scholarly journals Refractive Errors: Prevalence and Pattern among Rural Population of Islamabad, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Waseem Akhter ◽  
Erum Yousafzai ◽  
Afia Matloob Rana ◽  
Shakaib Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Common Error ◽  
Myopic Astigmatism

Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of correctable visual loss worldwide. Decreased vision due to refractive error can be easily corrected with the help of spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery. However, there are 42% of uncorrected refractive errors all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate different kinds of refractive errors, its prevalence and pattern in patients from rural areas who visited our hospital in the last five years. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,138 patients, who visited eye OPD at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad during a period of five years i.e. from September, 2013 to September, 2018. Patients having only refractive error with an age of five years and above were included in the study.  All patients had objective refraction with automated refractometer followed by subjective refraction. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used for comparing groups with a P-value of <0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Compound myopic astigmatism was the most common error found in our study population (n=575; 26.9%). The second most frequent complaint was simple myopia (n=501; 23.4%) followed by presbyopia (n=441; 20.6%) and mixed astigmatism (n=235; 11%). Patients with more than one refractive error included 178 (8.3%) with mixed astigmatism and presbyopia and 78 (3.6%) with simple myopia and presbyopia. Compound myopic astigmatism was more prevalent in younger ages compared to older age groups (46.4% vs 19.9%) (P <0.001). Mixed astigmatism (12.4% vs 8.9%), simple myopia (23.8% vs 22.9%) and presbyopia (21.3% vs 19.5%) were slightly greater in females than males (P=0.07), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia is significantly higher among female population and young individuals. Mixed astigmatism combined with presbyopia is more common among elderly population.

scholarly journals Prevalence Of Refractive Errors In School Going Children In Rural And Urban Areas -A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Dr. Chimata Triveni ◽  
◽  
Dr. Tirumuru Divya ◽  
Dr. Ponna Rama Devi ◽  
Dr. N. Lakshmi Chowdary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Introduction: Visual impairment affects students’ routine schoolwork and day-to-day activities.Hence, the aim is to study the prevalence of various refractive errors and their comparison amongschool children of 5-15 years in rural and urban areas. Methods: This cross-sectional studyexamined 998 students from both rural and urban schools. After obtaining ethical clearance andinformed consent, students were examined for refractive errors. The students with the refractiveerror were given a socio-demographic questionnaire and questionnaire regarding their usage oftelevision, computer, and family history of refractive errors. A Chi-square test was used to test thestatistical significance of proportions. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, anddata were analyzed by using coGuide software, V.1.03 Results: The prevalence of refractive errorwas found to be 6.41 %, with a prevalence of 7.61% in urban and 5.21% in rural areas. Thedifference in the type of refractive error between the study groups was found to be insignificant,with P= 0.897. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive errors was more in urban school children thanrural. Refractive error was more prevalent in 13-15 years age group in both rural and urban schoolchildren. The most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism andhypermetropia.

Prevalence and Determining Factors Of Refractive Errors Among Medical Students In FMU, Faisalabad

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2934-2935
Author(s):  
Nadia Tufail ◽  
Huda Abbas ◽  
Ali Sarfraz ◽  
Sumaira Ashraf ◽  
M. Ashraf Majrooh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Determining Factors

Aim: Prevalence and determining factors of refractive errors among the medical students in FMU, Faisalabad. Methodology: Cross-sectional quantitative study conducted in Faisalabad Medical University from 01-03-2020 to 15-12-2020 after approval from institutional review committee. All students of MBBS in FMU were included in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the required quantitative information. SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. Results: Prevalence of refractive error is 49%. Females were 59% and males were 41%. More students i.e. 85.2% were suffering from myopia. In our study, usage of electronic devices i.e. mobile phones especially was one of the risk factors in developing refractive errors. 20.6% students having refractive error said that they use mobile phone for 4 hours, 30.2% having refractive error said that they watch TV for one hour, 23.3% having refractive error said that they play video games for one hour. For the correction of the refractive error, 184 students i.e. 97.4% used spectacles whereas only 5 (2.6%) students used contact lenses. It is observed in this study that contact lenses were only used by those students having refractive error <1.5. Conclusion: Refractive errors were a significant cause of visual impairment among medical students. The prolonged use of electronic devices especially mobile phones should be discouraged. Keywords: Refractive errors, myopia, electronic devices, mobile phone

scholarly journals Prevalence of caesarean section and womens' attitude towards caesarean section in Manipur, North-Eastern India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Joymati Oinam ◽  
Shantibala Kongjenbam ◽  
Yumnam Ningthemba Singh
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Favorable Attitude ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: The rapid increase of caesarean section (CS) rate throughout the world has become a serious public health issue since the level of CS is well above the WHO (1985) recommended 15% and it is increasing over time. Objectives of the study was to determine the prevalence of caesarean section and women’s attitudes towards CS, to investigate rural-urban differences and any associated factors between attitude with socio-demographic factors.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas of three districts of Manipur from 2015 to 2017 among 600 eligible married women aged 18-35 years selected by simple random sampling. Household was taken as sampling unit and electoral roll (2013) as sampling frame. An interview schedule was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics like mean, SD, proportion and inferential statistics like χ2 test was used. p-value 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Mean age of the participants was 29.7±4.6 years. The overall prevalence of CS rate was 18.5% and the first child CS rate was 19.9% and majority of them belongs to 30-35 age groups. Majority of the women (84.2%) have neutral attitude and only 7.6% have favorable attitude towards CS. Favorable attitude towards CS was more among women who married at ≥30 years, whose husband was >30 years and was a government employee and who ever had CS.Conclusions: Although the prevalence of CS is well above the WHO (1985) recommendation. Majority still preferred vaginal delivery and the demand for CS is low in the present setting. 

scholarly journals Refractive Error among Male Primary School Students in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Al Bahhawi ◽  
Anwar M Makeen ◽  
Hadi Hassan Daghreeri ◽  
Mohannad Faisal Tobaigy ◽  
Abdulrahman Mohammed Adawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Refractive error is a common and serious eye disorder that affects more than 153 million people globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among male primary school children in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected group of 395 students (aged 6-14 years) in Jazan region, Southwest Saudi Arabia. An optometrist and medical students assessed the refraction error using an autorefractor, a Snellen E chart and retinoscopy. Results: The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in either eye was, 22% higher among rural students. The most prevalent refractive error was hyperopia (32.2%) followed by myopic astigmatism (31%) then myopia (17.2%). Next were hyperopic astigmatism (16.1%) and mixed astigmatism (3.5%). The following variables were associated with a higher risk of refractive errors and myopia: living in rural areas, having parents with refractive errors, spending more time on electronic devices and shorter visual distances. Conclusion: Refractive error was highly prevalent among primary school children in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The rural students were more affected by refractive errors, mainly hyperopia. The preschool vision test should be reconsidered, and a periodic vision examination should be applied to detect vision problems as early as possible.

scholarly journals Association of range of accommodation with fully corrected refractive errors

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Adnan Afsar ◽  
Rashid Asghar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Vision

Background: To study whether the range of accommodation differs in myopes and hypermetropes than normal population. Purpose: To study the range of accommodation in myopes and hypermetropes in comparison to normal population in different age groups. Materials and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at MHL from January 2018 to October 2018. Total 99 patients were enrolled in this study who had refractive errors. All patients were included who had 10 – 55 years age. Both genders were included. Both myopic and hypermetropic patients were included having fully corrected myopia and hypermetropia. Patients with any ocular pathologies were excluded. All patients who were included in this study had complete ocular and posterior chamber examination from ophthalmologist. There visual acuity was recorded using Snellen`s visual acuity chart and recorded in Snellen notation. Near vision was assessed on near vision chart. Then range of accommodation will be measured by RAF meter. All data entered and analyzed by SPSS 20 (Statically package for social scientist). Bar charts and Pie charts were used to describe qualitative data and range, mean, S.Dwere used to express quantitative data. For data normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilktest used and showed that all parameters are non-parametric as p value is ≤ 0.05 (p = 0.000). Results: Total 99individuals were analyzed who had refractive errors. There were 60 female and 39male individuals. Avg age of individuals was 21 with standard deviation ±3. Association of rang of accommodation between hypermetropes and emmetropes during point break, Rec point and Rang D the p value is 0.001 in all points. Association of rang of accommodation between emmetropes and myopes during point break, Rec point and Rang D the p value is 0.142, 0.224 and 0.315 accordingly. Conclusion: Association of rang of accommodation is significant between emmetropes and hypermetropes (p=0.001). But there is no significant association of rang of accommodation between Myopes and emmetropes (p=0.224).

scholarly journals Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0–30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tawfik Saleh Mohammed Dhaiban ◽  
Femina Purakaloth Ummer ◽  
Hanan Khudadad ◽  
Shajitha Thekke Veettil
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Background. Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. Aim. The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0–30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Results. Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13–18 years (27.7%), 19–24 years (24.8%), and 25–30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. Conclusions. In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.

scholarly journals Magnitude of refractive errors in children in tertiary care hospital of western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Srijana Thapa Godar
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Background: Refractive error is one of the most common causes of the visual impairment and second leading cause of treatable blindness. The objective of the study was to determine the mag­nitude of refractive errors in children. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 254 children attending Ophthalmology OPD of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The children whose visual acuity was worse than 6/6 but improved with pinhole were included in this study. Vision test, retinoscopy and subjective refraction was done in all subjects and cycloplegic refraction was done when needed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi-info version 7. Results: The commonest type of refractive error was astigmatism (46.06%) followed by myopia (42.31%). Majority of children had low grade of refractive errors (46.85%). Among the children, “with the rule astigmatism” was maximum (27.56%). Majority of children were in the age between 11 to 15 years (77.95%). The refractive error was seen more in female (63.78%). Among the chil­dren of refractive errors, 29.13% had family history, 33.46% had given the history of wearing spec­tacles and 10.24% children had amblyopia. There was statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups, history of wearing spectacles, amblyopia and grading of refractive errors. However, there was no statistically significant association of refractive error with gender, residence and family history. Conclusions: Astigmatism was the common type of refractive error followed by myopia. This study emphasizes the importance of detection of refractive error in children.

scholarly journals Prevalence of refractive errors by age and gender in patients reporting to ophthalmology department.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (09) ◽  
pp. 1989-1994
Author(s):  
Adeel Ahmed Siddiqui ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Chaudhary ◽  
Muhammad Zafar Ullah ◽  
Majid Hussain ◽  
Nadeem Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Ocular Surgery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Objectives: To determine the age and gender specific prevalence of different refractive errors in the patients presenting to the Ophthalmology Departments of the tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Analytical Cross-sectional study. Setting: Departments of Outpatient Ophthalmology at THQ Hospital Kabirwala, The Children’s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health Multan and Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: January 2020 to May 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 400 patients ≥ 4 years age of either gender were included. Patients with history of ocular surgery, trauma and advanced fundus disease were excluded. Age and gender of the patients was noted. Clinical examination and autorefraction were carried out. Quantitative data is presented as mean ± SD and qualitative data as frequency and percentages. Chi-square test is used to assess the association of refractive errors with age groups and gender. Results: Median age of the participants was 20 years (range 04 – 92 years). Males constituted 58% (n = 232) of the study participants. Most common refractive error were astigmatism (n=298, 74.5%) and myopia in 187 (46.75%) patients. Prevalence of myopia was significantly higher (p-value < 0.001) in 11-20 (39.6%) and 21-40 (34.2%) years age group and in males (64.7%, p-value 0.01). Hypermetropia was significantly higher (p-value <0.001) in 4-10 (36.8%) and ≥ 41 (38.7%) years age group with no gender predilection. Conclusion: This study shows prevalence of myopia being highest in males age 11-40 years and prevalence of hypermetropia being highest in children between 4-10 year and elderly ≥ 41 year with no gender predilection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Refractive Errors in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2249-2253
Author(s):  
Krithiga M ◽  
Xavier Jayaseelan C
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eye Examination

The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in children. Children of selected ages will be identified for visual acuity measurement, and primary eye examination will be performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the refractive errors in children in Saveetha medical college. A comprehensive eye examination was performed, and children with different types of refractive errors were found out. A total of 100 children were taken for the study. The sample size of the study is 100. Eye examination was performed, and refractive error was evaluated. The refractive errors that are most common in the affected age groups can be found out. The most common refractive error was found to be myopia, followed by hypermetropia and then astigmatism. This study helps to identify the most common type of error, and the causes can be found out. This is also helpful in the prevention of these errors. Early diagnosis will lead to proper and effective treatment. When these errors are left untreated, it can cause other severe effects in the eye. Awareness should be created among both the children and the parents about this problem, and the importance of regular eye examination can be stressed through this study.

Prevalence of First Birth Order with Myopia Among KPK Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3146-3147
Author(s):  
Syeda Gulrukh Saba Shah ◽  
Mutayyaba Majeed ◽  
Shams- Ul-Haq ◽  
Farhana Jabeen Shah ◽  
Waqas Ali
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospitals

Objective: To find out the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia among the population of KPK. Study Designed: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and duration of Study: OPD of tertiary care hospitals of KPK, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: Four hundred patients visiting to OPD of tertiary care hospitals of KPK, Khyber Teaching Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar were enrolled. Both male and female were included from 17 to 24 years visiting to the hospital were included. All patients on any medication for any systemic illness like asthma, TB, cardiac issues, liver problems etc. patients suffering from eye disorders like glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis etc. and patients who refused to give consent and uncooperative patients were excluded from the study. Results: Two hundred and seventy seven got normal eye structure, function and vision while 123 got abnormal eye vision, with the frequency of myopia 26.5% (106) while hyperopia was 4.3% (17). Among gender the refractive errors of an eye was found to be 25% in male while 35.5% in female pvalue-0.024. The frequency of refractive error was not significant in age 17, 18, 23 and 24years the refractive error was found to be less as compare to age 19-22 years the refractive errors were seen to be greater. The patients visiting to hospital for eye examination with abnormal refractive errors were 41.1% while the result was significant p value was 0.0001. Genetically 1st order birth got 40% refractive errors while other got 23.5% the results were significant (P=0.004). Conclusion: The prevalence of eye defects related to refractive errors was present among adult population of KPK. Age is not related to refractive errors and refractive errors can be genetically determine. Key words: Myopia, Hyperopia, Refractive errors, Birth order

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document