Current Directions in Economic History

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert William Fogel
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Program Committee ◽  
Free Blacks ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family And Household ◽  
Or Methodology ◽  
Topic Time

The Program Committee prepared for the thirty-first Annual Meeting of the Economic History Association in a somewhat unorthodox way. In recent years it has been the custom first to choose a central theme for the conference, and then to solicit only those papers which amplify the theme. This year the program committee decided to forego the attempt to produce a unified set of essays. Instead we wrote to approximately 250 members of the Association and other scholars in the United States and abroad, inviting suggestions for papers without preconditions as to topic, time period, or methodology. Over 150 papers were proposed, from which the committee chose 15. All but one of these are published here. Herbert Gutman's, “Marriage Licenses and Registers Among Freed Men and Women, 1865–1866: New Light on the Family and Household Conditions of Slaves and Free Blacks,” will be published at a later date.

A Possession of One's Own: Women and Consumer Behavior in England, 1660–1740

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Weatherill
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Family And Household ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Material Values

Hall Men are born free, how is it that all Women are born slaves? As they must be if the being subjected to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary Will of Men, be the Perfect Condition of Slavery? [Mary Astell, Reflections upon Marriage (London, 1700), p. 66]The wife ought to be subject to the husband in all things. [Hannah Woolley, The Gentlewoman's Companion or a GUIDE to the Female sex (London, 1675), p. 104]IDid men and women have different cultural and material values in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries? We know very little in detail about the activities of people within their homes and especially about their attitudes to the material goods that they used and that surrounded them. Virginia Woolf's complaint that she had no model to “turn about this way and that” in exploring the role of women in fiction applies equally to women's behavior as consumers, for we still do not know, as she put it, “what, in short, they did from eight in the morning till eight at night.” Did their particular roles within the household result in different material values, just as their biological and economic roles were different? We do know that power was unequally distributed within the household, although we can also demonstrate cooperation and affection between family members. We take it that the household was, in some sense, the woman's domain, but very often we cannot explore what this meant in practice. In short, was being “subjected to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary Will of Men” reflected in women's cultural values and tastes?These are broad questions that are not easily answered, either in theory or by observation, especially as it is not easy to identify the behavior of women as distinct from that of the family and household, but they are questions worth asking to see if there are signs of behavior different enough to warrant the view that there was a subculture in which women had the chance to express themselves and their views of the world separately, especially as the daily routines of their lives were different.

scholarly journals DISPARITAS USIA MINIMAL PERKAWINAN DALAM KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI BATAS MAṢLAḤAH SA’ĪD RAMAḌĀN AL-BŪṬI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Ahmad Arif Masdar Hilmy
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family And Household ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Age Limit ◽  
Social Balance ◽  
Age Limits ◽  
Insight Into

This research is a document research that discussed and analyzed about the disparity in the minimum age limit of marriage in Article 15 of the Indonesian Islamic Law by using the theory of maṣlaḥah Sa'īd Ramaḍn al-Būṭi. This research became urgent in order to increase khazanah of science which is progressive and also opened insight into the opportunities for new thoughts, regarding the absence of rules in the disparity of minimum age limits of marriage for men and women in Islamic law. The data of this study were collected through the documentation method. After that, the reading was done on the text (text reading) and then the texts were analyzed. The result showed that the disparity in the minimum age limit of marriage in Article 15 KHI was based on consideration of the benefit of the family and household. The conclusion of the author's brief research was that the substance contained in Article 15 of the KHI concerning about the disparity in the minimum age limit of marriage for men and women included the benefits of parenting (mental, spiritual, financial and physical), social balance, and responsibility of marriage. The disparity in the minimum age limit of marriage in Article 15 of the KHI was a benefit if it was reviewed by using the theory maṣlaḥah from Sa'īd Ramaḍān al-Būṭi, because it had fulfilled five conditions, which were maslaḥah must be within the scope of the Shari'ah objectives, does not contradict to The Qur'an, does not contradict with the Sunnah, does not contradict with Qiyas, and does not contradict with the more urgent maṣlaḥah.

Okin on Justice, Gender, and Family

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
System Of Inequalities ◽  
Domestic Practices ◽  
Equal Sharing

Susan Okin has written an important book on justice and the family. Animated by the experiences that contemporary feminism has sought to articulate, and guided by a principled hostility to the subordination of women that continues to disgrace American life, she argues that the current ordering of domestic life in the United States is unjust and that its alteration ought to be made a matter of public policy.Families, according to Okin, are not havens in an otherwise heartless world. Instead the current division of domestic labor marks them as the centerpiece of a broader system of inequalities between men and women. Justice condemns those inequalities and commands their remedy through the transformation of our domestic practices. Because the division of domestic labor is so fundamental to injustice, we need in particular to ‘encourage and facilitate’ (171) equal sharing by parents in the responsibilities of child-rearing, and in the more quotidian chores that provide the material foundation of modern domesticity.

The Evolution of Women’s (and Men’s) Partisan Attachments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Ondercin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nineteenth Amendment ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines how women’s and men’s attachments with the two major political parties in the United States have evolved since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. The chapter contends that over time gender has become increasingly important in influencing both men’s and women’s partisan attachments. Along with identifying the similarities and differences between men and women in partisan attachments, this chapter examines the unity and disunity of women’s partisan attachments, drawing on historical analyses to understand men’s and women’s partisanship attachments immediately after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment when systematic quantitative data are unavailable. The text then explores the partisan attachments of men and women between 1950 and 2012 using an extensive collection of Gallup surveys from this time period. Differences based on generation, education, race, and region are also examined.

Clyde Warrior, 1939–1968

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Hale
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Older Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Poor People's Campaign ◽  
Organizational Leader ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
Older Men And Women

To identify Clyde Warrior as an intellectual subverts prevailing notions of intellectualism. We often think of intellectuals as older men and women whose major contributions are revealed late in life, once the passions of youth have been tempered by experience. Warrior was not this. People frequently imagine intellectuals as existing in isolation, insulated from the demands of regular folk. Warrior was not this either. He was a Ponca, born on the reservation and raised with the influence of his grandparents and community. He was also a renowned singer and powwow fancy dancer, as well as a college student, an organizational leader, a husband, and father of two daughters. Warrior’s political consciousness grew out of the deep connections he maintained to his rural Ponca roots, but he took care to educate himself about the problems affecting Native Americans across the United States as well as colonized peoples globally. As an Oklahoman, he was attuned to race relations in the South and empathized with the struggles of Africans and African Americans. His approach to indigenous political struggles was shaped and informed, for example, by his early and active participation with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign.

A Database for Counterfeit Electronics and Automatic Defect Detection Based on Image Processing and Machine Learning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Asadizanjani ◽  
Sachin Gattigowda ◽  
Mark Tehranipoor ◽  
Domenic Forte ◽  
Nathan Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Web Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Physical Defects

Abstract Counterfeiting is an increasing concern for businesses and governments as greater numbers of counterfeit integrated circuits (IC) infiltrate the global market. There is an ongoing effort in experimental and national labs inside the United States to detect and prevent such counterfeits in the most efficient time period. However, there is still a missing piece to automatically detect and properly keep record of detected counterfeit ICs. Here, we introduce a web application database that allows users to share previous examples of counterfeits through an online database and to obtain statistics regarding the prevalence of known defects. We also investigate automated techniques based on image processing and machine learning to detect different physical defects and to determine whether or not an IC is counterfeit.

Pricing Initial Audit Engagements: A Test of Competing Theories

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen T. Craswell ◽  
Jere R. Francis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Audit Pricing ◽  
Experience Goods ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Time Period

Two competing theories of initial engagement audit pricing are examined empirically. DeAngelo's (1981a) model predicts initial engagement discounts in all settings, while Dye's (1991) model specifically predicts discounting will not occur in settings where audit fees are publicly disclosed. Unlike the United States and most countries, audit fees are publicly disclosed in Australia. Our study examines initial engagement pricing in Australia during a time period when comparable U.S. studies report discounts of 25 percent (Ettredge and Greenberg 1990; Simon and Francis 1988). The Australian evidence finds initial engagement discounting only for upgrades from non-Big 8 to Big 8 auditors. Discounting for upgrades to Big 8 auditors is consistent with economic theories of discount pricing by sellers of higher-priced, higher-quality experience goods as an inducement to purchase when uncertainty about product quality is resolved through buying (experiencing) the goods. The evidence in our study is generally consistent with Dye's (1991) conclusion that public disclosure of audit fees precludes initial engagement discounting and the potential independence problems arising from such discounting.

Breaking Free

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Male Homosexuality ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
The Family

In the mid- to late 1950s, Pamela emerged as a critically acclaimed novelist, particularly after the family returned to London. In perhaps her best-known novel, The Unspeakable Skipton, she explores the life of a paranoid writer who sponges on English visitors to Bruges. The novel was hailed for its wit and sensitive depiction of the life of a writer. She also published a fine study of a London vicar martyred in marriage to a vain and selfish wife: The Humbler Creation is remarkable for its incisive and empathetic depiction of male despair. The Last Resort sealed her distinction as a brilliant novelist of domestic life in its frank depiction of male homosexuality. While continuing to publish fiction, Pamela maintained her reputation as a deft reviewer. In 1954, she and Charles travelled to the United States—the first of many trips that were to follow.

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