164. The nutritive value of milk supplemented with minerals as an exclusive diet for fats. Comparison of equal volumes of Summer and “winter” milk before and after laboratory pasteurization

1937 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Henry ◽  
E. W. Ikin ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
General Appearance

Milk was obtained simultaneously from cows on early pasture and from stall-fed cows receiving winter rations. By suitable blending of the morning's and evening's milkings of each milk the fat content of the two milks was equalized daily. A part of each milk was then pasteurized in the laboratory by a “holder” method. The total nutritive value of the milk was measured on rats in two separate experiments. In one the milks, supplemented with iron, copper and manganese, were fed as an exclusive diet. The four types of milk were given to twelve groups of litter-mate male rats, the intake being equalized within each group. The experiment lasted 8 weeks, and at the end no difference was found in gain in weight, body length, general appearance of the rats or composition of the carcasses. The palatability of the milks as gauged by the refusals of the rats was investigated by various statistical methods, which showed that summer milk was probably more palatable than “winter” milk, but that pasteurization had no effect.In the second experiment the intake of milk was limited to 20 ml. daily, but the rats were given in addition unlimited access to a basal diet of casein, sugar and salts. This experiment was also carried out on groups of four litter mates (four groups of does and seven groups of bucks). After 8 weeks 5% brewer's yeast was added to the basal diet, resulting in a marked increase of the growth rate of all the groups. At the end of the 8 weeks, the gains in weight, intakes of basal diet, and gains per gram of solids ingested were compared. The only statistically significant differences were in favour of pasteurized summer milk when compared with summer raw and with “winter” pasteurized.

scholarly journals Studies on unidentified growth factors

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bunyan ◽  
Elspeth A. Murrell ◽  
M. A. Cawthorne ◽  
B. T. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Basic Fraction ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Organic Growth ◽  
Brewers Yeast ◽  
Factor G

1. Weanling rats were given diets containing all the nutrients known to be required, with L-amino acids in place of protein. Dietary supplements were added isonitrogenously.2. Torula yeast (50 g/kg diet) and dried brewers' yeast (50 g/kg) significantly improved the rats' growth rate. Part of this activity was attributed to the minerals present in the yeasts, zinc, iodine, iron, copper and manganese all being implicated.3. Marmite (20 g/kg) and a basic fraction (6.6 g/kg) obtained from it by cation-exchange chromatography significantly improved growth. The ash component of the basic fraction was inactive.4. Growth was increased by an extra supplement of vitamins and by treating the rats with neomycin sulphate and tetracycline. The growth stimulus due to Marmite was additive with that due to the antibiotics, but not with that due to the vitamin supplement.5. The growth rate with torula yeast (50 g/kg) was maintained at about 30% greater than on the basal diet during a test lasting 80 d. At the end of that period six control and five supplemented male rats sired normal litters. Post-mortem examination, including histology, of others showed no abnormalities due to factor G deficiency.6. Fresh ox liver (100 g/kg diet) significantly improved the growth rate, but this improvement could be attributed to the effects of the water and minerals contained in the liver.7. These results confirm the discovery by Schwarz, Smith & Oda (1966) that yeasts contain an organic growth-promoting factor (factor G) for rats receiving amino acid diets. Factor G is not likely to be one of the vitamin B group.

scholarly journals Peroral xylitol increases the concentration levels of tissue iron in the rat

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauri M. Hämäläinen ◽  
Kauko K. Mäkinen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Tissue Iron ◽  
Fe Complexes ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Concentration Levels

1. The effect of xylitol feeding on the iron content of rat tissues was studied.2. Adult male rats were fed on the basal diet containing (g/kg) 200 glucose, or 50 or 200 xylitol, or the same diet containing no added carbohydrates for 8 weeks. Each feeding group comprised nine animals.3. Xylitol at 200 g/kg diet retarded the growth rate of the rats, whereas 200 g glucose/kg increased the weight gains compared with animals given no added carbohydrates.4. Xylitol at 50 g/kg did not affect the tissue Fe concentrations, but 200 g xylitol/kg increased the Fe content of the livers, duodenum wall, spleen, bone marrow and serum.5. Cadmium and lead contents of the livers were similar in all groups.6. Xylitol–Fe complexes are suggested to be responsible for the increased Fe absorption during xylitol feeding.

Effects of diethylstilbestrol with thyroxin or thiouracil on thyroid in male rats

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hartsook ◽  
T. V. Hershberger ◽  
T. A. Long
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Reduced Body

Sixty-six normal or castrate young male rats were used, as replicates of three or four animals each; they were subjects for equalized feeding, within replicates, of a basal diet with no additives, and a basal diet with additives per gram of diet of 0.6 µg diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 1 µg l-thyroxin or 1 mg thiouracil. Criteria evaluated were weight gain, feed efficiency, body length, and size of pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and testes. DES produced significant reductions in weight gain, feed efficiency, and size of testes, and significant increases in size of pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. Responses of castrate animals to DES were altered in the same direction as those of normal animals; all differences, except for thyroid, were significant. Castrate DES-treated animals exhibited smaller weight gain and feed efficiency, and less thyroid hypertrophy than normal DES-treated animals. Thyroxin overcame a significant portion of DES-induced thyroid hypertrophy; it significantly further depressed the feed efficiency of DES treatment alone. Thiouracil produced the expected thyroid enlargement, and significantly increased weight gain, feed efficiency, and size of pituitary and testes in DES-treated rats; it significantly reduced body length and adrenal size.

189. The effect of commercial sterilization on the nutritive value of milk. VI. Comparison of the total nutritive value of raw and commercially sterilized milks

1938 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Henry ◽  
E. W. Ikin ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Preceding Experiment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sterilized Milk

1. The effect of commercial sterilization on the total nutritive value of milk was studied in five separate experiments.2. In the first experiment raw and sterilized milks supplemented with minerals were given in equal amounts to pairs of litter-mate male rats. No differences were found in the growth performance of the rats, but the rats on sterilized milk consumed it more readily than their mates on raw milk. This difference was statistically significant.3. Rats getting limited but equal amounts of milk in addition to a basal diet which supplied only protein, energy and minerals grew better on raw than on sterilized milk.4. When the basal diet contained in addition 5% brewer's yeast and the milk intakes were the same as in the previous experiment no difference was found between the two groups.5. Rats receiving raw milk to which 15 g. of cane sugar was added per 100 ml. grew better than rats receiving equal quantities of similarly treated sterilized milk.6. Rats given raw milk containing 30 g. per 100 ml. of sugar grew as well as the rats on sterilized milk in the preceding experiment, but rats receiving similarly treated sterilized milk took much less milk than the raw milk rats, grew very poorly and some of them developed symptoms of beri-beri.7. The difference between raw and sterilized milk is discussed and it is concluded that in these experiments on the total nutritive value of milk vitamin B1 was the first limiting factor of sterilized milk.

scholarly journals Kidney Injury Caused by Preeclamptic Pregnancy Recovers Postpartum in a Transgenic Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3762
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Kedziora ◽  
Kristin Kräker ◽  
Lajos Markó ◽  
Julia Binder ◽  
Meryam Sugulle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Transgenic Rat ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Before And After

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by the onset of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and presence of proteinuria (>300 mg/L/24 h urine) or other maternal organ dysfunctions. During human PE, renal injuries have been observed. Some studies suggest that women with PE diagnosis have an increased risk to develop renal diseases later in life. However, in human studies PE as a single cause of this development cannot be investigated. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of PE on postpartum renal damage in an established transgenic PE rat model. Female rats harboring the human-angiotensinogen gene develop a preeclamptic phenotype after mating with male rats harboring the human-renin gene, but are normotensive before and after pregnancy. During pregnancy PE rats developed mild tubular and glomerular changes assessed by histologic analysis, increased gene expression of renal damage markers such as kidney injury marker 1 and connective-tissue growth factor, and albuminuria compared to female wild-type rats (WT). However, four weeks postpartum, most PE-related renal pathologies were absent, including albuminuria and elevated biomarker expression. Only mild enlargement of the glomerular tuft could be detected. Overall, the glomerular and tubular function were affected during pregnancy in the transgenic PE rat. However, almost all these pathologies observed during PE recovered postpartum.

scholarly journals Feed of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, (Regan, 1910) in open pond: live and formulated diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Sipaúba-Tavares ◽  
A. M. Appoloni ◽  
J. B. K. Fernandes ◽  
R. N. Millan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Betta Splendens ◽  
Live Food ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Open Pond ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Formulated Diet

Abstract The growth rate and percent survival of Betta splendens when submitted to formulated diet and live food treatments are evaluated. The three different diets were used and designated as: formulated diet (basal diet); live food diet (plankton) and mixed diet (formulated diet with plankton). The live food diet contained plankton belonging to an open pond. High mortality was reported with live food (plankton) treatment whereas higher percent survival occurred with formulated diet. Highest specific growth rate, weight gain and final weight were reported in the mixed diet treatment and were significantly different (p<0.01) from those in formulated diet and live food treatments. The gut contents of B. splendens in mixed diet and live food treatments comprised, Rotifera and Bacillariophyceae species in high percentages or rather, over 78% of total organisms. Lecane sp. was the most ingested zooplankton species by B. splendens in both treatments (mixed diet and live food), with the phytoplankton species Asterionella sp. and Melosira sp. respectively in mixed diet and in live food, respectively. Results indicated that the formulated diet influenced the water parameters dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and pH. The live food in the open pond was not enough to improve the growth rate and percent survival of B. splendens. The growth performance of B. splendens; had the best results with mixed diet which was capable of maintaining species’s survival (82%) and development in artificial conditions, benefiting the culture management of ornamental fish.

scholarly journals GRAIN SCREENINGS AS A DIETARY COMPONENT FOR PIGS AND SHEEP. II. ANIMAL UTILIZATION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. TAIT ◽  
R. M. BEAMES ◽  
J. LITSKY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Animal Utilization

The digestibility of four types of grain screenings, No. 1 screenings, rapeseed screenings, mixed feed oats and refuse screenings was measured with pigs, rats and sheep. For the pig diets, hammermilled screenings replaced 60% of a complete basal diet, with the exception of the rapeseed screenings, where replacement level was 10% (hammermilled) and 20% (whole). Digestibility values were determined by difference. In the rat diets screenings were incorporated to provide 1.5 g N 100 g−1 dry matter (DM) and the biological value (BV) of the protein was also measured. In the sheep diets, all screenings except rapeseed were provided as the sole dietary component, with the No. 1 feed screenings and the mixed feed oats pelleted without prior grinding and the other screenings ground before pelleting. For rapeseed screenings, incorporation in the sheep diets was at a level of 30%. For No. 1 screenings, apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen (ND) for pigs was 82.3 and 83.2%, respectively; BV for rats was 77.4%, while OMD and ND for sheep was 73.9 and 72.7%, respectively. For rapeseed screenings, OMD and ND for pigs for the hammermilled screenings were 46.1 and 50.7%, respectively, and for the whole screenings were 30.3 and 11.5%, respectively. Biological value (rats) was 80.0%, while for sheep OMD and ND it was 63.9 and 77.4%, respectively. For mixed feed oats, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 82.6%, respectively; BV (rats) was 61.1% and OMD and ND for sheep were 64.2 and 73.4%, respectively. For refuse screenings, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 65.4%, respectively; BV (rats) was 83.8%, while OMD and ND for sheep were 59.9 and 65.3%, respectively. Number 1 feed screenings are of a high nutritive value and are suitable as a grain for both pigs and sheep. Unprocessed rapeseed screenings are unpalatable for pigs with both dry matter and protein poorly utilized. With sheep, pelleted rapeseed screenings are readily accepted, and the nitrogen is well digested. If mixed feed oats are ground, protein is well digested by both species although dry matter digestibility is low. Refuse screenings appear to be suitable only for ruminant diets. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, oats, rapeseed, screenings

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ARTHROSPIRA SP. GROWTH ABILITY ON HEAVY METAL SALTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOME CELLULAR COMPONENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (34) ◽  
pp. 667-677
Author(s):  
Hiba Khaleel Saeed AL-SHAKARCHI ◽  
Yousef Jabbar AL-SHAHERY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Nickel Cadmium

rthrospira sp. is an aquatic and photosynthetic microorganism that is extensively employed as a food supplement due to its rich contents of nutrients, proteins, and carbohydrates. In this study, a local strain of cyanobacterium of the genus Arthrospira was isolated from the Iraqi soil, in the region of Mosul city, using the Chu’s Medium No. 10. The growth rate, as well as the effects on biomass and cellular component contents of proteins, carbohydrates, and chlorophyll of this strain, were evaluated on the molasses medium alone or supplemented with iron, copper, nickel, cadmium and cobalt salts after fifteen days of incubation. The results showed that the best growth rate (1.09 OD), the highest value of biomass (120.0 mg/l), proteins content (297.2 mg/l), chlorophyll content (14.9 mg/l) and carbohydrates content (400.0 mg/l) of Arthrospira sp. was achieved after fifteen days of incubation. Generally, it was observed that adding iron, copper, nickel, cadmium, and cobalt salts into the molasses medium increased the contents of biomass, proteins, and carbohydrates of Arthrospira sp.. It was noticed that the highest biomass concentration (1960 mg/l) was obtained when Arthrospira sp. grown on molasses medium supplemented with nickel. Also, none of the metal salts added to the molasses medium increased the protein content of Arthrospira sp.. Conversely, adding copper, nickel, and cobalt to the medium showed an adverse effect on the protein content. It was shown that adding iron metal salts into the molasses medium increased the carbohydrates and the chlorophyll contents of Arthrospira sp.. These results suggest that Arthrospira sp. can be utilized for the bioremediation of heavy metals pollution in the environment and industrial sites.

The effect of adding a feed flavour to the diets of young pigs before and after weaning

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH King
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Daily Growth Rate ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Before And After

Sixteen sows and their progeny were allotted to treatments in a 23 factorial experiment involving two levels of feed flavour (0 and 50 ppm of Firanor No. 24) in each of the sow, creep and starter diets. Weaning occurred at a mean piglet age of 26.9 days and observations continued for 31 days after weaning. The feed flavour, when added to the sow diet, was incorporated in sow's milk; milk from one sow fed the flavoured diet contained 9 ppm of Firanor No. 24. The addition of the feed flavour to the creep diet failed to improve creep feed consumption or weaning weight; the average daily creep feed intake and daily growth rate prior to weaning being 47.8 g/head and 207 g/head, respectively. During the postweaning period, pigs that were weaned from sows receiving the flavour and then given the flavoured starter diet ate more feed (P<0.05) and tended to grow faster (839 and 400 g day-1, respectively) than pigs given the unflavoured starter diet, or those weaned from sows given no flavour; their average feed intake and growth rate being 764 and 362 g day-1, respectively.

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