scholarly journals XXVI. The part played by insects in the epidemiology of plague

1908 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Verjbitski
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Healthy Animal ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Local Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Short Time

(1) All fleas and bugs which have sucked the blood of animals dying from plague contain plague1 microbes.(2) Fleas and bugs which have sucked the blood of animals which are suffering from plague only contain plague microbes when the bites have been inflicted from 12 to 26 hours before the death of the animals, that is, during that period of their illness when their blood contains plague bacilli.(3) The vitality and virulence of the plague microbes are preserved in these insects.(4) Plague bacilli may be found in fleas from four to six days after they have sucked the blood of an animal dying with plague. In bugs, not previously starved or starved only for a short time (one to seven days), the plague microbes disappear on the third day; in those that have been starved for 4 to 4½ months, after eight or nine days.(5) The numbers of plague microbes in the infected fleas and bugs increase during the first few days.(6) The faeces of infected fleas and bugs contain virulent plague microbes as long as they persist in the alimentary canal of these insects.(7) Animals could not be infected by the bites of fleas and bugs which had been infected by animals whose own infection had been occasioned by a culture of small virulence, notwithstanding the fact that the insects may be found to contain abundant plague microbes.(8) Fleas and bugs that have fed upon animals which have been infected by cultures of high virulence convey infection by means of bites, and the more certainly so the more virulent the culture with which the first animal was inoculated.(9) The local inflammatory reaction in animals which have died from plague occasioned by the bites of infected insects is either very slight or absent. In the latter case it is only by the situation of the primary bubo that one can approximately identify the area through which the plague infection entered the organism.(10) Infected fleas communicate the disease to healthy animals for three days after infection. Infected bugs have the power of doing so for five days.(11) It was not found possible for more than two animals to be infected by the bites of the same bugs.(12) The crushing of infected bugs in situ during the process of biting, occasioned in the majority of cases the infection of the healthy animal with plague.(13) The injury to the skin occasioned by the bite of bugs or fleas offers a channel through which plague microbes can easily enter the body and occasion death from plague.(14) Crushed infected bugs and fleas and their faeces, like other plague material, can infect through the small punctures of the skin caused by the bites of bugs and fleas, but only for a short time after the infliction of these bites.(15) In the case of linen and other fabrics soiled by crushing infected fleas and bugs on them, or by the faeces of these insects, the plague microbes can under favourable conditions remain alive and virulent during more than five months.(16) Chemical disinfectants do not in the ordinary course of application kill plague microbes in infected fleas and bugs.(17) The rat flea Typhlopsylla musculi does not bite human beings.(18) Human fleas do bite rats.(19) Fleas found on dogs and cats bite both human beings and rats.(20) Human fleas and fleas found on cats and dogs can live on rats as casual parasites, and therefore can under certain conditions play a part in the transmission of plague from rats to human beings, and vice versa.

scholarly journals INFLAMMATORY-DESTRUCTIVE PROCESS IN PERIODONTIUM WHILE MODELLING HYPО- AND HYPERREACTIVITY OF THE ORGANISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Yarov
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pi Index ◽  
Destructive Process ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
Purebred Dogs

The issues of clarifying the key mechanisms of development and course of generalized periodontitis in different conditions of reactivity of the organism remain relevant. The aim of the research is study of the peculiarities of course of the inflammatory-destructive process in the periodontium according to the dynamics of clinical and paraclinical indicators depending on the state of reactivity of the body in the conditions of modeling hyper- and hyporeaction. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 24 adult not purebred dogs weighing 8-12 kg. The animals were divided into three equal groups. In the first group, drugs that disrupt the reactivity of the organism were not used (normoreactivity of the organism). In the second group drugs simulated the state of hyperreactivity, and in the third they provoked the condition of the hyporeactivity of the organism. The condition of periodontal tissues was assessed initially, on the 14th and 28th day of observation of clinical and paraclinical parameters (creviculars liquor, PMA indices, PI Russell, GI Fedorov-Volodkina, Kulazhenko's test). Results. On the 14th day of modelling the states of hyper- and hyporeactivity of the organism a number of differences in the nature of inflammation in periodontal tissues were revealed in animals of different groups. Control of the amount of creviculars liquor increased in 1,1 times, PMA indices, PI Russell, GI Fedorov-Volodkina, Kulazhenko's test, respectively, in 1,12; 1,19; 1,33 and 1,29 times (p <0,05). On the 28th day of the experiment, significant differences in the intensity of the destructive process in animals with unchanged and changed reactivity of the organism attracted attention. Thus, in cases of normoreactivity the depth of periodontal pockets reached 3 mm, the mobility of the teeth was I degree, with the changed - the depth of periodontal pockets was 5-6 mm, the mobility of the teeth was II-III degree. The amount of creviculars liquor, reflecting the intensity of the inflammatory reaction, increased compared with the 14th day, 1,3 times (p <0,05); PMA index, which characterizes the prevalence of gingivitis, and the Kulazhenko test probably did not change (p> 0,05); Russell's PI index, which indicates a pronounced intensity of inflammatory-destructive periodontal lesions, increased 2,05 times (р <0,05). Conclusions. Thus, in cases of normoreactivity of organism the inflammatory-destructive process in periodontium has moderate nature; when modelling the hyper- and hyporeactivity of the organism it acquires the character of “rapidly progressing periodontitis”. Therefore, it is necessary to continue studying the question of explaining the mechanism of different clinical course of the inflammatory-destructive process with changed and unchanged reactivity of the organism.

A new species, key and further redefinition of Nesolinoceras Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
FERNANDA A. SUPELETO ◽  
ALEXANDRE P. AGUIAR ◽  
BERNARDO F. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Stability ◽  
A New Species

A new species of Nesolinoceras Ashmead from the Dominican Republic is described and illustrated. A key to the species and a revised and expanded distribution map is presented. This is the third species recognized for the genus, and the first one confirmed to occur in high altitude (1100 m). When compared with the previously known species, a number of unique and shared features emerged, supporting a redefinition of the genus beyond that of Santos (2016): (1) the known inter-specific variability of 48% of the examined characters increased considerably, confirming their diagnostic value at the species-level, and (2) the stability of six features support them as additionally diagnostic for the genus: 22–23 flagellomeres; mesoscutum subcircular, as long as wide; scuto-scutellar carina absent, axillary trough shallow, indistinct on scutellum; subalar ridge wide, somewhat ovoid, not keeled; crossvein 1cu-a arising basad of vein 1M+Cu by about 0.3 its length; and vein 2-M only slightly longer than vein 3-M. Furthermore, two important measurements for the diagnosis of Nesolinoceras now have new, expanded ranges: areolet 1.8–2.6 as long as pterostigma width, and areolet 0.7–1.0 as long as wide. The new taxon is readily recognizable by having the body mostly brown, fully infuscated wings, and the longest ovipositor of the species, among other diagnostic features. A new geographic record and in situ photo are also provided for N. laluzbrillante Santos.  

scholarly journals Unity in fragility: nonviolence and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Roberto Baldoli ◽  
Claudio M. Radaelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ecological Citizenship ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic witnessed extreme forms of biopolitics, as well as the urgency to reconsider our relationship with the planet. Although biopolitics draws attention to the technologies of domination by public authorities, we cast the concepts of bios and politics in the wider framework of nonviolence. In this framework, bios is the set of practices (praxis) of ordinary citizens. And politics is power created by harm reduction, or actions in daily life that testimony the desire not to harm others or the planet. We leverage nonviolence at three levels, scaling up from the individual to social behaviour and to the planet. The first level concerns nonviolence as self-sufferance and as praxis to claim back the sovereignty of the body. In the second level, nonviolence is collective mobilization – building social capital, self-governance, and solidarity. The third level provides the vision of a diverse ecological citizenship with a sustainable relationship between human beings and the planet.

scholarly journals Memoirs: The Development of Symbranchus marmoratus

1913 ◽  
Vol s2-59 (233) ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
MONICA TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
The Brain

(A) General Features of Development. (1) The egg of Symbranchus is small, its development typically Teleostean and rapid, the larva hatching out in about seven days at a tropical temperature. (2) A rostrum appears just before the larva hatches, increases in size, attains a maximum length of about 1 mm. when the creature is 7 mm. long, decreases in size, gradually dying down to a rounded pad, and eventually disappears just before tbe adult stage is reached. (3) The larva possesses pectoral fins and the shoulder girdle persists in the adult. These fins appear early, are muscularised by the first three trunk myotomes and innervated by the first three spinal nerves. They develop rapidly, reach their maximum size seven or eight days after hatching, shrivel somewhat, and then drop off bodily at Stage 34. The pectoral fins are mainly respiratory organs and possess a rich network of capillaries. There are three principal blood-streams in the fins--one central, afferent, two marginal, efferent. The establishment of perfect branchial respiration is coincident with the falling off of the fins, i. e. when the creature is ten days old. (4) No trace of pelvic fins has been found. (5) Perforated gill-slits of the Elasmobranch type do not occur in early stages, the clefts only becoming perforate after they are covered by the operculum. When branchial respiration is just beginning the gill-chamber opening is a single crescent-shaped one; as development proceeds the anus of the crescent are gradually obliterated, owing to the fnsion of the backwardly growing operculum with the body-wall, and a single median ventral opening is the result. (6) There is a blind diverticulum in the dorsal roof of the mouth behind the hyoid. (B) Alimentary Canal. (1) The alimentary canal has a typical Teleostean character and development, is solid at first, hollowed out secondarily, and has no obvious connection with the yolk. (2) No air-bladder has been detected at any stage. (3) The pyloric valve arises by outpushings of the intestine. These blind cæcal outgrowths have the appearance of very short rudimentary pyloric cæca. (4) Apart from these structures there are no pyloric cæca. (5) The pancreas is an elongated compact gland arising from a dorsal and two ventral rudiments. (6) The liver is elongated and unilobed. (7) There is a typical thymus arising from clefts 2, 3, 4 and 5. (8) A thyroid arises as a solid median derivative of the floor of the pharynx. It is elongated and bilobed anteriorly. (9) The spleen develops early, is very conspicuous, and multilobed at first. (c) Renal Organs. (1) The pronephric chamber and tubule are formed from the nephrotome of the third trunk myotome. (2) There is no communication at any time between splanchnocœle and nephrocœle of the pronephros. (3) The archinephric duct is formed from the nephrotomes of the segments posterior to the third; the conversion of these nephrotomes into a duct takes place simultaneously, involving no backward growth of the archinephric duct. (4) The pronephros is still present in the oldest larva examined. (5) Mesonephric tubule-rudiments appear in Stage 29. They occur from about Segment 25 to Segment 43. Bach arises as a rounded clump of darkly stained cells in the immediate neighbourhood of the archinephric duct. This rudiment is gradually moulded into a twisted tubule, one end of which becomes converted into a Malpighian capsule of the usual type, the other end acquiring an opening into the archinephric duct. (6) There are no peritoneal funnels. (7) Secondary mesonephric tubules arise in connection with the archinephric duct and with the primary mesonephric tubules. These are not fully differentiated in the oldest larva examined. (8) The anterior much-coiled part of the archinephric duct, as well as the mesonephros, is surrounded by pseudolymphatic tissue. (D) Vascular System. (1) The development of the heart and vascular system agrees generally with that described for other Teleosteans. (2) The free anterior part of the left posterior cardinal disappears, the large right posterior cardinal conveying the blood of the inter-renal vein to the heart. (3) There is a close connection between the blood-vessels of the hinder ends of the kidney and liver recalling the posterior vena cava of Polypterus. (4) The subintestinal vein, the front end of which is the vitelline vein of the earlier stages, persists in the adult as a hepatic vein. This hepatic vein joins up with the left anterior cardinal and left jugular to form the left ductus Cuvieri. The right ductus Ouvieri shows no special peculiarity. (E) Nervous System. (1) The brain is at first solid and is hollowed oat secondarily. (2) Three main divisions of the brain can be distinguished in Stage 21. (3) There is tio cranial flexure until Stage 24, and therefore no reason for assuming that the iufundibulum is the morphologically anterior end of the brain. (4) Sagittal sections through the brain at different stages show the usual Teleostean characters. (5) The cerebellum is late in developing and goes on growing after metamorphosis. (6) The optic lobes of the mature brain are relatively smaller than in the developing one. The mid-brain of the adult is the least conspicuous part. (7) The mature brain is elongate, as also are the olfactory and optio nerves, the divisions well separated off.

All Animals Are Equal, or Are They? The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s Animal Epistle and its Unhappy End

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarra Tlili
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Privileged Status

The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ’s animal epistle is an intriguing work. Although in the body of the narrative the authors challenge anthropocentric preconceptions and present nonhuman animals in a more favourable light than human beings, inexplicably, the narrative ends by reconfirming the privileged status of humans. The aim of this paper is to propose an explanation for this discrepancy. I argue that the egalitarian message reflected in the body of the narrative is traceable back to the Qur'an, the main text with which the authors engage in the fable, whereas the final outcome is due to the Ikhwān's hierarchical worldview.

Do conhecimento objetivo ao problema corpo - mente

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-113
Author(s):  
Nathalia Gleyce dos Santos Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Mind

Resumo:  Apresenta-se uma discussão sobre o conhecimento e a tese dos três mundos no qual a interação entre estes nos aproxima da verdade do problema corpo-mente, tendo em vista, uma nova proposta de solução. O terceiro mundo é uma peça importante neste trabalho; sendo assim, analisaremos o que Popper designa como Mundo 3, em que ele consiste e o papel da linguagem como diferencial do ser humano. Apresentamos as críticas popperianas às correntes monistas e dualistas, ousando fazer uma crítica a Teoria do Conhecimento tradicional. Desta forma, a proposta apresentada por este filósofo da ciência diferencia-se de tudo que estava sendo feito até então, por isso, o interesse de apresentar essa abordagem pouco trabalhada de Popper. Palavras-chave: Conhecimento. Corpo-Mente. Mundo 3.Abstract: In this work, we present a discussion about knowledge and the theory of the three worlds in which the interaction between them approaches to the truth of the mind-body problem, in view of a proposed solution. The third world is an important piece in this work. Therefore, we will analyze what Popper describes as World 3, what it is and the role of language as a differential of human beings. We present Popper’s criticisms to the monistic and dualistic currents, daring to criticize the theory of traditional knowledge. Thus, the proposal of science presented by this philosopher differs from everything that was being done until then. This explains the interest in presenting this unusual approach to Popper.Keywords: Knowledge. Body-Mind.  World 3. REFERÊNCIASLEAL-TOLEDO, Gustavo . Popper e seu Cérebro. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Série Filosofia, v. XXIII, p. 59-68, 2007.POPPER, Karl Raimund. A Lógica da Pesquisa Científica. Tradução de Leonidas Hegenberg e Octanny Silveira de Mota.  São Paulo: editora Cultrix. 2007.POPPER, Karl Raimund. Conhecimento Objetivo: uma abordagem evolucionária. Tradução de Milton Amado.  Belo Horizonte, Ed. Itatiaia Ilimitada. São Paulo, Ed. Da Universidade São Paulo, 1975._______.  O Conhecimento e o Problema Corpo –Mente. Tradução Joaquim Alberto Ferreira Gomes. Lisboa, Ed. 70. 1996.   _______. Conjecturas e Refutações: o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico. Trad. Benedita Bettencourt. Ed. Livraria Almedina, 2006._______.  O Eu e Seu Cérebro. Karl Popper, Jonh C. Eccles;Tradução Silvio Meneses Garcia, Helena Cristina F. Arantes e Aurélio Osmar C. de Oliveira. – Campinas, SP: Papirus; Brasília, DF: Editora Universidade de Brasília. 1991.   _______. O Racionalismo Crítico na Política. Tradução de Maria da Conceição Côrte – Real. Brasília, Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2ª edição, 1994, 74p.SEARLE, John R. La construcción de la realidad social. Trad. Antoni Domènech. Barcelona: Paidós Ibérico, 1995.  

An ayurvedic tablet formulation for ulcer protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Shiva Kumar K ◽  
Purushothaman M ◽  
Soujanya H ◽  
Jagadeeshwari S
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
System A ◽  
The World

Gastric ulcers or the peptic ulcer is the primary disease that affects the gastrointestinal system. A large extent of the population in the world are suffering from the disease, and the age group of people those who suffer from ulcers are 20-55years. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs. Practitioners have been using the herbal material to treat the ulcers successfully, and the same had been reported scientifically. Numerous publications have been made that proves the antiulcer activity of the plants around the world. The tablets were investigated for the antiulcer activity in two doses 200 and 400mg/kg in albino Wistar rats in the artificial ulcer those are induced by the ethanol. The prepared tablets showed a better activity compared to the standard synthetic drug and the marketed ayurvedic formulation. The tablets showed a dose-dependent activity in ulcer prevention and treatment. Many synthetic drugs are available for the ulcer treatment, and the drugs pose the other problems in the body by showing the side effects and some other reactions. This limits the use of synthetic drugs to treat ulcers effectively. Herbs are known to the human beings that are useful in the treatment of diseases, and there are a lot of scientific investigations that prove the pharmacological activity of herbal drugs.

The Concept of treaty in Islamic Jurisprudence: A comparative view of the classical jurists

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Labeeb Bsoul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Shed Light

This article aims to shed light on a particular area in the field of Islamic International law (siyar) treaty in Islamic jurisprudence. It addresses a comparative view of classical jurists of treaties both theoretically and historically and highlights their continued relevance to the contemporary world. Since the concept of treaty a lacuna in scholarship as well as the familiar of international legal theorists to study and integrate the Islamic treaty system into the body of modern international law in order to have a mutual understanding and respect and honor for treaties among nations. I would like to present a series of three parts the first one addresses the concept of treaty in Islamic jurisprudence the second addresses the process of drafting treaties and their conclusion and the third addresses selected treaties, including the treaty of H{udaybiya that took place between Muslims and non-Muslims..

A Rapture of the Nerds? A Comparison between Transhumanist Eschatology and Christian Parousia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-367
Author(s):  
Roberto Paura
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Point Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe

Transhumanism is one of the main “ideologies of the future” that has emerged in recent decades. Its program for the enhancement of the human species during this century pursues the ultimate goal of immortality, through the creation of human brain emulations. Therefore, transhumanism offers its fol- lowers an explicit eschatology, a vision of the ultimate future of our civilization that in some cases coincides with the ultimate future of the universe, as in Frank Tipler’s Omega Point theory. The essay aims to analyze the points of comparison and opposition between transhumanist and Christian eschatologies, in particular considering the “incarnationist” view of Parousia. After an introduction concern- ing the problems posed by new scientific and cosmological theories to traditional Christian eschatology, causing the debate between “incarnationists” and “escha- tologists,” the article analyzes the transhumanist idea of mind-uploading through the possibility of making emulations of the human brain and perfect simulations of the reality we live in. In the last section the problems raised by these theories are analyzed from the point of Christian theology, in particular the proposal of a transhuman species through the emulation of the body and mind of human beings. The possibility of a transhumanist eschatology in line with the incarnationist view of Parousia is refused.

Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas V. Gaikwad ◽  
Abasaheb B. Patil ◽  
Madhuri V. Gaikwad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Heart Muscle Cells

Scaffolds are used for drug delivery in tissue engineering as this system is a highly porous structure to allow tissue growth.  Although several tissues in the body can regenerate, other tissue such as heart muscles and nerves lack regeneration in adults. However, these can be regenerated by supplying the cells generated using tissue engineering from outside. For instance, in many heart diseases, there is need for heart valve transplantation and unfortunately, within 10 years of initial valve replacement, 50–60% of patients will experience prosthesis associated problems requiring reoperation. This could be avoided by transplantation of heart muscle cells that can regenerate. Delivery of these cells to the respective tissues is not an easy task and this could be done with the help of scaffolds. In situ gel forming scaffolds can also be used for the bone and cartilage regeneration. They can be injected anywhere and can take the shape of a tissue defect, avoiding the need for patient specific scaffold prefabrication and they also have other advantages. Scaffolds are prepared by biodegradable material that result in minimal immune and inflammatory response. Some of the very important issues regarding scaffolds as drug delivery systems is reviewed in this article.

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