Effects of maternal nutrition and plasma progesterone concentrations on survival and growth of the sheep embryo in early gestation

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Parr ◽  
I. A. Cumming ◽  
I. J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Secretion Rates

SUMMARYMature Merino ewes (n = 320) were fed either maintenance (100% M) or 25% maintenance (25% M) rations from the day after mating until embryos were collected at either day 11 or 21 after mating. On the 4th day after mating 223 ewes were ovariectomized and given 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 mg progesterone/day (intramuscular) until embryo collection. A further group of sham operated ewes (n = 54) acted as controls. Despite live-weight losses of 10·7 and 15·8% from mating to days 11 and 21 after mating respectively, ewes on 25% M rations showed no evidence that embryonic survival was influenced by undernutrition. The embryos from ewes fed 25 % M rations were significantly (P < 0·05) smaller than those fed 100% M (crown-rump measurements were 5·93 ± 0·139 mm and 6·39 ± 0·116 mm at day 21 after mating in the 25 % M and 100% M groups respectively). Development, assessed by formation of the first pharangeal lobe and the fore- and hind-limb buds, was significantly retarded (P < 0·05) in the 21-day-old embryos from the undernourished ewes. Embryo survival in ovariectomized ewes receiving 5 or 10 mg progesterone/day was significantly (P < 0·05) lower than in ovariectomized ewes receiving 20 and 25 mg progesterone/ day at day 11 after mating. Embryo survival at both days 11 and 21 after mating increased with increasing doses of progesterone. Ewes fed 25% M rations had elevated (P< 0·001) concentrations of peripheral progesterone compared with those fed 100% M. This occurred when the progesterone was derived from either exogenous or endogenous (ovarian) sources, dismissing the possibility that changes in secretion rates could account for these observed differences. Differences in embryo growth and development were not related to these variations in the plasma progesterone concentration. Undernutrition restricted both growth and development to 21 days of pregnancy.

Nutrition-progesterone interactions during early pregnancy in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Parr
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma

A series of studies was undertaken to determine the relationship between level of feed intake during early pregnancy, concentrations of peripheral progesterone and embryo survival in sheep. Ewes fed twice maintenance (2M) rations after joining had a pregnancy rate of 48%. Ewes fed 2M rations and given exogenous progesterone between 8 and 14 days after mating had a pregnancy rate of 76%. Ewes fed rations calculated to maintain live weight (maintenance, M) or fed restricted rations during this same time had pregnancy rates ranging from 60 to 68%, with no beneficial effect of progesterone supplement. Concentrations of peripheral plasma progesterone on Day 12 after mating were inversely related to the level of feed intake; this relationship reflected an increase in the metabolic clearance rate of progesterone with increased feed intake (1/2M, M and 2M) without concomitant changes in the entry rate of the hormone. Injection of epostane, an inhibitor of the enzyme 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, caused 'windows' of progesterone reduction for 48-h periods over Days 9-13 after mating. The sheep embryo was sensitive to low peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations only on Days 11 and 12 after mating. Blood flow rates in the portal vein of ewes fed either 1/2M, M or 2M rations for 7 days were directly related to the level of feed intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The effects of food level during lactation and early gestation on the reproductive performance of mature sows

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 437-445
Author(s):  
P. E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Large White ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Early Gestation

AbstractSeventy-six Large White × Landrace sows from parities 2 to 6 were allocated to one of four treatments at day 110 of gestation on a parity and live-weight basis. The four treatments involved food levels of either 3 or 6 kg/day during a 28-day lactation followed by either 1·75 or 3·50 kg/day during the first 28 days of gestation. Litter size suckled was standardized at 10 piglets wherever possible. Live weight and backfat changes were monitored in all sows and litter growth and survival rates were recorded. Post weaning all sows were given daily boar contact and mated twice at the first observed oestrus. A single blood sample was collected from each sow at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of gestation for determination of plasma progesterone concentration. Data on litter size and piglet birth weights were collected at the subsequent parturition. Sows low-fed during lactation lost significantly more live weight (31·2v.5·8 kg,P&lt; 0·01) and P2 backfat (3·6v.1·9 mm,P&lt; 0·05) in lactation than did high-fed sows. Underfeeding the lactating sow also significantly reduced the weaning weight of the litter (62·3v.68·7 kg for low-v.high-fed sows,P&lt; 0·05), but did not significantly change either creep food intake by the litter or pre-weaning mortality rate. Parity 2 sows weaned significantly heavier piglets and litters than did sows from parities 3 to 6 (7·48 and 74·9 kgv.6·72 and 63·8 kg respectively,P&lt; 0·01). Food level in lactation did not significantly influence the length of the rebreeding interval (6·3v.7·3 days for high-v.low-fed sows) and although there was a two-fold difference in the proportion of sows failing to exhibit oestrus post weaning (0·08v.0·16 for high-v.low-fed sows) this difference was also not significant. Lactation food level did not significantly influence either sow live-weight or backfat change in gestation, plasma progesterone concentrations during early gestation or subsequent litter size. However, sows low-fed in lactation did tend to produce fewer piglets in the subsequent litter (9·54v.10·75 piglets born alive for low- and high-fed sows respectively,P= 0·062). Post-weaning reproductive performance was significantly affected by sow live weight (P&lt; 0·05) and backfat (P&lt; 0·01) at parturition, and live weight (P&lt; 0·01) and backfat (P&lt; 0·05) at weaning, but not by changes in these parameters during lactation. Food level in early gestation did not significantly influence either plasma progesterone concentrations, the size of the subsequent litter (10·09v.20·29 piglets born alive for high- and low-fed sows respectively) or mean piglet birth weight (1·27v.2·22 kg for high- and low-fed sows respectively). It is concluded that (1) both lactation food level and parity may alter pre-weaning piglet growth, and (2) the effects of lactation food level on the subsequent reproductive performance of mature sows appear to be different from those seen in parity 1 sows.

USING THE KAZAKH WHITE-HEADED BREED TO INCREASE BEEF IN THE FLAT PROVINCE OF DAGESTAN

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.М. САДЫКОВ ◽  
М.П. АЛИХАНОВ ◽  
А.Г. СИМОНОВ ◽  
Г.А. СИМОНОВ
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Breeding Stock ◽  
Fattening Period ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Experimental Group

Изучены рост и развитие бычков — помесей красной степной с казахской белоголовой породой в равнинной провинции Дагестана. Установлено, что помесный молодняк, по сравнению с чистопородным скотом красной степной породы, имеет более высокую живую массу при рождении на 1,8 кг, или 7,3%. При отъеме в 8-месячном возрасте помеси имели живую массу 210 кг против 187,6 кг у красного степного молодняка, что на 22,4 кг, или 11,9% выше. В 12-, 15- и 18-месячном возрасте живая масса помесных бычков равнялась 291,8 кг, 359,7 и 436,6 кг, соответственно, или на 28 кг, 36 и 45,8 кг больше по сравнению с красным степным скотом. Среднесуточные приросты помесных бычков за период выращивания и откорма составили 760 г, что выше на 12,1% по сравнению с чистопородным красным степным молодняком. После заключительного откорма и убоя помесные бычки дали тяжеловесные туши с хорошим поливом. По массе парной туши они превосходили чистопородных аналогов на 31,3 кг, или 15,6% с преимуществом выхода туши на 2,4%. Убойный выход у бычков опытной группы составил 58,7%, контрольной — 55,8%. От помесных бычков были получены тяжеловесные шкуры массой 27,1 кг, от чистопородных — 21,6 кг, преимущество по этому показателю имели помесные животные 5,5 кг, или 25,4%. Для увеличения производства говядины в равнинной провинции Дагестана рекомендуем скрещивание коров красной степной породы с быками казахской белоголовой породы. The growth and development of bulls of red steppe crossbreeds with the Kazakh white-headed breed in the flat province of Dagestan were studied. It was found that young crossbreed animals in comparison with purebred red steppe cattle have a higher live weight at birth by 1,8 kg or 7,3%. When weaning at 8 months of age, cross-bred bulls had a live weight of 210 kg against 187,6 kg in red steppe young, which is 22,4 kg, or 11,9% higher. At 12, 15 and 18 months of age, the live weight of crossbred bulls was 291,8 kg, 359,7 and 436,6 kg, respectively, or 28 kg, 36 and 45,8 kg more than the red steppe cattle. The average daily growth of cross-bred bulls during the growing and fattening period was 760 g compared to 678 g, that is, they were 12,1% higher compared to purebred red steppe young. After the final fattening and slaughter, the cross-bred bulls gave heavy carcasses with good watering. By weight of the paired carcass, they were superior to purebred counterparts by 31,3 kg or 15,6% with an advantage of 2,4% carcass yield. The slaughter yield of bulls in the experimental group was 58,7%, 55,8% in the control group, respectively, with an advantage in favor of crossbreeds of 2,9%. Heavy skins weighing 27,1 kg were obtained from crossbreed bulls, 21,6 kg from purebred ones, and crossbreed animals of 5,5 kg or 25,4% had an advantage in this indicator. Studies have shown that in order to increase beef production in the lowland province of Dagestan, it is necessary to use crossbreeding of the breeding stock of the red steppe breed with bulls of the Kazakh white-headed breed.

LIGHT MODE AND LUMINANCE DURING MULLARDS GROWING

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Mironova ◽  
◽  
M.V. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Light Mode ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Production Characteristics

The article discusses the technology of growing young mulard hybrid for subsequent fattening of fatty liver. They are given main production characteristics of growing — temperature conditions, illumination, and the duration of the light period. Data on the dynamics of live weight during cultivation from day old to 28 days, growth and development indicators of young mullards are given.

Physical and chemical composition of the body of breeding sows with differing body subcutaneous fat depth at parturition, differing nutrition during lactation and differing litter size

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large White ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTThe physical and chemical composition of sows was determined at first mating (no. = 6), weaning the first litter (12) and 14 days after weaning the fourth litter (24). The sows were from 108 Large White/Landrace Fl hybrid gilts allocated in a factorial arrangement according to two levels of subcutaneous fatness at parturition (12 v. 22 mm P2), two levels of lactation feeding (3 v. 7 kg) and two sizes of sucking litter (six v. 10). Treatments significantly influenced the composition of dissected carcass fat and chemical lipid, but not composition of dissected lean and chemical protein. The final body protein mass of well fed sows at the termination of parity 4 was 41 kg, and the total content of gross energy (GE) in excess of 3000 MJ, with an average of 12·4 MJ GE per kg live weight; equivalent values for the less well fed sows were 33 kg and 9·4 MJ GE per kg live weight respectively. The weights of chemical lipid and protein could be predicted from the equations: lipid (kg) = -20·4 (s.e. 4·5) + 0·21 (s.e. 0·02) live weight + 1·5 (s.e. 0·2) P2; protein (kg) = -2·3 (s.e. 1·6) + 0·19 (s.e. 0·01) live weight - 0·22 (s.e. 0·07) P2. On average, sows lost 9 kg lipid and 3 kg protein in the course of the 28-day lactation; these being proportionately about 0·16 and 0·37 of the live-weight losses respectively. Maternal energy requirement for maintenance was estimated as 0·50 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg M0·75, while the efficiency of use of DE for energy retention was 0·28.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SIMMENTAL BULLS DEPENDING ON PROGENY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
Daily Gain

In dairy cattle breeding, selection and breeding work is widely used in order to transfer the pedigree qualities of parents to the offspring and obtain highly productive young animals. In this regard, in the conditions of «Enbek» LLP in the Akmola region, the growth and development of young Simmental breed depending on the origin was studied. Live weight of Litera line young animals at birth was 33.4 kg, at the age of 6 months-174.9, 12 months-251.8, 18 months-387.1 kg, respectively, Wildfang bull 32.0 kg, 165.5 kg, 251.3 kg, 378.6 kg. The average daily gain between the ages of birth and 6 months was increased. With age, the body parameters, height at the withers, increased from 104.3 cm and 103.5 cm to 125.4 cm and 123.9 cm, respectively, from 6 months to 18 months of young animals. According to the physique indices, we can say that the young Simmental breed is balanced. Only some deviations of the leggy index are observed from the optimal indicators. The index of legginess decreases with age by 7.7%, with indicators of 6 months – by 57%, at the age of 18 months-by 49.3%. The extension index for the period from 6 to 18 months increased by 10.5%, respectively, for 6 months-by 103.3%, for 18 months-by 113.8%. With age and an increase in live weight, the body of young animals lengthens, its width increases, the animal becomes deeper and relatively long-legged. Depending on the origin, we suggest using the Litera bull line, taking into account the growth and development of young animals, and the productivity indicators of bulls.

EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL FLUSHING, SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AND SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE FROM PUBERTY TO BREEDING AND DURING EARLY GESTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. GRANDHI
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Supplemental Fat

Four experiments were conducted, using a total of 356 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred gilts, to determine the influence of flushing, supplemental fat and supplemental lysine fed from puberty to breeding (exps. 1 and 2) and from puberty through early gestation (exps. 3 and 4) on the reproductive performance of gilts. All gilts were housed in total confinement and fed ad libitum a 16% protein swine grower diet until 150 d of age. The diet was then restricted to 2 kg d−1 until puberty. The treatment diets fed from puberty to breeding in exps. 1 and 2 were: (1) control, a 12% protein barley-soybean meal gestation diet fed at 2 kg d−1 (24.4 MJ DE d−1); (2) flushing, control diet fed at 3 kg d−1 (36.6 MJ DE d−1; (3) animal fat, control diet fed at 2 kg d−1 plus 622 g of fat premix (36.6 MJ DE d−1; and (4) lysine, control diet with supplemental lysine (14 g d−1) fed at 2 kg d−1 (24.4 MJ DE d−1). After breeding, all gilts were fed control diet at 2 kg d−1 until approximately 30 d at gestation. In exps. 3 and 4, the same treatment diets were used except flushing was omitted and they were fed from puberty to approximately 30 d of gestation. No significant differences (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups were found in any of the experiments for the number of corpora lutea and normal embryos, and ovarian, uterine, and fetal weights. In exp. 2, the embryo survival rate (%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the flushing (81.7 ± 3.3) and animal fat (78.3 ± 3.3) groups than in the control (92.9 ± 3.0); however, the lysine (88.8 ± 3.5) group did not differ significantly from the other groups. The embryo survival rate was also reduced (P < 0.05) by supplemental fat (81.5 ± 2.7) when compared to the control (86.8 ± 3.0) and lysine (88.8 ± 2.7) diets in exp. 3 but not in exp. 4. The serum progesterone level (ng/mL−1) was lower (P < 0.05) in the animal fat group (4.1 ± 0.6) than in the control (6.3 ± 0.6) and lysine (6.1 ± 0.6) groups in exp. 4. However, progesterone level of allantoic fluid in exp. 4 and estrone sulfate levels of both serum and allantoic fluid in exps. 3 and 4 were similar for the three treatment groups. The overall results indicated that flushing, supplemental fat or supplemental lysine fed from puberty to breeding, and supplemental fat or supplemental lysine fed from puberty through early gestation did not improve the ovulation rate, embryo survival or fetal development in gilts. Key words: Ovulation rate, embryo survival, flushing, fat, lysine, hormones, gilts

Variation in the Seasonal Oestrus Period in Three Breeds of Greek Sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
A. Vosniakou ◽  
P. Tsakalof ◽  
J.M. Doney
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Intermediate Activity ◽  
Natural Mating

The preferred mating period in Greece is spring and early summer. Conception rate to natural mating at the end of one oestrus period or early in the next is low, leading to a lengthy lambing period. Some 10% of flocks are synchronised during this period by a standard progestagen/PMSG treatment. There is considerable variation in ovulation rate, conception rate and litter size which could be related to within-flock variation in oestrous activity.Fourteen adult ewes from each of three breeds -Chios, Karagouniko and Serres - were maintained as a single flock at Diavata (latitude 40.5°N), without mating, from the end of the milking period in September. From the following April, oestrous activity was checked daily by vasectomised ram for 18 months. Live weight was maintained approximately constant at 59, 54 and 54 kg, respectively, for Chios, Karagouniko and Serres. Plasma progesterone was measured 10 days after detected oestrus and after 28 days when there was no intermediate activity. A silent oestrus in the breeding period was counted as oestrus but when it occurred prior to the first or after the last detected oestrus, it was not used to determine the breeding period.

Effect of nutrition on endometrial progesterone receptor expression in ewes

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 81-81
Author(s):  
J.A. Abecia ◽  
C. Sosa ◽  
J.M. Lozano ◽  
C. Viñoles ◽  
F. Forcada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Progesterone Receptor Expression ◽  
Endometrial Cell ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Uterine Environment

It has been postulated that undernourishment could affect embryo survival through changes in the uterine environment (Abecia et al., 1995). Moreover, we have shown that undernourished ewes had higher plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations and a lower endometrial content of P4 (Lozano et al., 1998), suggesting that this lower endometrial content could be due to a decrease in the content of endometrial progesterone receptors (PR). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low and high levels of food intake on PR in different endometrial cell types.

A comparison of tissue weight distribution in Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc Jersey pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Goenaga ◽  
A. E. Carden
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Tissue Weight ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Breed Differences

SUMMARYThe carcasses of 20 Landrace, 20 Hampshire and 20 Duroc Jersey barrows were dissected in order to study the influence of the breed on tissue weight distribution.After weaning, at 56 days of age, the animals were allocated to individual pens and fed a standard diet containing 18% crude protein and 13 MJ ME/kg, until they reached their designated slaughter weight.The Landrace and Hampshire pigs were slaughtered between 60 and 115 kg and the Duroc Jersey ones between 40 and 115 kg live weight. The right half carcasses were completely dissected using strictly anatomical criteria. Individual muscles were classified into eight anatomical groups (Carden & Goenaga, 1977).The results were examined by covariance analyses utilizing the allometric equation. Carcass tissue composition was studied using the weight of the dissected side as covariate. When muscle: bone ratio was examined, the weight of total side muscle was used as the independent variable. The growth of different parts of a tissue relative to the corresponding whole tissue was studied.Concerning carcass composition, there were significant breed differences in muscle and fat contents and in the muscle:bone ratio.Breed differences were found in muscle distribution. The 6 values of muscle groups 1 (proximal hind limb), 2 (distal hind limb), 6 (distal forelimb) and 7 (muscles connecting forelimb to thorax) were statistically different as were the adjusted means of groups 3 (spinal column), 5 (proximal forelimb) and 8 (muscles connecting forelimb to neck and intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax).Significant differences were also found in bone weight distribution. Slope values of the tarsals, os coxae, scapula and sternum were statistically different. Adjusted means of tibia-fibula, sacrum, spinal column, radius-ulna, carpals and ribs were also significantly different.Finally, there were breed effects in the distribution of fat, the relative weight of subcutaneous and of intermuscular fat being statistically different.

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