Detection of cow milk in donkey milk by chemometric procedures on triacylglycerol stereospecific analysis results

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Cossignani ◽  
Francesca Blasi ◽  
Ancilla Bosi ◽  
Gilda D'Arco ◽  
Silvia Maurelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Distribution ◽  
Stereospecific Analysis ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Composition ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Pure Milk

Stereospecific analysis is an important tool for the characterization of lipid fraction of food matrices, and also of milk samples. The results of a chemical-enzymatic-chromatographic analytical method were elaborated by chemometric procedures such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and artificial neural network (ANN). According to the total composition and intrapositional fatty acid distribution in the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone, the obtained results were able to characterize pure milk samples and milk mixtures with 1, 3, 5% cow milk added to donkey milk. The resulting score was very satisfactory. Totally correct classified samples were obtained when the TAG stereospecific results of all the considered milk mixtures (donkey-cow) were elaborated by LDA and ANN chemometric procedures.

Triacylglycerol stereospecific analysis and linear discriminant analysis for milk speciation

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Blasi ◽  
Germana Lombardi ◽  
Pietro Damiani ◽  
Maria Stella Simonetti ◽  
Laura Giua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Stereospecific Analysis ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Product Authenticity ◽  
Pure Milk

Product authenticity is an important topic in dairy sector. Dairy products sold for public consumption must be accurately labelled in accordance with the contained milk species. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), a common chemometric procedure, has been applied to fatty acid% composition to classify pure milk samples (cow, ewe, buffalo, donkey, goat). All original grouped cases were correctly classified, while 90% of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. Another objective of this research was the characterisation of cow-ewe milk mixtures in order to reveal a common fraud in dairy field, that is the addition of cow to ewe milk. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG), a method based on chemical–enzymatic procedures coupled with chromatographic techniques, has been carried out to detect fraudulent milk additions, in particular 1, 3, 5% cow milk added to ewe milk. When only TAG composition data were used for the elaboration, 75% of original grouped cases were correctly classified, while totally correct classified samples were obtained when both total and intrapositional TAG data were used. Also the results of cross validation were better when TAG stereospecific analysis data were considered as LDA variables. In particular, 100% of cross-validated grouped cases were obtained when 5% cow milk mixtures were considered.

Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis to the Differentiation of Pure Milk from Different Species and Mixtures

1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1382-1385
Author(s):  
Johanna Smeyers-Verbeke ◽  
Désiré L Massart ◽  
Danny Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Good Discrimination ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Chromatographic Data ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Pure Milk ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Discriminant analysis is used to identify different milk samples on the basis of the gas chromatographic data for fatty acids in 20 samples each of milk fat from cows, sheep, and goats. The method can differentiate mixtures and pure milks with a high degree of correct classifications. A good discrimination can also be obtained by using a reduced set of variables. The method is useful for the interpretation of gas chromatographic data and should allow a higher proportion of correct classifications than is possible by visual inspection of the chromatograms.

scholarly journals Authentication ofCoffea arabicaaccording to Triacylglycerol Stereospecific Composition

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cossignani ◽  
D. Montesano ◽  
M. S. Simonetti ◽  
F. Blasi
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Stereospecific Analysis ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
Roasted Coffee Beans

Stereospecific analysis is an important tool for the characterization of lipid fraction of food products. In the present research, an approach to characterizearabicaandrobustavarieties by structural analysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction is reported. The lipids were Soxhlet extracted from ground roasted coffee beans with petroleum ether, and the fatty acids (FA) were determined as their corresponding methyl esters. The results of a chemical-enzymatic-chromatographic method were elaborated by a chemometric procedure, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). According to the total and intrapositional FA composition of TAG fraction, the obtained results were able to characterize roasted pure coffee samples and coffee mixtures with 10%robustacoffee added toarabicacoffee. Totally correct classified samples were obtained when the TAG stereospecific results of the considered coffee mixture (90 : 10arabica/robusta) were elaborated by LDA procedure.

scholarly journals Multi-elemental composition of Slovenian milk: analytical approach and geographical origin determination

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Potocnik ◽  
Marijan Necemer ◽  
Darja Mazej ◽  
Radojko Jacimovic ◽  
Nives Ogrinc
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Prediction Ability ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Geographical Regions

The main objective in multi-elemental analysis in food is to obtain the best results in the shortest time and with minimal contamination and reagent consumption. Three different methods were investigated in the present study to obtain the elemental content in milk samples: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), k<sub>0</sub>-instrumental nuclear activation analysis (k<sub>0</sub>-INAA) and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Quality assurance including intercomparison exercises of these measurements proved entirely satisfactory and was typical of that previously established for this technique. It was found that EDXRF was the cheapest, simplest and environmental friendly method for analysis of multi-elemental composition (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr) in milk samples, while for determination of Mn, Fe, Cu, Se content and possible identification of pollutants such as As, Cd and Pb ICP-MS was a method of choice due to its excellent sensitivity and accuracy. These two methods were also used to determine the multi-elemental composition in Slovenian raw cow milk from different geographical regions: Alpine, Mediterranean. Dinaric and Panoninan in December 2013. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to explore multi-elemental analysis of milk samples to obtain classification according to geographical regions. Regional discrimination was most successful taking into account Ca, S, P, K, and Cl with prediction ability of 66.7%.

scholarly journals Modification of Lipid Profile in Commercial Cow Milk Samples before and after Their Expiration Date: Evaluation of Storage Crucial Parameters and Possible Environmentally Friendly Disposal Alternatives

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Sommella ◽  
Manuela Giovanna Basilicata ◽  
Gian Carlo Tenore ◽  
Michele Manfra ◽  
Raffaella Mastrocinque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Expiration Date ◽  
Expiry Date ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Before And After

Milk waste is considered a highly polluting material and its disposal is an economic and environmental problem for the dairy sector. Despite this, it can be turned into a source of nutraceutical products and biodiesel substrate. The objective of this study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative variation of single fatty acids in cow milk samples before expiration date and within 28 days after expiration date in order to monitor how the profile of the lipid fraction is influenced by different physicochemical parameters. It was shown that lipolysis in milk is a process independent of time but dependent on the values of pH and total titratable acidity, while crucial parameters for the lipid oxidation are temperature and time of exposure to atmospheric oxygen. All of these factors are at the basis of the efficacy of milk storage conditions. Moreover, our data demonstrate that milk, several weeks after its expiry date, is a rich source of fatty acids that may be recovered as potential substrates for the formulation of economically viable products and eco-friendly diesel-like fuels.

Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Milk of Cow Grazing At Selected Areas, of Kaduna Metropolis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmud Mohammed Imam ◽  
Zahra Muhammad ◽  
Amina Zakari
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Digestion Technique

In this research work the concentration of zinc, copper, lead, chromium, cadmium, and nickel in cow milk samples obtained from four different grazing areas   (kakuri, kudendan, malali, kawo) of Kaduna metropolis. The samples were digested by wet digestion technique .The trace element were determined using bulk scientific model VPG 210 model  Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).. The concentration of the determined heavy metal were The result revealed that Cr,  Ni and Cd were not detected in milk samples from Kawo, Malali  and Kudendan whereas lead (Pb) is detected in all samples and found to be above  the stipulated limits of recommended dietary allowance (NRC,1989) given as 0.02mg/day. Cu and Zn are essential elements needed by the body for proper metabolism and as such their deficiency or excess is very dangerous for human health. However, they were found in all samples and are within the recommended limits while Cd (2.13 – 3.15 mg/kg) in milk samples from Kakuri was found to be above such limit (0.5mg/day). Cow milk samples analyzed for heavy metals in this research work pose a threat of lead and cadmium toxicity due to their exposure to direct sources of air, water and plants in these grazing areas, thereby, resulting to a potential health risk to the consumers.

scholarly journals Vitamins in Human and Donkey Milk: Functional and Nutritional Role

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Silvia Vincenzetti ◽  
Giuseppe Santini ◽  
Valeria Polzonetti ◽  
Stefania Pucciarelli ◽  
Yulia Klimanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Vitamin Status ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Background: Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit regular the growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows’ milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. Milk vitamin content is highly variable among mammalian species and it is strictly correlated with the vitamin status and the diet administered to the mother. Fat-soluble vitamins content in donkey milk is, on average, lower compared to ruminants’ milk, while vitamin C content determined in donkey milk is higher compared to dairy cows’ milk, showing a great similarity with human milk. In donkey milk, the content of vitamins of the B-complex such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and folic acid is higher compared to human milk. The use of donkey milk as a new functional food must be further evaluated in interdisciplinary clinical trials in which pediatricians, dietitians, and food scientists must be involved to deepen the knowledge about the positive health impact of donkey milk in different sensitive people, especially children and the elderly.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Mina Martini ◽  
Iolanda Altomonte ◽  
Domenico Tricò ◽  
Riccardo Lapenta ◽  
Federica Salari
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
High Concentration

The increase of knowledge on the composition of donkey milk has revealed marked similarities to human milk, which led to a growing number of investigations focused on testing the potential effects of donkey milk in vitro and in vivo. This paper examines the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of donkey milk on human health. Most clinical studies report a tolerability of donkey milk in 82.6–98.5% of infants with cow milk protein allergies. The average protein content of donkey milk is about 18 g/L. Caseins, which are main allergenic components of milk, are less represented compared to cow milk (56% of the total protein in donkey vs. 80% in cow milk). Donkey milk is well accepted by children due to its high concentration of lactose (about 60 g/L). Immunomodulatory properties have been reported in one study in humans and in several animal models. Donkey milk also seems to modulate the intestinal microbiota, enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxifying enzymes activities, reduce hyperglycemia and normalize dyslipidemia. Donkey milk has lower calorie and fat content compared with other milks used in human nutrition (fat ranges from 0.20% to 1.7%) and a more favourable fatty acid profile, being low in saturated fatty acids (3.02 g/L) and high in alpha-linolenic acid (about 7.25 g/100 g of fat). Until now, the beneficial properties of donkey milk have been mostly related to whey proteins, among which β-lactoglobulin is the most represented (6.06 g/L), followed by α-lactalbumin (about 2 g/L) and lysozyme (1.07 g/L). So far, the health functionality of donkey milk has been tested almost exclusively on animal models. Furthermore, in vitro studies have described inhibitory action against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. From the literature review emerges the need for new randomized clinical trials on humans to provide stronger evidence of the potential beneficial health effects of donkey milk, which could lead to new applications as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, malnutrition, and aging.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

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