In Search of the (Rural) Catholic Bourgeoisie: TheBürgertumof South Germany

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oded Heilbronner
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
German Society ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglo American

Theintensive involvement with the German bourgeoisie (Bürgertum) during the past decade has found scholars busy pasting labels on a social group that they sweepingly termed the “bourgeoisie.” Yet, the studies of a number of German and Anglo-American scholars have focused mainly on the urban Protestant bourgeoisie, while the rural (small towns and villages with less than 5,000 inhabitants) bourgeoisie and the Catholic bourgeoisie have received little attention. Considering the fact that rural society still comprised one of the main features of the European landscape, and that Catholics were approximately one third of the population during the second half of nineteenth-century Germany, the neglect of this group becomes even more surprising. Is it possible to write the history of the German bourgeoisie without its countryside elements (Bürgertum auf dem Lande) and without its Catholic bourgeoisie? Can so prominent a sector of German society be this casually dismissed? This article seeks to examine the issue from a number of different perspectives. Using a regional survey, it will show the existence of a Catholic bourgeois stratum in southern Germany (largely in the rural areas) and, through the presentation of a regional model, it will also attempt to sketch, albeit in broad strokes, some of the more pertinent aspects of the German Catholic bourgeoisie.

WOMEN'S AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES IN GREECE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND SWOT ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550002 ◽  
Author(s):  
PANAGIOTA SERGAKI ◽  
MARIA PARTALIDOU ◽  
OLGA IAKOVIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Europe Today

Very few women's co-operatives exist in Europe today; of those that do, the vast majority are involved in non-agricultural sectors. For the past thirty years in Greece, numerous women's agricultural co-operatives have been established in rural areas and scholars have articulated several aspects of their role in both women's life and the local development. A cursory glance at the history of the women's agricultural co-operatives in Greece and a review of the literature highlights the uniqueness of this type of entrepreneurship (a rarity in Europe) and their significant role for rural society cohesion, mainly in geographically and economically isolated rural areas. In this paper we employ a SWOT analysis to elaborate on strengths and weaknesses, which vary from co-operative to co-operative. Either bottom-up or top-down created women's co-operatives are currently a social innovation. Their strengths mainly concern economic independence and social inclusion of women in rural areas, while their weaknesses are mainly associated with funding, organization, administration, know how, culture, product promotion and marketing problems. Nevertheless, they are called upon to survive in a competitive environment; although difficult, it is one that provides opportunities that most likely can outweigh threats.

Death and survival in the city: approaches to the history of disease

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Elusive Concept

Now that the debate about the standard of living during the first half of the nineteenth century appears to have entered a relatively quiescent phase, historians have begun to turn their attention towards the more elusive concept of the quality of life. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal disease is clearly central to research of this type and so, too, is a delineation of the physical context in which infections have flourished and in which those who have been afflicted by them have lived. Although there has been a tendency to underestimate the ferocity of epidemics in rural areas in the period after about 1750, historians working on disease in the modern period are inevitably most usually concerned with processes which are specifically urban in character. And urban historians, especially those interested in such topics as the development of utilities, the growth of administrative bureau-cracies or the spatial segregation and different life experiences of the classes, can undoubtedly benefit from a knowledge of patterns of infection in the past.

scholarly journals Factors for the Development of Social Infrastructure of Small Towns Today

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-349
Author(s):  
Kayumov Kahramon Nozimjonovich Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Small Towns ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Effective Integration

This article mainly focuses on the factors of development of the social infrastructure of small towns, the history of the study. At the same time, it also explores the policies for the effective integration of small towns into the structure of the environment, cultural life, aesthetic, historical, scientific, social or spiritual values used in the past, present and future generations, and the effective development of social infrastructure.

scholarly journals Contract gangs: race, gender and vulnerability

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Heather Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Workers ◽  
Indian Students ◽  
Women In Agriculture ◽  
Adequate Power

While violence directed at Indian students in Australian cities has been highlighted in the Indian and Australian press, far less attention has been paid to the violence directed at Indians in rural areas. This has most often involved Indians employed in contract labour in seasonal industries like fruit or vegetable picking. This article reviews various media accounts, both urban and rural, of violence directed at Indians from 2009 to 2012. It draws attention to the far longer history of labour exploitation which has taken place in rural and urban Australia in contract labour conditions and the particular invisibility of rural settings for such violence. Racial minorities, like Aboriginal and Chinese workers, and women in agriculture and domestic work, have seldom had adequate power to respond industrially or politically. This means that in the past, these groups been particularly vulnerable to such structural exploitation. The paper concludes by calling for greater attention not only to the particular vulnerability of Indians in rural settings but to the wider presence of racialised and gendered exploitation enabled by contract labour structures.

THE PHANTASM OF THE WESTERN CAPITAL (SŎGYŎNG): IMPERIAL KOREA'S REDEVELOPMENT OF P'YŎNGYANG, 1902–1908

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
Eugene Y. Park
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Neutral Zone ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Capital ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
The City ◽  
Civilized World

The Western Capital (Sŏgyŏng) project was of ideological, cultural, and strategic significance for the Empire of Korea (1897–1910) struggling for survival in the age of imperialism. This study argues that Imperial Korea's understanding of its place in the civilized world of the past, present, and future inspired redeveloping P'yŏngyang as the secondary capital. The advocates cited the history of the city in particular and of the nation in general to legitimize the project. Also, status-conscious specialistchungin(“middle people”), a newly prominent social group with loyalist members, played active roles. Moreover, responding to the deteriorating Russo-Japanese relations, Korea began preparing the nation's secondary capital, located within a neutral zone that Russia proposed to Japan. From the outset, the critics of the project highlighted funding constraints, a heavy tax burden on the local population, and rapacious officials exploiting the situation. The Japanese victory over Russia in 1905 effectively ended the project, but the memory of P'yŏngyang's status as the secondary capital outlived the Empire of Korea and the subsequent Japanese colonial rule before the city became the national capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, established in 1948.

scholarly journals The Dynamics Of Small Towns In France

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Jousseaume ◽  
Magali Talandier
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Population Dynamic ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Size Population ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This article is based on a renewed, unified functional definition of France’s urban hierarchy. Our ranking defines small towns exclusively in terms of their commercial and service functions, not according to size (population or jobs). Accordingly small towns are characterized by their function both in terms of education (presence of a high school), healthcare (a hospital with an operating theatre) and trade (a supermarket with floorspace exceeding 2,500 square metres). The population of small French towns identified using these criteria ranges from 6,200 to 35,500, with 3,500 to 19,000 jobs, depending on their regional context. Large hub-bourgs, defined as places hosting a secondary school, supermarket and nursing home, emerge as the lower limit of the urban world, interfacing with the countryside. In several ways they might count as ‘very small towns’, with a population ranging from 2,400 to 13,500, and 1,000 to 4,700 jobs. The article then analyses the population dynamic of small towns in mainland France over the past 50 years. This period has witnessed far-reaching changes: an urban then metropolitan model has gradually taken shape and gathered strength. In recent years this process has gone hand-in-hand with the demographic renewal of rural areas.

scholarly journals CODIS STR LOCI (CSF1PO, THOI, TPOX, vWA) GENETIC VARIATION ANALYSIS IN MADURESE

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yudianto ◽  
Agung Sosiawan ◽  
Nola Margaret
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Past History ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Coordination And Collaboration

Endogamy continues to occur among the Madurese people in rural areas of the island of Madura, especially those areas of the smallest islands around the mainland of Madura. Endogamy as seen from a genetic standpoint will increase the frequency of homozygote genotypes. With regard to genetic variations, STRs of nuclear DNA and polymorphisms in mtDNA are frequently examined. Genetic variations in human undergo an evolutionary process through the accumulation of changes in DNA sequence, i.e. through the process of nucleotide substitutions that evolves in number with the directional development of lineage. So far, the genetic variations among the populations in Madura Island have not been known. The present study was an observational analytical research with the purpose of determining the genetic variations in STR CODIS in the populations of Madura Island. Results indicated that, based on loci alelle: CSF1PO, THOI, TPOX, and vWA, there was homozygote genotypes. The allele variations is not specific for Madurese ethnic but this variations may represent married model in Madurese ethnic. According to Mustama (2007), a gene pool is not only a collection of genes but a dynamic system organized and containing the past history of a population. Any genetic information has certain historical, anthropological and statistical aspects necessitating an interdisciplinary coordination and collaboration.

scholarly journals Leszczyński zaryzykował syntezę historiograficzną – proludową, antyelitarną, daleką od „polityki historycznej”

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Marcin Kula
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Work Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Peasant Movements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Popular Classes

Adam Leszczyński’s book Ludowa historia Polski. Historia wyzysku i oporu. Mitologia panowania (2020) [A People’s History of Poland: A Story of Exploitation and Resistance – the Mythology of Ruling] contains a historiosophical vision and covers the entire history of Poland in a manner that has not been seen in academic Polish historiography for years. Leszczyński focuses on analyzing the history of the popular classes. He describes this peasant nation and its work, status, and living conditions, along with the poor state of the countryside; he writes of the humiliating treatment of the peasants in the interwar period, and about popular behavior and revolts, first, for example, in the form of flight from the manor, then in the development of socialist, national, or peasant movements, and later as revolts in rural areas in the interwar period and opposition to collectivization in the People’s Republic of Poland. Leszczyński shows that in the past the peasants had no interest in working well. He presents the working conditions in factories in the early period of industrialization and the emerging conflicts. The author of the essay considers that the facts and phenomena in the history of the peasants presented by Leszczyński may be a good starting and reference point for analyses of very different matters in historiography and in contemporary research. He appreciates Leszczyński’s wide-ranging, anti-elite, and pro-people synthesis.

Ciprian Porumbescu. Mică poveste despre rochia Berthei (o incursiune printre manuscrise, ediții etc.)

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Mircea Diaconu
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
German Society ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Original Text ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Analytical Recovery ◽  
History Of

A young Romanian composer from the Austrian Bucovina, Ciprian Porumbescu (1853-1883) is an important figure of the local cultural mythology. This fact, we believe, is due to the association of his image with some ill-fated aspects of his life, such as an impossible love, his premature death, his exultant talent, maybe even his ardent patriotism. In my attempts at recovering the past cultural life of Bucovina, I discovered the journal of Ciprian Porumbescu (that probably includes a rich correspondence as well), written around 1878-1883. I am not talking about a journal on creation, nor about one related to political life. That, in spite of the fact that he was arrested for being the president of a student’s society that had a nationalist nature, yet he didn’t hesitate afterwards being one of the leaders of an international German society. Unfortunately, the above mentioned journal is absent from the public space and the history of its recovery and editing is in itself a history of a failure. That is why, this study is an analysis of the different existing editions of it – that could be described as fragmented, or improvised. In what regards the title of the article, it hints at the imprecisions in transcribing the original text, the difficulties posed by the German existing versions and also at the deficiency of the Romanian translations. Yet, besides all of these, the journal of Ciprian Porumbescu is an exceptional biographical document. Thus, the critique of the existing editions could represent a fist attempt at a textual and analytical recovery of the actual journal.

Agriculture and Rural Society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ziemann
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
German Society ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Agrarian Crisis ◽  
The Village

Agrarian producers (peasants, agricultural labourers, and the very small group of those who owned large estates, predominantly situated in the East-Elbian Prussian provinces) had a continually shrinking yet nevertheless sizeable presence in German society during the Weimar era. The chapter first covers the economic problems of the agrarian sector, from the controlled economy of the period up to 1922 to the agrarian crisis that commenced in 1927/28. It then analyses the social stratification of the village communities. While the revolution had removed the remaining legal obstacles to a full unionization of farm workers, the surge of social democratic union members among the workers on the East-Elbian estates was short lived. Brutal repression by the estate owners, but also the substantial benefits of the payment in kind that they received, had squashed labour unrest by 1921. The last section charts the history of agrarian protest in the years from 1924, and the ability of the Nazis to convert agrarian protest in Protestant regions into support for their party at the ballot box from 1930 to 1933.

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