scholarly journals Wheat germ supplementation alleviates insulin resistance and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of diet-induced obesity

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babajide Ojo ◽  
Ashley J. Simenson ◽  
Crystal O’Hara ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
Xin Gou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Antioxidant Markers

AbstractObesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance (IR), along with mitochondrial dysfunction to metabolically active tissues and increased production of reactive O2 species (ROS). Foods rich in antioxidants such as wheat germ (WG), protect tissues from damage due to ROS and modulate some negative effects of obesity. This study examined the effects of WG supplementation on markers of IR, mitochondrial substrate metabolism and innate antioxidant markers in two metabolically active tissues (i.e. liver and heart) of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat–high-sucrose (HFS) diet. Male C57BL/6 mice, 6-week-old, were randomised into four dietary treatment groups (n 12 mice/group): control (C, 10 % fat kcal), C+10 % WG, HFS (60 % fat kcal) or HFS+10 % WG (HFS+WG). After 12 weeks of treatment, HFS+WG mice had significantly less visceral fat (−16 %, P=0·006) compared with the HFS group. WG significantly reduced serum insulin (P=0·009), the insulinotropic hormone, gastric inhibitory peptide (P=0·0003), and the surrogate measure of IR, homoeostatic model assessment of IR (P=0·006). HFS diet significantly elevated (45 %, P=0·02) cardiac complex 2 mitochondrial VO2, suggesting increased metabolic stress, whereas WG stabilised this effect to the level of control. Consequently, genes which mediate antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis (superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) and PPARγ coactivator 1-α (Pgc1a), respectively) were significantly reduced (P<0·05) in the heart of the HFS group, whereas WG supplementation tended to up-regulate both genes. WG significantly increased hepatic gene expression of Sod2 (P=0·048) but not Pgc1a. Together, these results showed that WG supplementation in HFS diet, reduced IR and improved cardiac mitochondrial metabolic functions.

scholarly journals Effects of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 030006052110317
Author(s):  
Chenyun Miao ◽  
Qingge Guo ◽  
Xiaojie Fang ◽  
Yun Chen ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Synbiotic Supplementation

Objective This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of probiotics and synbiotics on insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods A systematic search was performed to identify all relevant publications listed on the electronic databases (PubMed®, Web of Science, Embase® and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) between inception and 30 October 2020. All statistical analyses were performed on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using RevMan version 5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. Results A total of 486 patients from seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation appeared to improve levels of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (mean difference = –0.37; 95% confidence interval –0.69, –0.05) and serum insulin (standardized mean difference = –0.66; 95% confidence interval –1.19, –0.12). The results failed to show any influence of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference and fasting blood sugar. Conclusions Probiotics and synbiotics appear to have a partially beneficial effect on indices of insulin resistance in patients with PCOS.

scholarly journals Visfatin levels in non-obese, obese, and insulin resistant adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Indra Ihsan ◽  
Eka Agustia Rini ◽  
Rismawati Yaswir
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Group ◽  
Visfatin Level

Background Adipose tissue is not merely a site for energy storage, but is also the largest endocrine organ, secreting various adipocytokines. Plasma visfatin, an adipocytokine predominantly secreted from visceral adipose tissue, has insulin-mimetic effects, and has been closely linked to insulin resistance.Objective To compare plasma visfatin levels between obese and non-obese adolescents, as well as between obese adolecents with and without insulin resistance.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in students who attended three senior high schools in Padang. Subjects comprised 28 obese and 28 non-obese adolescents. The age of the subjects ranged from 14-18 years. Obesity criteria were based on body mass index (BMI) measurements. Fasting serum glucose level was measured by glucose hexokinase photometry and serum insulin was measured by chemiluminesence immunoassay. Plasma visfatin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The insulin resistance index was estimated from fasting serum insulin and glucose levels using the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Differences in the variables were tested using independent T-test and Mann-Whitney test, depending on the distribution of the variables.Results The mean plasma visfatin level was significantly higher in the obese than in the control group [2.55 (SD 1.54) vs. 1.61 (SD 0.64) ng/mL, respectively; (P=0.005)]. The insulin resistant group had significantly higher mean plasma visfatin level than the non-resistant group [3.61 (SD 1.59) vs. 1.96 (SD 1.18) ng/mL, respectively; (P=0.004)].Conclusion Obese adolescents with insulin resistance have signifcantly higher plasma visfatin levels compared to those without insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Supplemental Wheat Germ Activates the STAT3-Reg3 Pathway in the Gut and Attenuates the Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Gene in the Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a Western Diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1516-1516
Author(s):  
Sanmi Alake ◽  
Babajide Ojo ◽  
Amritpal Kaur ◽  
Siau Yen Wong ◽  
Bryant Keirns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
State University ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Homeostatic Model Assessment

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the effects of wheat germ (WG) on gut antimicrobial peptides (AMPs, i.e., regenerating islet-derived protein [Reg] 3 g and Reg3b) in the jejunum and its potential to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) activation and immune cell infiltration in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of mice fed a control or a western diet (i.e., high fat and high sucrose, HFS). Methods Six-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 12/group), and fed a control (C, 10% kcal fat, 10% kcal sucrose) or HFS (45% kcal fat, 26% kcal sucrose) diet with or without 10% WG (wt/wt) for 12 wks. Metabolic parameters were quantified in the serum. Phosphorylation of STAT3 in the jejunum and NF-kB activation in the VAT were assessed by immunoblotting. Gut antimicrobial peptide genes, and macrophage and inflammatory markers were measured by qPCR. Results After 12 wks of dietary treatment, WG significantly improved hyperglycemia, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) by at least 17% (P ≤ 0.0034) in HFS-fed mice. Protein expression of the pore-forming claudin-2 was elevated in the jejunum of HFS-fed mice (≥101%; P = 0.0016). Supplemental WG upregulated Il-10 and Il-22 genes in the jejunum (≥116%; P ≤ 0.035). The HFS + WG group had a 15-fold increase (P = 0.0012) in pSTAT3 compared to the HFS group in the jejunum. Consequently, the mRNA expression of Reg3b and Reg3g were significantly upregulated in the jejunum by WG supplementation (≥42%; P ≤ 0.043). In the VAT, the HFS group had greater NF-kBp65 phosphorylation compared to C, while HFS + WG group suppressed this to the level of C (–38%; P = 0.014). In addition, VAT Il-6 and Lbp genes were downregulated in the HFS + WG group compared to HFS (P ≤ 0.0032). Macrophage-related genes, F4/80, Cd11c, and iNos, were repressed (≥−28%; P ≤ 0.048) in the VAT of WG-supplemented mice. Conclusions The stimulatory effects of WG on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and AMPs in the gut may be vital to reduce the burden of antigen translocation that could initiate adipose tissue inflammation and contribute to obesity-induced IR. Funding Sources This study was funded by Oklahoma Agriculture Experiment Station (project # OKL02993) and by the Oklahoma State University College of Human Sciences.

scholarly journals Adiponectin, an Adipocyte-Derived Protein, Predicts Future Insulin Resistance: Two-Year Follow-Up Study in Japanese Population

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Hirose ◽  
Ikuo Saito ◽  
Kanako Nishikai ◽  
Takao Saruta
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Homeostasis Model Assessment ◽  
Insulin Resistance Index

It has been reported that the serum adiponectin level was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance index, and triglycerides and was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in several cross-sectional studies. However, the causal relationship has not been elucidated. We investigated whether the baseline adiponectin level could predict subsequent changes in insulin resistance, lipid profile, or body weight in a 2-yr longitudinal study. This study included 590 male Japanese subjects, aged 30–65 yr, who received annual health checkups in both 2000 and 2002. Blood pressure, heart rate, and anthropometric and metabolic parameters, including serum insulin and adiponectin levels, were determined. The insulin resistance index was calculated based on homeostasis model assessment. Baseline adiponectin level was not correlated with the subsequent change in lipid profile or BMI in 2 yr after adjustment for each baseline value. However, the baseline adiponectin level was negatively correlated with subsequent changes in insulin and insulin resistance index based on homeostasis model assessment, even after adjustment for change in BMI (r = −0.162 and r = −0.140, respectively). These findings suggest that the serum adiponectin concentration predicts subsequent changes in insulin resistance, but not in lipid profile or body weight.

scholarly journals High-Circulating Leptin Levels Are Associated with Greater Risk of Hypertension in Men Independently of Body Mass and Insulin Resistance: Results of an Eight-Year Follow-Up Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 3922-3926 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Galletti ◽  
L. D'Elia ◽  
G. Barba ◽  
A. Siani ◽  
F. P. Cappuccio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Baseline Serum ◽  
Assessment Index

Background: We previously reported a significant association between plasma leptin (LPT) concentration and blood pressure (BP), which was partly independent of serum insulin levels and insulin resistance. The aims of this study were to detect whether serum LPT levels predict the development of hypertension (HPT) in the 8-yr follow-up investigation of a sample of an adult male population (the Olivetti Heart Study), and to evaluate the role of body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in this putative association. Patients and Methods: The study population was made up of 489 untreated normotensive subjects examined in 1994–1995 (age: 50.1 ± 6.7 yr; BMI: 26.3 ± 2.8 kg/m2; BP: 120 ± 10/78 ± 6 mm Hg; and homeostatic model assessment index: 2.1 ± 1.6). Results: The HPT incidence over 8 yr was 35%. The participants with incident HPT had similar age but higher BMI (P &lt; 0.001), serum LPT (P &lt; 0.001), and BP (P &lt; 0.01) at baseline. One sd positive difference in baseline serum LPT log was associated at univariate analysis with a 49% higher rate of HPT [95% confidence interval (CI) 22–83; P &lt; 0.001]). In three different models of multivariable logistical regression analysis, LPT was respectively associated with a 41% greater risk to develop HPT (95% CI 15–74; P &lt; 0.001) upon adjustment for age and baseline BP, with a 48% (95% CI 20–81) greater risk when adding the homeostatic assessment model index to the model, and with 33% greater risk (95% CI 6–67; P &lt; 0.02) upon adjustment for BMI. Conclusions: In this sample of originally normotensive men, circulating LPT level was a significant predictor of the risk to develop HPT over 8 yr, independently of BMI and insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Adiposity and insulin resistance correlate with telomere length in middle-aged Arabs: the influence of circulating adiponectin

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar S Al-Attas ◽  
Nasser M Al-Daghri ◽  
Majed S Alokail ◽  
Assim Alfadda ◽  
Ahmed Bamakhramah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Middle Aged

ObjectiveStudies in obesity have implicated adipocytokines in the development of insulin resistance, which in turn may lead to accelerated aging. In this study, we determined associations of chromosomal telomere length (TL) to markers of obesity and insulin resistance in middle-aged adult male and female Arabs with and without diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2).Design and methodsOne hundred and ninety-three non-diabetic and DMT2 subjects without complications (97 males and 96 females) participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical data, as well as fasting blood samples, were collected. Serum glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine laboratory methods. Serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and PAI-1 were quantified using customized multiplex assay kits. High sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and angiotensin II (ANG II) were measured using ELISAs. Circulating leukocyte TL was examined by quantitative real-time PCR.ResultsCirculating chromosomal leukocyte TL had significant inverse associations with body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and total cholesterol, ANG II and hsCRP levels. Adiponectin, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol predicted 47% of the variance in TL (P<0.0001). HOMA-IR was the most significant predictor for TL in males, explaining 35% of the variance (P=0.01). In females, adiponectin accounted for 28% of the variance in TL (P=0.01).ConclusionObesity and insulin resistance are associated with chromosomal TL among adult Arabs. Evidence of causal relations needs further investigation. The positive association of adiponectin to TL has clinical implications as to the possible protective effects of this hormone from accelerated aging.

scholarly journals Montmorency Tart Cherry Supplementation Has Modest Effects on the Gut Microbiome and Markers of Gut Integrity and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed Western Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 331-331
Author(s):  
Amritpal Kaur ◽  
Babajide Ojo ◽  
Siau Yen Wong ◽  
Sanmi Alake ◽  
Guadalupe Davila-El Rassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of freeze-dried Montmorency tart cherry (TC) supplementation on gut health and metabolic parameters in mice fed a western diet (WD). Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups in a 2 × 3 factorial design with diet (control [AIN-93M] or WD, 45% fat kcal and 26% sucrose kcal) and TC (0, 5, 10% wt/wt) as factors for 12 wks. At the end of dietary treatment, body composition was assessed by dual energy xray absorptiometry, and tissues were collected to evaluate metabolic parameters and markers of gut health. Cecal content was used for bacterial and short chain fatty acid analyses (SCFAs). Results TC at the 10% dose significantly increased the abundance of the beneficial bacterial phylum, Actinobacteria, relative to the unsupplemented groups (P = 0.018 and 0.010 vs control and WD, respectively). Relative cecal weight (P = 0.007) and SCFAs were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with TC supplementation (∼20% and 2-fold for relative cecal weight and SCFAs, respectively). Histological evaluation revealed reduced ileal villi height (P = 0.0348), width (P = 0.0042) and area (P = 0.0132) with WD, and TC did not alter this response. Overall, the expression of genes related to gut health (i.e barrier integrity marker, mucus layer formation, and inflammatory marker), were unaffected by both WD and TC supplementation. Body weight (P = 0.0012), fat mass (P = 0.007), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.001), serum total cholesterol (P &lt; 0.0001), triglyceride (P = 0.002), leptin (P = 0.0011), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (P = 0.0344), and resistin (P = 0.0012) were increased with WD, and TC had no effect on these parameters. Despite modest effects on metabolic parameters, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, a commonly used tool for assessing insulin resistance, was improved by 50% with the 5% TC (P = 0.0003). Conclusions TC supplementation restored some beneficial bacteria and increased SCFAs altered by WD. However, these changes in the gut did not translate to improvement in metabolic outcomes except for HOMA-IR. The mechanism by which TC improves HOMA-IR needs to be investigated in future studies. Funding Sources Cherry Marketing Institute and the Jim and Lynn Williams Professorship.

scholarly journals Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Insulin Resistance in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity Treated with Chemotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 345-345
Author(s):  
Kate Ormiston ◽  
Zihan Zhang ◽  
Kelly Murphy ◽  
A Courtney DeVries ◽  
Maryam Lustberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Body Weights

Abstract Objectives Our objective was to examine effects of dietary enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) on high fat diet-induced insulin resistance during chemotherapy. Methods Adult, female C57Bl/6 mice (n = 48) were assigned to 1 of 3 diets; low-fat diet (LF; 10% kcals fat), high-fat diet (HF; 45% kcals fat), or HF diet with omega-3 s (HF n-3; 2% kcals EPA + DHA) for 7 weeks. Mice received vehicle or chemotherapy injections (doxorubicin + cyclophosphamide), by tail vein at week 4 and 6. Food intake and body weights were recorded. Fasted blood glucose and serum insulin were measured weekly.  Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Body composition was measured using Echo MRI. Data were analyzed using ANOVA; p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Results Total kilocalories significantly differed by group (p &lt; 0.001); HF and HF n-3 groups consumed more than the LF group (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.0001; respectively). Obesity was induced prior to first injection with body weights being significantly different (p &lt; 0.01); the LF group weighed less than the HF n-3 group (p &lt; 0.01), and there was a similar trend between LF and HF groups (p = 0.0519). Body weights at sacrifice significantly differed (p &lt; 0.0001); chemotherapy mice weighed less than vehicle (p &lt; 0.0001). Percent body fat at sacrifice significantly differed (p &lt; 0.0001); chemotherapy mice had less fat than vehicle (p &lt; 0.0001), and the LF group had less fat than HF  (p &lt; 0.01) and HF n-3 group (p &lt; 0.01). Blood glucose significantly differed at sacrifice (p &lt; 0.01); chemotherapy mice had lower glucose than vehicle (p &lt; 0.05) and HF group had higher glucose than LF group (p &lt; 0.01). HOMA-IR scores at sacrifice significantly differed (p &lt; 0.05); chemotherapy mice had lower scores than vehicle  (p &lt; 0.05) and mice on the LF and HF n-3 diets had lower scores than the HF diet (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.05 respectively). Conclusions Chemotherapy lowered body weight and body fat in mice, potentially contributing to decreases in blood glucose and insulin resistance. EPA + DHA enrichment of a HF diet reduced insulin resistance in mice comparable to a LF diet group. This occurred in both chemotherapy and vehicle treated mice, despite LF diet-fed mice having lower body weight and adiposity. Underlying mechanisms are being investigated. Funding Sources NIH #5R01CA18994.

CAN PROLACTIN BE A MARKER FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF PCOS?

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
Satyaki Basu ◽  
Dipankar Kundu ◽  
Santu Mondal ◽  
Sourish Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcos Group

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome has been one of a major public health problem. It causes multifactorial in etiology such as menstrual dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity which increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Prolactin has been reported as a potent lipogenic and diabetogenic factor, that affecting energy balance and fuel metabolism. The present study was designed to assess serum prolactin and insulin resistance in PCOS women and to compare them with healthy women as controls. Material And Methods: A comparative study including 50 women newly diagnosed as PCOS and 50 healthy women as controls was conducted. The age group for the study was 18-35 years. Fasting blood samples were drawn to assess serum prolactin, serum insulin and fasting blood sugar. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment. Results: A signicant increase in fasting serum insulin (p<0.001) and HOMA – IR (p<0.001) were found in patients with PCOS in comparison with controls. Prolactin and FPG were found elevated in the PCOS women and were statistically signicant. Conclusions: The current study provides further evidence that signicantly higher fasting insulin and HOMA in PCOS group indicates presence of IR. IR in PCOS group may have a potential role in the prediction of dysglycemic disease in women with PCOS. This study found signicant correlation between serum prolactin and serum insulin

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