the neonatal period. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on passive transfer of immunoglobulin G (IgG), serum inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant levels as well as bacteria composition in the ileal digesta. A total of 14 healthy neonatal Ganxi black goats with similar birth weight (BW: 2.35 ± 0.55 kg) were selected and allocated into two groups, only fed colostrum and milk replacer (CON, n = 7) and supplemented MOS (0.06% of birth BW) in the colostrum and milk replacer (MOS, n = 7). The results indicated that MOS supplementation significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.05) serum IgG level at 3 and 6 h after colostrum feeding. Serum GLP-1 level of goats in the MOS group was significantly lower (p = 0.001) than that in the CON group. Goats in the MOS group had higher serum CAT and lower MDA level than those in the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine level of interleukin 4 (IL-4) was increased (p &lt; 0.05), while pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 level was reduced (p &lt; 0.05) in the MOS group when compared with the CON group. In addition, MOS supplementation remarkably increased (p &lt; 0.05) the level of secretory IgA (sIgA) in the ileal digesta. Principal coordinate analysis of 16S rRNA sequence based on Brinary jaccard, Bray curtis, and weighted UniFrac distance of ileal microbiota showed a distinct microbial differentiation between the CON and MOS groups (p &lt; 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the MOS group was higher than that in the CON group, while the abundance of Verrucomicrobia was lower in the MOS group than that in the CON group at the phylum level (p &lt; 0.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria tended to decrease (p = 0.078) in the MOS group at the phylum level. The results of LEfSe analysis showed that MOS group was characterized by a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus, while the CON group was represented by a higher relative abundance of Akkermansia and Ruminiclostridium_5. Our findings demonstrated that MOS supplementation during the neonatal period increases antioxidant capacity and reduces the inflammatory response, and promotes IgA secretion and Lactobacillus colonization in the ileum. Thus, MOS induced positive effects are more pronounced in neonatal goats that might be an effective approach to maintain intestinal health and improve the surviving rate of neonatal ruminants.

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