Reproductive pattern among women in 19th century Sweden

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Högberg ◽  
Sune Åkerman

SummaryAmong the married female population in rural areas of 19th century Sweden infertility and subfertility were found in 7·5% and 6·1% respectively with increasing incidence during the latter half of the century. In relation to the age group 20–24, fecundity declined by 42% and 92% in the age groups 35–39 and 40–45 respectively. One-third of married women died before age 50. Re-marriages and step-parents were common. Less than half of the married women brought up the majority of the children in the community.

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Ru-Ying Hu ◽  
Wei-Wei Gong ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
Fang-Rong Fei ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Limited population-based studies have investigated the secular trend of prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in mainland China. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GDM and time trends in Chinese female population. Methods Based on Diabetes Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, 97,063 diagnosed GDM cases aged 20–50 years were identified from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. Annual prevalence, prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and average annual percentage change with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results The age-standardized overall prevalence of GDM was reported to be 7.30% (95% CI 7.27–7.33%); 9.13% (95% CI 9.07–9.19%) in urban areas and 6.24% (95% CI 6.21–6.27%) in rural areas. Compared with 20–24 years age group, women in advanced age groups (25–50 years) were at higher risk for GDM (PRRs ranged from 1.37 to 8.95 and the 95% CIs did not include the null). Compared with rural areas, the risk for GDM was higher in urban areas (PRR: 1.69, 95% CI 1.67–1.72). The standardized annual prevalence increased from 6.02% in 2016 to 7.94% in 2018, with an average annual increase of 5.48%, and grew more rapidly in rural than urban areas (11.28% vs. 0.00%). Conclusions This study suggested a significant increase in the prevalence of GDM among Chinese female population in Zhejiang province during 2016–2018, especially in women characterized by advanced age and rural areas.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Tao ◽  
Mingchao Zhang ◽  
Danhong Wu ◽  
Yujia Li ◽  
Weihai Ying

AbstractOur recent studies have suggested that the patients of multiple diseases have characteristic Pattern of Autofluorescence (AF) in their skin and fingernails, which may become novel biomarkers for both disease diagnosis and evaluation of health state. Since male populations may have higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation than female population, in our current study we tested our hypothesis that the green AF intensity of older men is higher than that of older women in their fingernails and skin. We found that in both left and right Index Fingernails, the green AF intensity of the men of both the age group of 61 - 70 years of old and the age group of 71 - 80 years of old is significantly higher than that of the women of the same age groups. At both left Dorsal Centremetacarpus and left Centremetacarpus, the green AF intensity of the men at the age between 71 - 80 years of old is also significantly higher than that of the women of the same age group. Moreover, in Index Fingernails, Dorsal Centremetacarpus and Centremetacarpus, the green AF asymmetry of the older men of certain age groups is significantly higher than that of the women of the same age groups. Collectively, our study has provided the first evidence indicating the gender difference between the green AF intensity and asymmetry of older men and those of older women in their fingernails and certain regions of skin, which is valuable for establishing the AF-based diagnostic method.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Waseem Akhter ◽  
Erum Yousafzai ◽  
Afia Matloob Rana ◽  
Shakaib Anwar

Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of correctable visual loss worldwide. Decreased vision due to refractive error can be easily corrected with the help of spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery. However, there are 42% of uncorrected refractive errors all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate different kinds of refractive errors, its prevalence and pattern in patients from rural areas who visited our hospital in the last five years. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,138 patients, who visited eye OPD at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad during a period of five years i.e. from September, 2013 to September, 2018. Patients having only refractive error with an age of five years and above were included in the study.  All patients had objective refraction with automated refractometer followed by subjective refraction. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used for comparing groups with a P-value of <0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Compound myopic astigmatism was the most common error found in our study population (n=575; 26.9%). The second most frequent complaint was simple myopia (n=501; 23.4%) followed by presbyopia (n=441; 20.6%) and mixed astigmatism (n=235; 11%). Patients with more than one refractive error included 178 (8.3%) with mixed astigmatism and presbyopia and 78 (3.6%) with simple myopia and presbyopia. Compound myopic astigmatism was more prevalent in younger ages compared to older age groups (46.4% vs 19.9%) (P <0.001). Mixed astigmatism (12.4% vs 8.9%), simple myopia (23.8% vs 22.9%) and presbyopia (21.3% vs 19.5%) were slightly greater in females than males (P=0.07), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia is significantly higher among female population and young individuals. Mixed astigmatism combined with presbyopia is more common among elderly population.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. e43-e48
Author(s):  
Yamini Bhatt ◽  
Kalpana Kulshrestha

AbstractThe present study aimed to explore the modifications in diet during pregnancy over three generations in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. For the selection of the sample, the respondents were categorized in 3 age groups: 20 to 34 years; 35 to 55 years; and ≥ 56 years. Structured diet recall interviews were scheduled for the collection of data. The subjects were asked about their dietary habits during pregnancy and food items that they included and excluded during that period. Most food items mentioned included were milk, fruits, and nutritional supplements. The exclusion of fruits like banana and papaya, of rice, and of leafy green vegetables (LGVs) was mainly observed. Among the age group of ≥ 56 years, the respondents with no changes in their diet during pregnancy were more from rural areas (92%) than from urban areas (62.26%), while in the age group of 20 to 34 years, 25% of the respondents with no change in their diet lived in rural areas, and 8.06% lived in urban areas. There has been an increase in the population with dietary modifications through generations; however, the overall changes are still not satisfying. The present study shows that there is a high need for nutritional education during pregnancy, especially in rural areas.


2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (09) ◽  
pp. 1365-1375
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Marium Shoukat ◽  
Muhammad Usman Bashir ◽  
Ahmed Danyal

Objectives: To assess amniotic fluid volume in second and third trimester ofpregnancy in Pakistani population. Period: Three months. Setting: Talha ultrasound, Multan.Material and Methods: I have started my work by collecting data from the month of November,2015 to February, 2016. The machines which have been used for data collection were Xarioand Z-5 ultrasound Doppler machines with transabdominal (3.5-5MHz) probes. A group of 100Pakistani married female patients of different age groups was included. These patients werehaving normal criteria of second and third trimester (14-40 weeks gestational age). Results:100 married female patients were selected having different age group. There were no significantdifference found in the means of large pocket volume and four pocket volumes of second andthird trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: Ultrasound plays an important role in assessment ofamniotic fluid volume. If there is one unit change in large pocket volume (LPV) than four pocketvolume (FPV) will change by 2.37 and 2.146 in second and third trimester, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Tamási ◽  
Krisztián Horváth ◽  
Zoltán Kiss ◽  
Krisztina Bogos ◽  
Gyula Ostoros ◽  
...  

Objective: No assessment was conducted describing the age and gender specific epidemiology of lung cancer (LC) prior to 2018 in Hungary, thus the objective of this study was to appraise the detailed epidemiology of lung cancer (ICD-10 C34) in Hungary based on a retrospective analysis of the National Health Insurance Fund database.Methods: This longitudinal study included patients aged ≥20 years with LC diagnosis (ICD-10 C34) between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2016. Patients with different cancer-related codes 6 months before or 12 months after LC diagnosis or having any cancer treatment other than lung cancer protocols were excluded.Results: Lung cancer incidence and mortality increased with age, peaking in the 70–79 age group (375.0/100,000 person-years) among males, while at 60–69 age group for females (148.1/100,000 person-years). The male-to-female incidence rate ratio reached 2.46–3.01 (p &lt; 0.0001) among the 70–79 age group. We found 2–11% decrease in male incidence rate at most age groups, while a significant 1–3% increase was observed in older females (&gt;60) annually during the study period.Conclusion: This nationwide epidemiology study demonstrated that LC incidence and mortality in Hungary decreased in younger male and female population, however we found significant increase of incidence in older female population, similar to international trends. Incidence rates peaked in younger age-groups compared to Western countries, most likely due to higher smoking prevalence in these cohorts, while lower age LC incidence could be attributed to higher competing cardiovascular risk resulting in earlier mortality in smoking population.


2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Gan ◽  
Zhong-Hua Wu ◽  
Zhi-Ming Tu ◽  
Jian Zheng

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.


Author(s):  
Bhatt, Y. ◽  
Kulshrestha, K.

Globally, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising. To assess the trends in the age of occurrence of non-communicable, age-related diseases this study was performed in the three districts of Uttarakhand, in both rural and the urban settings. The study comprised of both male and female subjects between the age group of 15 years to 55 onwards. The respondents were categorized into three age groups range as- 15-35 years, 36-55 years, and above 56 years. Starting from the age of 5 years, each age group is also categorized decade-wise e.g. age group of 56 years and above was divided into six decades starting from the age of five years.  The present study showed that the occurrence of age-related diseases, among the age group 56 years and above, was seen during their 40s while in the other two age groups, occurrence was recorded in the 30s itself. Comparing the third decade, i.e., the 30s of all the three age groups, none of the subjects was suffering from age-related disease among 56 years and above while among 36-55 years of age, 0.57 percent and among 15-35 years of age, 1.35 percent of subjects suffered from hypertension. The occurrence of these diseases was more in the urban areas as compared to rural areas. These results throw an insight onto the necessity for government bodies to focus on key factors leading to this trend, improving health care quality, and emphasis on a healthy lifestyle.


Author(s):  
Chaika I.M.

The demographic problems of rural areas are interrelated with economic, social, and even political issues. Therefore, given the relevance of the topic, the article analyzes the demographic situation in rural areas based on indicators of natural reproduction and age-sex structure of the population. It should be noted that data processing in smaller administrative entities creates advantages for monitoring positive or critical trends and reflects a more contrasting state of the demographic situation. The research article describes the differentiation of the natural population growth rate at the level of administrative raions. The map «Natural increase (decrease) rate of the Ukrainian rural population in 2018» is presented for its visual display. Characteristic interregional differences in age structure can be traced on compiled histograms. Correlation between birth rates, mortality rates, and population share in age categories: 0–15, 16–59, 60 years and older is calculated to assess the interactions of natural movement and age-sex structure. The comparison of the data of the mean and median age by regions was performed to analyze the age structure of the rural population. The balanced sex structure in settlements is both an important factor and a result of the demographic situation. Therefore, the shares of the male and female population for each age group and in all regions of Ukraine are calculated in the process of performing the practical part of the research (as of 2018). Assessment of territorial differences in the demographic burden is of great social importance. The result of the analysis of the population data set in each age group showed that the greatest demographic load exists in Chernihivska, Khmelnytska, Sumska, Vinnytska, Kyivska, Poltavska, Luhanska, Cherkaska, and Zhytomyrska regions. The obtained results of the analysis of the above-mentioned demographic parameters are summarized in the conclusions. Based on them, areas with a critical demographic situation in rural areas have been identified.Key words: rural population, age-sex structure, depopulation, natural population movement. Демографічні проблеми сільської місцевості взаємопов’язані з економічною, соціальною та навіть політичною проблематикою. Тому, з огляду на актуальність теми, у статті здійснено аналіз демографічної ситуації у сільській місцевості на основі показників природного відтворення та статево-вікової структури населення. Варто зазначити, що опрацювання даних на територіально менших адміністративних утвореннях створює переваги для моніторингу позитивних чи критич-них тенденцій та відображає більш контрастний стан демографічної ситуації. У дослідженні описано диференціацію коефіцієнта природного приросту населення на рівні адміністративних районів, а для її наочного відображення представлено картосхему «Природний приріст (скорочення) сільського населення України, 2018 р.». Характерні міжрегіональні відмінності вікової структури можна простежити на складених гістограмах. Для оцінки взаємовпливів природного руху та статево-вікової структури розраховано кореляцію між коефіцієнтами народжуваності, смертності та часткою населення у вікових категоріях: 0–15, 16–59, 60 років і старше. Також з метою аналізу вікової структури сільського населення виконано порівняння даних середнього та медіанного віку за областями. Збалансоване статеве співвідношення є водночас вагомим чинником і результатом демографічної ситуації. Тому в процесі виконання практичної частини дослідження розраховано частки чоловічого та жіночого населення для кожної вікової групи та у всіх районах України (ста-ном на 2018 рік). Важливе соціальне значення має оцінка територіальних відмінностей демографічного навантаження. Результат аналізу масиву даних чисельності населення у кожній віковій групі показав, що найбільше демографічне навантеження існує у Чернігівській, Хмельницькій, Сумській, Вінницькій, Київській, Полтавській, Луганській, Черкаській та Житомирській областях. Отримані результати вищезгаданих демографічних параметрів підсумовано у висновках. На їх основі виділено території із критичною демографічною ситуацією у сільській місцевості.Ключові слова: сільське населення, статево-вікова структура, депопуляція, природний рух населення.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Sagheer Hussain Shah ◽  
Agha Asad Noor

Background: Syphilis is a chronic and sexually transmitted infection, caused by Treponema pallidum. Taluka Gambat is an under developing rural area of District Khairpur, Sindh having higher poverty rate. This study was undertaken to assess the morbidity rate of syphilis and awareness about this disease in the population of Gambat. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of syphilis in various age groups of male and female population of Taluka Gambat to review the frequency of occurrence of syphilis. Methodology: This work was done using conventional serological method by collecting data and laboratory diagnosis. Total 437 serum samples from different private and public health units, dispensaries and hospitals in Taluka Gambat were collected between October 2016 to March 2017 and subjected to qualitative testing by VDRL-Immune Chromatography test. Results: Out of 437 samples, 80 samples (18%) were reactive in adults of 30-45 years of age and one sample showed positive case in 9 months old boy indicating congenital syphilis (0.2%) whereas 373 stood non-reactive.  Our results showed a 14% prevalence of syphilis in Taluka Gambat in the age group between 30-45 years of age and 0.2% congenital syphilis. It is an alarming situation due to lack of diagnostic, treatment facilities and awareness about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Conclusion: It is concluded that syphilis is found more or less in all age groups. The highest incidence is observed in population of age group between 30-40 years in Taluka Gambat. Majority infections were found in immunocompromised patients owing to drug abuse and having multiple sex partners.


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