Impact force as a possible cause of mechanical transfer of bacteria to the interior of the cow's teat

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Thiel ◽  
Carol L. Thomas ◽  
D. R. Westgarth ◽  
B. Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Impact Force ◽  
Bacterial Endotoxin ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Positive Results

SummaryUsing bacterial endotoxin as a tracer material, it has been shown that a jet of liquid impinging on the end of the teat for 1 min after milk flow had ceased during machine milking could force material past the barrier of the streak canal. Positive results were obtained when the maximum pressure at the centre of the impact area was about 0·25 bar, with a considerably higher frequency of positives at 0·3–0·5 bar. It seems possible that such impact pressures might occur during milking and cause transfer of infective material to the teat sinus. Impact force could arise when milk returned to the teatcup liner as the result of local or general conditions of instability in the milking machine vacuum.

scholarly journals Interruption of machine milking in dairy cows: effects on intramammary pressure and milking characteristics

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Pfeilsticker ◽  
Rupert M. Bruckmaier ◽  
Jürg W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Ejection Rate ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Milking Machine

SUMMARYExperiments were designed to test the hypothesis that milk ejection rate decreases during milking, thereby causing insufficient refill of the cistern and decreasing milk flow rate towards the end of milking. In a first series of experiments machine milking of the left front quarters of 11 cows was interrupted for 2 min after removal of 25, 50 or 75% of expected total milk yield, while milking was continued in the other three quarters. Milk flow was recorded during machine-on times. Intramammary pressure (IMP) was recorded during premilking teat stimulation and during interruption of milking. IMP during interruption of milking decreased with decreasing amounts of milk remaining in the udder. The IMP did not change during these interruptions when they occurred after 25 and 50% of expected total milk yield was removed. Thus, the ejection rate could keep up with the milk flow or removal rate. However, IMP increased during interruption of milking following removal of 75% of total yield, although significantly so only in cows with a high milk flow rate. Obviously, more milk was removed than was transported to the cisternal cavity. It is likely that a reduced ejection rate caused the decreased milk flow rate. In a second series of experiments the pulsation ratio of the milking machine was changed from the usual 70:30 to 50:50 with the aim of reducing the milk flow rate and thus adapting to the ejection rate at the end of milking. The changed pulsation ratio caused a reduced peak flow rate and a prolonged high milk flow period, whereas the main flow rate did not change significantly.

The influence of the milk ejection reflex on the flow rate during the milking of ewes

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Labussière ◽  
J. Martinet ◽  
R. Denamur
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

SummaryIn order to obtain more information on the importance of the milk ejection reflex in the lactation of normal ewes, experiments were conducted to determine whether the neuroendocrine reflex is able to modify the parameters which characterize the flow rate of the milk under normal milking conditions.Ewes were allowed to suckle their lambs freely during the 3 days following parturition. They were then milked with a machine and the individual milk production was measured volumetrically at each milking. Different fractions obtained during milking (‘machine milk’, ‘machine strippings’ and ‘hand strippings’), and the milk flow, were measured using a sensitive recording system. In further experiments, machine milking was performed after intravenous administration of oxytocin, during general anaesthesia, and after unilateral or bilateral denervation of the mammary gland.The ewes fell into 2 categories: those giving most of their milk in 1 rapid emission, and those giving it in 2 quite separate emissions. The results indicated that the second emission found in some of the ewes was the milk emptied from the acini by the neuroendocrine ejection reflex. Disappearance of the second emission resulted from the administration of oxytocin before milking—which induces passage of the milk from the acini into the mammary cistern—and also from general anaesthesia or denervation of the mammary gland.

Pressure in the teat cistern and the mouth of the calf during suckling

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORTEN D. RASMUSSEN ◽  
MICHAEL MAYNTZ
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Mouth Cavity ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Teat Canal

The principles of today's machine milking techniques have developed since the early 1900s. The original intention to imitate the sucking action of the calf had to be abandoned owing to technical difficulties. Further developments were made on a largely empirical basis and milking technique became a specific complex of tasks, problems and solutions. Consequently, the sucking of the calf was rejected as a model for machine milking. The sucking behaviour and the application of vacuum and/or pressure by the sucking mammalian offspring have been adapted through evolution. Any eventual changes due to ‘recent’ breeding and development of the milking machine remain marginal compared with evolutionary changes.Since the cineradiographic techniques used by Ardran et al. (1957, 1958) it was believed that sucking calves use mainly pressure to transfer a squirt of milk from the proximally closed teat cistern and through the teat canal. The calf creates the pressure by compressing the teat between the tongue and the hard palate from the base of the teat towards the teat end. Cowie (1977) summarized these results as follows: ‘Sucking, that is the production of vacuum within the mouth cavity, is not an essential feature in suckling, although it aids the process. … The act of suckling is thus analogous to hand milking …’. These conclusions were based on visually analysed recordings. McDonald & Witzel (1966) measured pressure in teat cisterns and vacuum at the teat end simultaneously during suckling. Average maximum pressure in the teat cistern was 36·6 kPa and vacuum at the end of the teat averaged −34·6 kPa. These authors concluded that the average differential pressure across the teat canal was 71 kPa. However, this method of calculation gives only the maximal pressure difference and not the average pressure applied by the calf. They noted that vacuum in the teat cistern occurred during the resting phase of a suckling cycle. The calf's sucking technique for single teats during a meal has been analysed (Mayntz, 1996). Further details of pressure and/or vacuum application during suckling at a specific teat remain unknown.The objective of the present study was to extend the current knowledge about milk extraction by sucking calves through continuous and simultaneous measurements of positive and negative pressure in the teat cistern and in the mouth cavity.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF SOME STRUCTURAL-TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MILKING MACHINEWITH DRIVING DRIVING MODE

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Ihor Babyn ◽  
Anatoliy Hrytsun
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact

An analysis of the technical solutions of milking machines with controlled vacuum mode and theoretical studies of the operation of the milking machine actuator, which allows to reduce the vacuum load on the udder and the impact on the sphincter of the cervix and prevent "idle" milking in high vacuum in the machine process. The completeness of milking cows and reducing the incidence of their mastitis depends to some extent on the operation of milking equipment. Performance indicators of the technological process of serial milking equipment do not always fully comply with the current zootechnical requirements. During their work at the beginning and at the end of the milking of the animal there may be a process of "idle" milking at high vacuum, which often leads to the disease of animals with mastitis and subsequent culling. Along with the increase in milk production, quality is becoming extremely important. The analysis of the known technical solutions of milking machines with a controlled mode of milking shows that the domestic and foreign industry do not produce milking machines with a controlled mode of milking, which fully correspond to the physiology of animals. In our opinion, the most effective one is to consider a milking machine with a low-inertial milk flow sensor, which controls the vacuum mode, both in poddyah and interstitial chambers of milking glasses. Conducted theoretical studies of the working process of machine milking allowed to systematize the engineering calculation method of milking machine with a controlled mode of operation and to determine the optimal design parameters of the actuators. The analytical expressions obtained characterize the influence of their parameters and mode of operation on the dynamics of milk production during machine milking of cows.

Method of high frequency therapy at cows' mastitis during machine milking

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Viktor E. Lyubimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Ultrahigh Frequency ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
High Frequency Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Health of dairy cows ensures human health, so it is important that dairy products do not contain antibiotics that are used to treat any inflammation, including mastitis. In Russia at present, the problem of mastitis in cows exists with both attached and loose housing of cows. Mastitis of dairy cows are the great problem in milking husbandry. Losses from mastitis in milk yield can reach 15-20%. The main reasons for the occurrence of nonspecific mastitis of cows are the shortcomings of the working components of the milking machine: the degree of deterioration of the nipple rubber and the violation of machine milking technology (the reduction in pre-milking time and vacuum fluctuations account for 70% of all causes). Treatment of mastitis with antibiotics is effective, but not environmentally friendly and unacceptable. For the treatment of inflammation of the udder, it is necessary to use more environmentally friendly methods of treatment, one of which is the exposure to ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field tested by medicine. Use of three types of medical-mobile milking machines with the same method of exposure to ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic fields on cow's nipples through electrodes in milking cups: LPDA-1-UHF, LPDA-2-UHF and LPDA-UHF-30 M, is described in the article. Author proved that cows with subclinical forms of mastitis recovered faster during milking with exposure to the ultrahigh frequency than when treated by antibiotics, and milking with the ultrahigh frequency device helps to recover 82% of the affected quarters with clinical forms and 100% of cows with subclinical forms of mastitis or with udder irritation. The high efficiency of the method of exposure to electromagnetic fields of the ultrahigh frequency during machine milking by means of medical-mobile milking machines LPDA-UHF for the prevention and treatment of mastitis of cows was shown.

Some thought on the Estimating of the Impact Force by an Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Yong-Doo Kim ◽  
Seung-Jae Lim ◽  
Hyun-Ung Bae ◽  
Kyoung-Ju Kim ◽  
Chin-Ok Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Force ◽  
The Impact

The Effect of Internal Corporate Social Responsibility on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study on Jordanian Pharmaceutical Companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Sura Altheeb ◽  
Kholoud Sudqi Al-Louzi
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Skills Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Results

The current research investigates the impact of internal corporate social responsibility on job satisfaction in Jordanian pharmaceutical companies. Quantitative research design and regression analysis were applied on a total of 302 valid returns that were obtained in a questionnaire based survey from 14 pharmaceutical companies among employees, supervisors and managers. The results showed that internal corporate social responsibility was significantly related to job satisfaction and three of its dimensions, namely working conditions, work life balance and empowerment contributed significantly to job satisfaction, whereas employment stability and skills development had no contribution. This study implies that Jordanian pharmaceutical companies have to try their best to promote and facilitate internal corporate social responsibility among their employees in an effort to improve their job satisfaction, which will eventually yield positive results for the company as a whole. In light of these results, the research presented many recommendations for future research; the most important ones were the application of this study in other sectors, cultures, and countries, and using of multi method for collecting data.

Method and results of experimental researches of modes of work of the adaptive milking equipment on the basis of the portion meter of the weight type

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
I. A. Afanasiev ◽  
V. V. Tkach
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Experimental Researches

Annotation Purpose. Improving the efficiency of machine milking due to the improvement of milking equipment on the basis of the portion meter of the weight type. Methods. Studies have been conducted on the basis of the planned experiment. The data obtained were processed using the methods of regression analysis. Results. The technique of laboratory researches is developed, a prototype of a membrane regulator of vacuum is made and experimental researches of operating modes of the adaptive milking equipment on the basis of the portion meter of the weight type. According to the results of the research, the dependence between the parameters and the mode of operation of the membrane vacuum regulator was obtained. Conclusions. The dependence is obtained, between the vacuum pressure in the milk collection chamber of the collector, milk expense, the diameters of the milk pipe and the diameters of a throttle opening. The limit values of the intensity of milk output (0.2 m3/s) at which there is a critical drop in the working vacuum pressure in the milk collection chamber of the collector and the corresponding choke parameters (diameter of the throttle opening 0,001 m) are defined. This eliminates this negative phenomenon. Keywords: adaptive milking equipment, milking machine, machine milking, milk expense.

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