THEORISING THE LOCAL ADAPTATION OF TRANSNATIONAL CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
John Gillespie ◽  
Ha H Do
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Private Standards ◽  
Certification Standards ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Regulatory Landscapes

Abstract Over the last three decades, transnational certification standards have proliferated to fill perceived ‘governance gaps’ in developing countries. Transnational non-governmental organisations and private standards-setting agencies have developed standards that cover a vast range of areas such as labour rights, social justice and environmental protection. As a form of private transnational regulation, certification standards travel through transnational production networks that link lead firms in developed countries with supplier firms in developing countries. This article draws on a case study about coffee certification to challenge the conventional understanding of transnational certification as a contractual conduit that transfers encoded certification standards from senders to receivers. It shows how transnational certification standards interact with, and remake local regulatory landscapes as they pass through. This interaction between global and local knowledge compels us to see transnational standards as a protean, highly localised regulatory process rather than stable universal norms. The article concludes that transnational certification does not function like an integrated ‘joined-up’ process and it is better understood as a mode of polycentric regulation that decentres and fragments transnational norms and standards.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

scholarly journals The structural characteristics of world trade and the merchandise exports of Serbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (181) ◽  
pp. 55-91
Author(s):  
Radovan Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
International Production ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Merchandise Trade

This paper analyses the world merchandise trade structure and the structure of Serbian merchandise exports. The analysis shows that the prominent characteristic of post-World War II world trade is more dynamic growth in the volume of manufactured goods as compared to agricultural goods. Due to the lessening share of agricultural products world merchandise trade has decreased and rapid industrialization has been fostered in developing countries. An increased share for developing countries followed the developed countries' decreasing share in world manufacturing trade. The developing countries' increased share was strongest in telecom and office equipment exports. These sectors are characterized by production fragmentation, which is being realized by transnational companies. Serbia, like the other South East European countries, has not yet managed to significantly integrate into international production networks. Serbia's most important exports are manufactured products with a low level of added value . In addition, Serbia still has a high share of primary products in its exports. A higher share of exports of goods and services in the gross domestic products (GDP) cannot be achieved without increasing imports of new technologies and equipment, i.e. without a higher investment share of the GDP. The main conclusion of this article is that the creation of a favorable investment climate and an increase in Serbia's international credit rating are the preconditions for stronger foreign direct investment (FDI), which would be the main channel for restructuring in the real sector. Creation of new small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through greenfield investment and their integration into the international production networks is the starting point for the restructuring of Serbian industrial production and merchandise export, i.e. the way of increasing the share of merchandise exports in the GDP.

R&D Internationalization as Mechanism of Innovation in Global Enterprises

2012 ◽  
pp. 619-638
Author(s):  
Simone Vasconcelos Ribeiro Galina
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Do So

Internationalization of Research and Development (R&D) allows transnational companies (TNC) to access different and important resources overseas, which may lead to the improvement of their technological innovation. The literature in this field has been mostly created from studies of TNCs coming from developed countries. This chapter presents some of the main topics the literature addresses on R&D internationalization, then it will explore and verify how companies in developing countries internationalize their R&D activities. In order to do so, a bibliographic review about strategies of internationalization of TNC operations, as well as motivating factors and management of R&D internationalization have been conducted. The chapter finishes by presenting a case study about international R&D conducted in a Brazilian TNC. The results enabled to evidence that, like developed countries TNCs, developing countries’ companies also seem to perform internationalization of R&D activities with very similar characteristics.

scholarly journals Global M&A and the Development of the IC Industry Ecosystem in China: What Can We Learn from the Case of Tsinghua Unigroup?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Yunhao Feng ◽  
Jinxi Wu ◽  
Peng He
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Industry ◽  
Technological Improvement ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
International Mergers ◽  
Technological Strength

The integrated circuit (IC) industry is the foundation of the information industry, and its level of development is an important manifestation of the economic and technological strength of a country. At present, the IC industry is primarily monopolised by developed countries. Although China is the world’s largest consumer of semiconductors, it has a disproportionately small international market share of production and a very low domestic chip self-sufficiency rate, lagging far behind Europe, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. The process of promoting the development of China’s IC industry ecosystem is discussed based on a case study of Tsinghua Unigroup and the observation and analysis of its recent international mergers and acquisitions. The resulting conclusions suggest valuable mechanisms that could benefit the technological improvement of late-developing countries and help them close the gap with more developed countries. Relevant theory for the industrial ecosystem is enriched, providing a useful reference for the development of the IC industry in late-developing countries.

Sustainability Study of In-situ Hydroponic Vetiver System for Urban Wastewater Management in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Kaushik Ghosh ◽  
Arup Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Urban wastewater management is a crucial challenge in the small and medium towns situated in the developing countries worldwide. These towns are also facing an increasing gap between infrastructure and population growth. A conventional approach to curb these problems is the application of cost-intensive electro-mechanical sewerage technologies, as adopted in developed countries. The first part of this paper derives a set of indicators to framework a sustainable urban wastewater treatment system by reviewing the current state of wastewater management in developing countries, for example, the sample case study being India. The second part evaluates the potential performance of the proposed alternative in-situ hydroponic vetiver system (HVS) against those set of sustainability indicators by reviewing the worldwide performance of the HVS. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential viability of the HVS as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for developing countries. The current analysis can aid in mainstreaming the use of HVS in policy making and urban planning.

Digital Engineering Campus

2011 ◽  
pp. 344-358
Author(s):  
Milind J. Mahajan ◽  
Sunil S. Umrani ◽  
Narendra S. Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Web Based ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Web Based Education ◽  
Digital Engineering

In this chapter, we introduce two existing web-based, e-learning approaches, and examine economic and social aspects of their usage in society. Specifically, we briefly introduce an e-learning initiative in Singapore. Secondly, we give a detailed description of a case study regarding the experiment called “Digital Engineering Campus,” which is an NGO initiative to provide supplementary educational facilities for engineering colleges in India. Considering the economic as well as social benefits, using our detailed case-study of Digital Engineering Campus, we argue that developing countries like India have tremendous growth potential in web-based education. Further, the experiences of developed countries with web-based education will prove to be highly beneficial for developing countries like India.

scholarly journals Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat Setelah Pemberian Rebusan Daun Salam pada Lansia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Author(s):  
Santi Novitasari ◽  
Ricky Riyanto Iksan ◽  
Sri Atun Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Study Design ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Case Study Design ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The World

ABSTRACT : THE DECREASE OF URIC ACID LEVELS AFTER GIVING SALAM LEAVES BOOKIN IN ELDERLY Background: Gout is a dominant health problem in various countries, both in developed countries and in developing countries, although the prevalence of gout in the world globally has not been recorded. Purpose : This study aims to identify the application of therapeutic interventions for giving bay leaf water decoction to reduce uric acid levels for the elderly. Result : This type of research is a case study design, which is a form of research (inquiry) or case studies and interventions about a problem that has a specificity (particularty). Results: The results of the study on 4 respondents who experienced a decrease in uric acid levels in the elderly after being given a decoction of bay leaves with an average value of 6.0 mg/dl. Conclusion: the conclusion from the study of giving bay leaf decoction to gout sufferers has shown a significant decrease in uric acid levels on the sixth day. Keywords : Elderly, Gout, Salam Leaves, Uric Acid Levels ABSTRAK PENURUNAN KADAR ASAM URAT SETELAH PEMBERIAN REBUSAN DAUN SALAM PADA LANSIA Latar Belakang : Gout merupakan suatu masalah kesehatan yang dominan diberbagai negara, baik di negara – negara maju maupun di negara – negara berkembang, meskipun angka prevalensi gout di dunia secara global belum tercatat. Tujuan : Penelitian Ini bertujuan Untuk Teridentifikasi Penerapan Intervensi Terapi Pemberian Rebusan Air Daun Salam Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Asam Urat Bagi Lansia. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian ini adalah case study design yaitu suatu bentuk penelitian (inquiry) atau studi kasus dan intervensi tentang suatu masalah yang memiliki sifat kekhususan (particularty). Hasil : Hasil penelitian pada 4 responden yang dilakukan mengalami penurunan kadar asam urat pada lansia setelah diberikan rebusan daun salam dengan rerata nilai 6,0 mg/dl. Kesimpulan : simpulan dari penelitian pemberian rebusan daun salam pada penderita asam urat telah menunjukan penurunan kadar asam urat yang signifikan pada hari ke enam. Kata Kunci : Asam Urat, Daun Salam, Kadar Asam Urat, Lansia

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

Development of a benchmarking model for BIM implementation in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1210-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy O. Olawumi ◽  
Daniel W.M. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Organizations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore building information modeling (BIM) implementation and practices in developed economies by developing a benchmarking model that will enhance BIM adoption and implementation in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach The research design adopted a qualitative approach which includes the desktop review of the extant literature as well as case study reviews of ten BIM projects using an explanatory case study technique to form the foundation upon which the study proposed the model. The moving basis heuristics technique was adopted to develop the scoring system. Findings The BIM benchmarking model and assessment template were developed which consisted of three-level concepts modeled to aid project organizations and project team in developing countries to assess and score the level of improvement and implementation of BIM in a project. A desktop review of BIM projects in developed countries demonstrated the significant improvements and benefits possible through the implementation of the established BIM benchmarking model. Practical implications The assessment template in conjunction with the benchmarking model is useful for a comparative evaluation of similar BIM projects and benchmarking purposes. The study also discussed how current findings extends and contradicts previous findings. Originality/value The findings have provided policymakers, construction stakeholders and professional bodies in the construction industry in developing countries with valuable insights and counter-intuitive perspective that could facilitate the uptake of BIM in construction projects.

Intra-Organisational Barriers to Business-IT Alignment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Gideon Mekonnen Jonathan ◽  
King Solomon Hailemariam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Organisational Performance ◽  
It Alignment ◽  
Business It Alignment

Business-IT Alignment (BITA) remains a challenging endeavour for many organisations despite the continuous attention it garnered among researchers and practitioners. The literature provides a list of factors determining whether organisations succeed to achieve BITA or not. However, BITA studies were conducted in a few industries in developed countries. This case study is aimed at addressing the lack of BITA studies in developing countries. The data was collected from a bank in Ethiopia through interviews and internal documents. The study employed thematic analysis, which revealed 21 intra-organisational barriers to BITA. Business and IT leaders may find the result of the study invaluable to plan activities that might overcome these barriers and improve BITA maturity, which in turn improves overall organisational performance.

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