scholarly journals Effect of Sowing Depth on Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Root and Hypocotyl Growth, and Yield in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. C. Nambiar ◽  
B. Srinivasa Rao
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Sowing Depth

SUMMARYHypocotyl length in groundnut is a function of sowing depth. In field experiments deep sowing increased the mass of hypocotyl but decreased that of roots, pods and haulm. Few nodules were formed on the hypocotyls of plants from shallow sown seeds (4–5 cm deep). More hypocotyl nodules occurred on Virginia types when deep sown but the number and activity of nodules on the roots decreased. Nodules on the hypocotyl appeared later and fixed less nitrogen than root nodules. Although hypocotyl nodules fixed nitrogen during the later stages of plant growth, this activity could not compensate for the loss in nitrogenase activity due to deeper sowing. Deeper sowing also resulted in decreased pod yields.

Phosphorus-Rhizobium interaction studies on biological nitrogen fixation and yield of lentil

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Dhingra ◽  
H. S. Sekhon ◽  
P. S. Sandhu ◽  
S. C. Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
Intact Root

SummaryField experiments were conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from 1980–1 to 1984–5 to study the response of lentil genotypes to phosphorus application and Rhizobium inoculation. The number and dry weight of nodules increased consistently with increasing rates of application of phosphorus from 0 to 60 kg P2O5/ha. Nitrogenase activity of intact root nodules increased from 17 530 to 22 390 nmol/h per g dry weight of nodules with 20 kg P2O6/ha and to 27391 and 29170 nmol/h per g with 40 and 60 kg P2O5/ha, respectively. Rhizobium inoculation also increased nodulation, nitrogenase activity and grain yield. Interaction between phosphorus and Rhizobium inoculation was significant in 3 out of 5 years, indicating that the combination of Rhizobium and 20 kg P2O6/ha gave yield equivalent to 40 kg P2O6/ha without Rhizobium.

scholarly journals Effects of Biofertilizer Produced from Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Plant Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Nutrient Uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Zaw Htwe ◽  
Seinn Moh Moh ◽  
Khin Myat Soe ◽  
Kyi Moe ◽  
Takeo Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
N Application ◽  
Npk Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Leguminous Crops

The use of biofertilizers is important for sustainable agriculture, and the use of nodule bacteria and endophytic actinomycetes is an attractive way to enhance plant growth and yield. This study tested the effects of a biofertilizer produced from Bradyrhizobium strains and Streptomyces griseoflavus on leguminous, cereal, and vegetable crops. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay. Under N-limited or N-supplemented conditions, the biofertilizer significantly promoted the shoot and root growth of mung bean, cowpea, and soybean compared with the control. Therefore, the biofertilizer used in this study was effective in mung bean, cowpea, and soybean regardless of N application. In this study, significant increments in plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake, and seed yield were found in mung beans and soybeans. Therefore, Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 plus Bradyrhizobium elkanii BLY3-8 and Streptomyces griseoflavus are effective bacteria that can be used together as biofertilizer for the production of economically important leguminous crops, especially soybean and mung bean. The biofertilizer produced from Bradyrhizobium and S. griseoflavus P4 will be useful for both soybean and mung bean production.

Influence of increasing soil phosphorus levels on interactions between vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium in soybeans

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (20) ◽  
pp. 2200-2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Asimi ◽  
V. Gianinazzi-Pearson ◽  
S. Gianinazzi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Phosphate Fertilization

Growth and yield increases, obtained in nodulated soybeans growing in unamended sterile soil by inoculation with the vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae, were accompanied by improved P uptake, lower root to shoot ratios, better nodulation with higher nitrogenase activity, and modifications in the pattern of the latter during plant growth. Stimulation of nitrogenase activity occurred early in plant development and preceded plant growth responses by about 2 weeks. Phosphate fertilization increased yield, percent P but not percent N of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal soybeans, and also modified the pattern and amount of nitrogenase activity during plant growth. Additions of 0.25 g KH2PO4/kg to the soil eliminated the mycorrhizal effect on plant growth, but nodule formation and nitrogenase activity were still significantly stimulated by the mycorrhizal infection. Mycorrhizal effects on nodulation were eliminated with 0.5 g KH2PO4 and on nitrogenase activity with the addition of 1.0 g KH2PO4. These higher levels of phosphate fertilization considerably diminished infection and, in particular, fungal spread within the roots.

scholarly journals Appraising Endophyte–Plant Symbiosis for Improved Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Experimental Investigation with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad ◽  
Naseer ◽  
Hussain ◽  
Zahid Mumtaz ◽  
Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Pgp Traits ◽  
Paenibacillus Sp

Chickpea is an important leguminous crop that improves soil fertility through atmospheric nitrogen fixation with the help of rhizobia present in nodules. Non-rhizobia endophytes are also capable of inducing nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops. The aim of the current study was to isolate, characterize and identify the non-rhizobia endophytic bacterial strains from root nodules of chickpea. For this purpose, more than one hundred isolates were isolated from chickpea root nodules under aseptic conditions and were confirmed as endophytes through re-isolating them from root nodules of chickpea after their inoculation. Nineteen confirmed endophytic bacterial strains revealed significant production of indole acetic acid (IAA) both in presence and absence of L-tryptophan and showed their ability to grow under salt, pH and heavy metal stresses. These strains were evaluated for in vitro plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and results revealed that seven strains showed solubilization of P and colloidal chitin along with possessing catalase, oxidase, urease and chitinase activities. Seven P-solubilizing strains were further evaluated in a jar trial to explore their potential for promoting plant growth and induction of nodulation in chickpea roots. Two endophytic strains identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa ANM59 and Paenibacillus sp. ANM76 through partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed the maximum potential during in vitro PGP activities and improved plant growth and nodulation in chickpea under the jar trial. Use of these endophytic strains as a potential biofertilizer can help to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving crop growth and soil health simultaneously.

Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: Lupinus and Ornithopus spp

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Gault ◽  
EJ Corbin ◽  
KA Boundy ◽  
J Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Taxonomic Relationship ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rhizobium Lupini

In a series of glasshouse and field experiments, the symbiotic characteristics of 24 lines of Lupinus and Ornithopus species and 20 strains of Rhizobium lupini were defined. Rhizobium lupini inoculant established readily in several soils and lupins grown in the field responded to inoculation by improved nodulation, growth and yield. It is concluded that lupin crops sown on new land need to be inoculated to achieve optimum yield. At three sites, field-grown lupins responded to increasing rates of inoculation up to the rate recommended by the inoculant manufacturer. At two of the sites there was no further response to higher rates, but at the third there was a continuing response up to 125x (inoculation rate). Lupin seed was preinoculated, using gum arabic adhesive, up to 33 days before sowing without significant loss of viability or nodulating capacity of the inoculant. Seed coating with several materials did not improve inoculant viability on preinoculated seed. In glasshouse experiments, hostxstrain interactions in nitrogen fixation were frequent and substantial. They occurred at three levels of taxonomic relationship, viz, between the genera Lupinus and Ornithopus, between different species within the same genus, and between different lines of the same lupin species. Hostx strain interactions were also observed in field experiments but were less frequent and smaller than in the glasshouse. These observations have implications for the 'single-strain inoculant policy that applies to the manufacture of commercial lupin and serradella inoculant in Australia.

The effect of Inoculation and cobalt application on the growth of and nitrogen fixation by sweet lupins

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Chatel ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
MJ Dilworth
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Seed Inoculation

The response of sweet lupins, Lupinus angustifolius L., to a soil application of cobalt and to seed inoculation was examined in both field and glasshouse experiments. Plant growth was dependent on nodule-fixed nitrogen, and the addition of cobalt increased the nitrogen content and the growth of the lupins in the absence of inoculation. Bacteroids in the nodules of inoculated plants without cobalt were found to be fewer and longer than those with cobalt, which suggests that cobalt is involved in the mechanism of rhizobial cell division.

scholarly journals Bacterial and Yeast Endophytes from Poplar and Willow Promote Growth in Crop Plants and Grasses

ISRN Agronomy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zareen Khan ◽  
Grant Guelich ◽  
Ha Phan ◽  
Regina Redman ◽  
Sharon Doty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Growth Hormones ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Endophytic associations with plants have a beneficial effect for many different plant species with some of them being host specific. Several endophytes isolated from poplar and willow were screened for their effects on commercially important crops including corn, tomato, pepper, squash, sunflower, and grasses. Most of these endophytes produce growth hormones such as indoleacetic acid (IAA) and have the nitrogenase gene required for nitrogen fixation. The effects of these isolates on plant growth and yield were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. We found that inoculated plants not only had better viability and earlier flowering and fruiting, they also had increased plant growth and fruit yields when grown in nitrogen-limited soil. In a particular variety of perennial rye grass, the endophytes increased the total nitrogen content of the plants, indicative of nitrogen fixation, in addition to promoting plant growth. The use of specific endophytes may be preferable to the use of chemical fertilizers because of the monetary and environmental costs, contributing to more sustainable agricultural systems.

Studies on alternative means of legume inoculation: appraisal of application of inoculant suspended in irrigation water (water-run inoculation)

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Gault ◽  
AL Bernardi ◽  
JA Thompson ◽  
JA Andrews ◽  
LW Banks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Structured Soils ◽  
Alternative Means

Water-run inoculation is a novel means of inoculating crop legumes with species of Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobiunz. Inoculant suspended in irrigation water is delivered into the seedbed. This procedure may be apt for situations when a farmer has limited time to sow a large area and more conventional and timeconsuming means of inoculation may create a bottleneck during sowing. Field experiments with water-run inoculation of irrigated soybeans were conducted at 2 sites using furrow or flood irrigation. With furrow irrigation immediately after sowing, rhizobia-laden water had to infiltrate the soil laterally a distance of about 18 cm to reach the seed sown in single rows on hills (parallel ridges). With flood irrigation before sowing, water needed to percolate vertically only 5 cm to sowing depth. A peat inoculant of B. japonicum remained uniformly in suspension during flow of irrigation water over periods of 45 min and distances of 80 m from the point where the inoculant was introduced. With furrow irrigation on a poorly structured red brown earth, water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) rate did not initiate a satisfactory soybean symbiosis and was inferior to the more conventional methods, seed coat and seedbed inoculation. Rhizobial colonisation of seedling rhizospheres was limited, nodulation was sparse, and low numbers of B. japonicum re-established in the soil after harvest. Symbiosis was improved by higher rates of inoculation and was particularly enhanced in an area where the irrigation water ponded for 3-4 h allowing more time for the rhizobia-laden water to percolate the soil. With flood irrigation on a grey clay, an approximately normal rate of water-run inoculation induced an effective symbiosis especially when compared with lower rates of inoculation. Substantial populations of rhizobia developed in soybean rhizospheres, plant growth and nitrogen (N) content were enhanced, and higher levels of N2 fixation led to increased levels of N in the seed. We conclude that water-run inoculation is not an appropriate means of legume inoculation in furrow-irrigated systems on poorly structured soils but it may be a practical option for inoculation of crop legumes grown under flood irrigation.

Ineffectiveness of viomycin-resistant mutants of Rhizobium meliloti

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Hendry ◽  
D. C. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
One Step ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Mutants

Under clearly defined conditions one-step acquisition of viomycin resistance by a normally effective strain of Rhizobium meliloti resulted in one-step acquisition of ineffectiveness in nitrogen fixation, which probably occurred with a one-gene change in the R. meliloti genome. Two-step mutants retained their ability to produce root nodules but such nodules also were ineffective. Increased sensitivity of the viomycin-resistant mutants to glycine and D-alanine was not noted. Bacteroids were not seen in nodules formed by the viomycin-resistant mutants on their homologous host plant. Nitrogenase activity was not detected, by acetylene reduction, in detached ineffective nodules, whereas effective nodules formed 10.6 μmoles of ethylene per hour per gram of nodules. Growth of the effective parent strain in a low concentration of viomycin resulted in elongation and swelling of the cells so that they appeared as artificially produced bacteroids. Viomycin-resistant mutants did not undergo this transformation. Antigens could be readily extracted by hot- and cold-saline extraction of wet packed cells of both resistant and sensitive cultures but antigenic differences, which may have indicated cell wall differences, were not noted.

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