scholarly journals Does Ethnic Diversity Erode Trust? Putnam’s ‘Hunkering Down’ Thesis Reconsidered

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Sturgis ◽  
Ian Brunton-Smith ◽  
Sanna Read ◽  
Nick Allum
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Economic Deprivation ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Modelling Approach

We use a multi-level modelling approach to estimate the effect of ethnic diversity on measures of generalized and strategic trust using data from a new survey in Britain with a sample size approaching 25,000 individuals. In addition to the ethnic diversity of neighbourhoods, we incorporate a range of indicators of the socio-economic characteristics of individuals and the areas in which they live. Our results show no effect of ethnic diversity on generalized trust. There is a statistically significant association between diversity and a measure of strategic trust, but in substantive terms, the effect is trivial and dwarfed by the effects of economic deprivation and the social connectedness of individuals.

scholarly journals Generalized trust and diversity in the classroom: A longitudinal study of Romanian adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bădescu ◽  
Paul E. Sum
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Multi Level

Generalized trust, the faith we place in strangers, is a fundamental attribute of democratic societies. We investigate the development of generalized trust using survey data collected from Romanian high school students within a multi-level, panel research design. We find that diversity in the classroom, defined through ethnic and socio-economic differences, has negative effects on generalized trust. Associational membership interacts indirectly with diversity, counteracting the negative impact of ethnic diversity but reinforcing socio-economic distinctions. The findings support cultural theories of generalized trust and point to the potentially positive role educational policy might play in encouraging trust among youths.

scholarly journals A multi-level society comprised of one-male and multi-male core units in an African colobine (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Stead ◽  
Julie A. Teichroeb
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Hamadryas Baboons ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analyses ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractA few mammalian species exhibit complex, nested social organizations, termed multi-level societies. Among nonhuman primates, multi-level societies have been confirmed in several African papionin and Asian colobine species. Using data on individually-recognized Rwenzori Angolan colobus at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, we document the first multi-level society in an African colobine. The study band comprised up to 135 individuals living in 12 socially and spatially distinct core units that ranged in size from 4 to 23 individuals. These core units shared a home range, and fissioned and fused throughout the day. Using the association indices between core units, we employed hierarchical cluster analyses and permutation tests to show that some core units clustered into clans. Thus, we confirm three tiers of social organization for Rwenzori Angolan colobus: core unit, clan, and band. The social organization of this subspecies is unlike any reported previously in a nonhuman primate, with about half the core units containing a single adult male and the others containing multiple reproductive adult males. Preliminary data show males to transfer within the band and female to transfer outside of the band, which suggests that, like Hamadryas baboons, this subspecies could provide insight into the selective pressures underlying hominin social organization.

scholarly journals Social Distancing and Its Effect on Social Connectedness in the Algerian Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (05) ◽  
pp. 5958-5968
Author(s):  
Mourad Belmahi ◽  
Ahmed Messaoudene
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Adult Sons ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

The researchers aimed through this study to identify the impact of Social Distancing on Social Connectedness in the Algerian society, where a descriptive-comparative method was used, the sample size reached 287 respondents, represents 287 family who were randomly selected from the statistical community, which consisted of parents and adult sons and daughters. The study's field were in the Chlef state, which located within 250 km west of the Algerian capital, and lasted for one month (from 15 March to 15 April 2020), the comparison was made at the level of social connectedness indicators, between the individuals who practice social distancing and individuals who didn't. The study reached the following results: 1-   Social distancing increases the daily Family-disputes by 70.05%, and it multiply eight times for individuals practicing the social distancing more than individuals who don't.  And 80.91% of the population practicing the social distancing has daily family-disputes. While 71.73% of the population who didn't Practice the social distancing didn't ever face any family-dispute. 2-   The daily domestic-violence of individuals who practice social distancing is three times more than those who don't. So 52.28% of the population who practice social distancing, has daily cases of domestic-violence. While only 15.21% of the population who didn't practice social distancing had daily cases of domestic-violence. 3-   Individuals who didn't practice social distancing visits their neighbors two times more than those who did practice social distancing. 4-            Individuals who practice social distancing made a daily inter-family phone-calls almost three times less than who didn't practice social distancing

scholarly journals Best Practices for Measuring the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Impact of COVID 19 Using Secondary Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 963-964
Author(s):  
James McNally ◽  
Kathryn Lavender
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Social ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This presentation reviews best practices for using data resources from the NACDA Program on Aging, its projects, and its collaborating partners for measuring the impact of epidemics. The report summarizes resources to identify measures of well-being, social connectedness, and other constructs to measure the social and behavioral effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on population health outcomes. The report suggests data resources to identify pre-crisis measures of social distancing, social networks, consumer confidence, unemployment, and the use of social media. The COVID-19 pandemic presents research challenges for how we measure governmental, community, and population responses to a crisis. COVID-19 represents a unique case because it is a new virus with a novel impact profile and a long latency period. We offer examples of variables and concepts found across multiple studies and multiple years that can provide baseline information on pre-COVID-19 social behaviors using studies managed and distributed by NACDA and ICPSR. This report also provides guidance on how to search for specific topics using the ICPSR generated search tools. Finally, we offer information on how to obtain these data for research purposes. Our hope is this information will be valuable in identifying key baseline measures of social behavior, health, and employment before the COVID-19 epidemic, and this information can allow us to evaluate challenges and recovery once the crisis has passed. Both NACDA and ICPSR remain available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, to assist researchers in locating and obtaining data related to their research.

Re-Increased Male Suicide Rates in the Recovery Phase Following the Great East Japan Earthquake

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatsugu Orui
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Temporary Housing ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Background: Monitoring of suicide rates in the recovery phase following a devastating disaster has been limited. Aim: We report on a 7-year follow-up of the suicide rates in the area affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred in March 2011. Method: This descriptive study covered the period from March 2009 to February 2018. Period analysis was used to divide the 108-month study period into nine segments, in which suicide rates were compared with national averages using Poisson distribution. Results: Male suicide rates in the affected area from March 2013 to February 2014 increased to a level higher than the national average. After subsequently dropping, the male rates from March 2016 to February 2018 re-increased and showed a greater difference compared with the national averages. The difference became significant in the period from March 2017 to February 2018 ( p = .047). Limitations: Specific reasons for increasing the rates in the recovery phase were not determined. Conclusion: The termination of the provision of free temporary housing might be influential in this context. Provision of temporary housing was terminated from 2016, which increased economic hardship among needy evacuees. Furthermore, disruption of the social connectedness in the temporary housing may have had an influence. Our findings suggest the necessity of suicide rate monitoring even in the recovery phase.

Social comparison orientation and mental health: The mediating role of psychological capital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoliang Yang ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Weijiong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Comparison Orientation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known about the relationship between social comparison orientation and mental health, especially in the psychological capital context. We proposed a theoretical model to examine the impact of ability- and opinion-based social comparison orientation on mental health using data from 304 undergraduates. We also examined the mediating effect of the four psychological capital components of hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism in the relationship between social comparison orientation and mental health. Results show that an ability (vs. opinion) social comparison orientation was negatively (vs. positively) related to the psychological capital components. Further, the resilience and optimism components of psychological capital fully mediated the social comparison orientation–mental health relationship. Our findings indicate that psychological capital should be considered in the promotion of mental health, and that the two social comparison orientation types have opposite effects on psychological capital.

scholarly journals Extending Geodemographics Using Data Primitives: A Review and a Methodological Proposal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Jennie Gray ◽  
Lisa Buckner ◽  
Alexis Comber
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cluster Label ◽  
Static Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data

This paper reviews geodemographic classifications and developments in contemporary classifications. It develops a critique of current approaches and identifiea a number of key limitations. These include the problems associated with the geodemographic cluster label (few cluster members are typical or have the same properties as the cluster centre) and the failure of the static label to describe anything about the underlying neighbourhood processes and dynamics. To address these limitations, this paper proposed a data primitives approach. Data primitives are the fundamental dimensions or measurements that capture the processes of interest. They can be used to describe the current state of an area in a multivariate feature space, and states can be compared over multiple time periods for which data are available, through for example a change vector approach. In this way, emergent social processes, which may be too weak to result in a change in a cluster label, but are nonetheless important signals, can be captured. As states are updated (for example, as new data become available), inferences about different social processes can be made, as well as classification updates if required. State changes can also be used to determine neighbourhood trajectories and to predict or infer future states. A list of data primitives was suggested from a review of the mechanisms driving a number of neighbourhood-level social processes, with the aim of improving the wider understanding of the interaction of complex neighbourhood processes and their effects. A small case study was provided to illustrate the approach. In this way, the methods outlined in this paper suggest a more nuanced approach to geodemographic research, away from a focus on classifications and static data, towards approaches that capture the social dynamics experienced by neighbourhoods.

Disengaging elections? Political interest, number of elections, and turnout in elections to the European Parliament

2021 ◽  
pp. 146511652199845
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Nonnemacher
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
National Study ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
European Election ◽  
Using Data ◽  
European Parliament Elections ◽  
Cross National Study

Since direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, variations in voting behavior in European Parliament elections from national elections have raised interesting questions about political behavior. I add to a growing literature that explores turnout in European Parliament elections by focusing on the count of national elections between European Parliament elections. Through a cross-national study of elections, I find that turnout decreases in the European Parliament contest following cycles with numerous national contests. Then, using data from the European Election Study, I argue that this is the result of frequent elections decreasing turnout particularly among already low interest voters who stay home. My findings have implications for how formal rules of multi-level elections shape political behavior more generally and voter fatigue in particular.

scholarly journals The Authoritarian Dynamic During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Nationalism and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062097802
Author(s):  
Todd K. Hartman ◽  
Thomas V. A. Stocks ◽  
Ryan McKay ◽  
Jilly Gibson-Miller ◽  
Liat Levita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Research has demonstrated that situational factors such as perceived threats to the social order activate latent authoritarianism. The deadly COVID-19 pandemic presents a rare opportunity to test whether existential threat stemming from an indiscriminate virus moderates the relationship between authoritarianism and political attitudes toward the nation and out-groups. Using data from two large nationally representative samples of adults in the United Kingdom ( N = 2,025) and Republic of Ireland ( N = 1,041) collected during the initial phases of strict lockdown measures in both countries, we find that the associations between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and (1) nationalism and (2) anti-immigrant attitudes are conditional on levels of perceived threat. As anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic increases, so too does the effect of RWA on those political outcomes. Thus, it appears that existential threats to humanity from the COVID-19 pandemic moderate expressions of authoritarianism in society.

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