scholarly journals Studies in the dynamics of disinfection. VI. Calculation of a new and constant temperature coefficient for the reaction between phenol and Bact. coli

1946 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Jordan ◽  
S. E. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Phenol Concentration ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The virtual sterilization time (v.s.t.) has been used as a measure of the rate of disinfection of Bact. coli cultures by phenol under carefully standardized conditions. The relationship of this time to temperature at each of five phenol concentrations has been examined from a fresh point of view, since it has previously been shown (Jordan & Jacobs, 1946) that none of the commonly accepted temperature coefficients was satisfactorily constant.2. The relationship is such that a minimum or threshold temperature exists for each concentration. A corresponding ‘maximum’ temperature has been fixed, defined as the temperature at which the v.s.t. is 10 min. The value of (v.s.t. – 10) thus varies from infinity to zero between these temperature limits.3. Sigmoid curves are obtained when log (v.s.t. –10) is plotted against temperature for given phenol concentrations. These may be regarded as asymptotic to ordinates at the minimum and maximum temperatures.4. The Pearl-Verhulst logistic equation gives a curve of the required sigmoid type, and this formula has been shown to fit the curves of log (v.s.t. – 10) against temperature very satisfactorily over the range of concentrations studied.5. One of the constants of this formula partakes of the nature of a temperature coefficient, and it has, therefore, been possible to derive a truly constant temperature coefficient for each phenol concentration.6. The values of this new temperature coefficient do not vary greatly with phenol concentration within the range studied, but it is not yet possible to establish whether it is essentially constant for all phenol concentrations with which it is possible to work.

scholarly journals Studies in the dynamics of disinfection. X. The effect of lethal temperatures on standard cultures of Bact. coli. III. on the variation of the rate of disinfection with temperature at pH 7·0, including the calculation of a new and constant temperature coefficient

1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
R. C. Jordan ◽  
S. E. Jacobs ◽  
H. E. F. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

1. The 99·99 % mortality time (t) has been used as a measure of the rate of disinfection of standard cultures of Bact. coli by heat under carefully controlled conditions, and the relationship between this rate and temperature (T) over the range 47–55° C. has been examined.2. From the form of the relationship a minimum temperature of about 44° C. for the reaction was indicated, but the formula t (T — α)b = a, which has been used for the calculation of biological temperature coefficients in the past, was quite inadequate to express the relationship when an acceptable value for the maximum temperature (α) was employed.3. The formula t × θT = A more usually employed in bacteriological work, fitted the data reasonably well except at the highest temperature. The very high value of 897 for Q10 was obtained.4. On theoretical grounds, the above formula could not apply at temperatures near the minimum, and also it appeared likely to break down when high temperatures were used.5. It was shown that the full graph of log (t — 10) against temperature should be sigmoid and asymptotic to two temperatures, a minimum and a maximum, the latter being defined as the temperature at which 99·99 % mortality would be produced in 10 min.6. The graph of the Pearl-Verhulst logistic equation is of this type and, with 44 and 56° C. as the minimum and maximum temperatures, it provided an excellent fit to the data, especially at the highest temperature used.

THE GENDER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “POWER” FRAME IN SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDY “MACBETH”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. LOBANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article studies the cognitive features of the “power” frame and its gender implementation in the historical tragedy by W. Shakespeare “Macbeth”. Here, the author examines the concepts of “frame” and “gender” in linguistics, studying different approaches to their definition. The relevance of this work is determined by the close attention of the contemporary linguistics to these concepts, as well as their place in the contemporary academic paradigm. The academic affirmation of the “frame” and “gender” concepts designates a new step in understanding the ways and peculiarities of the language interaction, consciousness, and culture, and, consequently, it shows new aspects of the relationship of linguistics with other sciences. Nevertheless, the problems of both frame and gender are not yet fully understood. This study allows describing in detail the essence of the frame “power” and showing its meaning, use, and ways of its gender implementation in fiction, which explains the novelty of this article. The study’s methodology is based on the cognitive-discursive analysis of the text, as well as on an integrative approach to the discourse study, which combines methods of both cognitive and gender linguistics, as well as the discourse analysis. Common research methods were used along with private linguistic methods. The application of cognitive-discursive analysis has significantly increased the depth of understanding of the “power” frame that dominates Shakespeare’s historical tragedy. This historical text presents the central theme of political tragedy: the overthrow of the rightful ruler and the usurpation of power. The motive for the seizure of power forms a thematic core and is presented from the usurpers’ point of view. In this article, the author observes the gender shift and duality of the female and male beginnings: Shakespeare puts the female protagonist, hungry for power, among men, thus the images of Lady Macbeth and her husband come into conflict with the gender characteristics attributed to them. The play clearly traces the main idea of Machiavellianism: the goal justifies the means. The results conclude that the “power” frame is the leading one in Lady Macbeth’s monologue, thus setting one of the main themes of this tragedy.

BREXIT AS A LINGUOPRAGMATIC PHENOMENON

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Б.Г. Вульфович
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Partial Sampling ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
The Eu

Задачей данной статьи является рассмотрение лингвопрагматических особенностей комментариев пользователей социальной сети «Твиттер» на выход Великобритании из ЕС. Анализ данных комментариев с лингвопрагматической точки зрения представляет интерес, так как показывает наиболее актуальную картину отношения пользователей социальных сетей к произошедшему событию. Приоритетными методами анализа лингвопрагматического потенциала Интернет-комментариев для нас являются: описательный метод, метод прагматического анализа, т.е. рассмотрение языкового материала в его непосредственном контексте в функциональном аспекте, метод частичной выборки, метод контекстологического описания. Контекстуальный метод был использован с целью установления особенностей комментариев в среде социальной сети «Твиттер»; описательный метод - для выявления непосредственного отношения пользователей социальных сетей к выходу Великобритании из ЕС; частичной выборки - для отбора наиболее эффективных и целостных комментариев с позиции прагматики и их реализации в данном контексте. Проведённое исследование позволило установить, что большинство людей удовлетворено результатами выхода Великобритании из ЕС и положительно отзывается об этом событии. Об этом свидетельствует как большое количество экспрессивов, использованных в интернет-комментариях в отношении данного события, так и активное употребление в них оценочной лексики. Результаты проведённого исследования могут быть применены в теоретических работах по описанию характеристик речевых актов, в курсе теоретической грамматики, стилистики, прагмалингвистики. The purpose of this article is to review the linguo-pragmatic features of Brexit represented in the comments in Twitter. Their analysis from a linguistic-pragmatic point of view may be of interest, since it shows the most relevant picture of the relationship of social network users for the event. The priority methods for analyzing the linguo-pragmatic potential of Internet comments for us are: a descriptive method, a pragmatic analysis method, i.e. consideration of linguistic material in its immediate context in the functional aspect, partial sampling method, contextual description method. The contextual method was used to establish the characteristics of comments on the Twitter social network; descriptive method was used to identify the direct relationship of social network users to the UK exit from the EU; partial sampling was used to select the most effective and holistic comments from the position of pragmatics and their implementation in this context. The study found that most people are satisfied with the results of the UK exit from the EU and respond positively to this event. The results of the study can be applied in theoretical works on the description of the characteristics of speech acts, in the course of theoretical grammar, stylistics, pragmalinguistics.

scholarly journals The effects of ambient temperature and heatwaves on dailyCampylobactercases in Adelaide, Australia, 1990–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (12) ◽  
pp. 2603-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MILAZZO ◽  
L. C. GILES ◽  
Y. ZHANG ◽  
A. P. KOEHLER ◽  
J. E. HILLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Infectious Gastroenteritis ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYCampylobacterspp. is a commonly reported food-borne disease with major consequences for morbidity. In conjunction with predicted increases in temperature, proliferation in the survival of microorganisms in hotter environments is expected. This is likely to lead, in turn, to an increase in contamination of food and water and a rise in numbers of cases of infectious gastroenteritis. This study assessed the relationship ofCampylobacterspp. with temperature and heatwaves, in Adelaide, South Australia.We estimated the effect of (i) maximum temperature and (ii) heatwaves on dailyCampylobactercases during the warm seasons (1 October to 31 March) from 1990 to 2012 using Poisson regression models.There was no evidence of a substantive effect of maximum temperature per 1 °C rise (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·995, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0·993–0·997) nor heatwaves (IRR 0·906, 95% CI 0·800–1·026) onCampylobactercases. In relation to heatwave intensity, which is the daily maximum temperature during a heatwave, notifications decreased by 19% within a temperature range of 39–40·9 °C (IRR 0·811, 95% CI 0·692–0·952). We found little evidence of an increase in risk and lack of association betweenCampylobactercases and temperature or heatwaves in the warm seasons. Heatwave intensity may play a role in that notifications decreased with higher temperatures. Further examination of the role of behavioural and environmental factors in an effort to reduce the risk of increasedCampylobactercases is warranted.

scholarly journals Characteristics of cows’ cicatricial metabolism of different linearity

2021 ◽  
Vol 213 (10) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
E. Razhina
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ideal Line ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory

Abstract. The aim of this work is to investigate the relationship between indicators of cicatricial digestion and linearity of cows. Methods. The research was carried out in the breeding enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region on the livestock of Ural-type cows. Cicatricial fluid was collected with an oropharyngeal rubber probe, and a wooden yaw was also used. Cicatricial content was assessed at the Chelyabinsk Interregional Veterinary Laboratory. The pH value was determined by the electrometric method, VFA – in the Markgam apparatus, ammonia – by the microdiffusion method. Ciliates – in Goryaev’s chamber and under a microscope, bacteria – under a microscope with the addition of sodium chloride solution. Statistical data processing was carried out in the Microsoft Office Excel 2010 program. Results. In terms of the number of ciliates and bacteria in the rumen fluid, the Montwick Chieftain cows, characterized by high productive qualities, had an advantage. In terms of pH and VFA, the Vis Back Ideal line was the best. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the amount of ammonia in the rumen. The best animals from the point of view of influence on cicatricial metabolism were the animals of the Vis Back Ideal and Montwick Chieftain lineage. Scientific novelty. Studies have shown that linearity is associated with cicatricial digestion in cows. The relationship of bull lines with indicators of cicatricial metabolism of cows has been determined for the first time. The food in the rumen is digested due to the action of bacteria, ciliates, and fungi. An environment has been created in the rumen for the active development of microflora. Bacteria are able to synthesize amino acids and vitamins. The proventriculus can contain up to 50 species of ciliates.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Overcoming Nihilism in Heidegger’s Dialogue with Jünger

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tautvydas Vėželis
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metaphysical Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Civilization

This article examines the problem of overcoming nihilism in Heidegger’s dialogue with Jünger. It is suggested that nihilism is manifested in various forms and is the deep logic of the whole history of European civilization. One of the main aims of this paper is to outline the relationship of nihilism and Nothing in Heidegger’s dispute with Jünger, viewing how Heidegger distinguishes his approach from Jünger’s point of view. Heidegger, on the one hand, treats nihilism as consummation of the Western metaphysical tradition, on the other hand, identifies Nothing itself as the shadow of Being, which cannot be overcome in the traditional dialectical thinking manner.

scholarly journals Nietzsche e a Historiografia Prussiana: análise de fragmentos póstumos da Primeira Fase de sua obra

Antíteses ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Celso Kraemer ◽  
Dominique Santos ◽  
Aniele Crescêncio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German States ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

RESUMO Ao observar as relações de Nietzsche com seus contemporâneos verifica-se que ele estava ciente das principais discussões relativas à Unificação da Alemanha (1871). Para a unificação era necessário que os 39 estados alemães compartilhassem o sentimento de pertencimento a uma pátria comum. Nesse meandro, os historiadores prussianos do século XIX desempenharam papel fundamental ao produzir um ambiente filosófico nacionalista, uma maneira científica e objetiva de pensar sobre a história. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as interações de Nietzsche com estes círculos intelectuais. Para isto, foram selecionados quatro dos chamados fragmentos póstumos de Nietzsche datados entre 1871 e 1873. De acordo com o ponto de vista de Nietzsche, as pretensões dos historiadores, não tinham nenhuma crítica, pois acreditavam, ingenuamente, que a verdade era um alvo tangível. Por outro lado, ele indicou a necessidade de uma história ligada à cultura, que era trabalhada em conjunto com "instintos artísticos".  ABSTRACT By observing the relationship of Nietzsche with his contemporaries one can notice that he was aware of the main discussions related to the unification of Germany (1871). Unification required 39 German states to share the feeling of belonging to a common homeland. Prussian historians of the nineteenth century played a key role in producing such a nationalist philosophical environment, a scientific and objectivist way of thinking about History. This work aim is to understand the interactions between Nietzsche and this intelectual circles. For this purpose, four of the so-called posthumous Nietzsche fragments, dated between 1871 and 1873, were selected. According to Nietzsche's point of view, some historians had a naive pretension to reach the truth, as if it were a tangible target. On another hand, he pointed out the necessity of a link between History and Culture, which should be understood altogether with ‘artistic instincts’. 

Aggressive behavior and its relationship to electronic games among kindergarten children

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 701-735
Author(s):  
LUBNA KADOURY ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Electronic Games ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Academic Year

The current research aims to identify: - 1- The level of the relationship between electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children from the point of view of parents. 2- The significance of the differences in the views of parents about the relationship between electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children. 3- The significance of the differences in the views of parents on the extent of the relationship of electronic games to the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children according to their academic achievement. The research sample included (140) children from Baghdad governorate for the academic year (2019-2020). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale of (Dr. Al-Sawalha, Al-Oweimer, Al-Alimat, 2015) after the validity and reliability was extracted, the resercher reached the following results - 1- There are statistically significant differences between the level of the relationship of electronic games and the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children from the point of view of parents. 2- There are no statistically significant differences in the parents ’views on the relationship of electronic games to the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children. 4- There are no statistically significant differences in the views of both parents regarding the extent of the relationship of electronic games with the aggressive behavior of kindergarten children according to their academic achievement. Key words: - Aggressive behavior، Electronic games

Pleasure As a Subject of Logic. To the Interpretation of Philebus. Part I

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Bugai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Logical Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The task of the paper is to determine what is the philosophical meaning of Plato’s Philebus. To define the meaning is to show which way of understanding Phile­bus is the most fruitful, most fully grasping and revealing what forms the sub­stantive core of Plato’s text. It’s no secret that the meaning of Philebus is not at all self-evident. From our point of view, the main subject of the dialogue lies not in the plane of ontology, but in ethics, and what is taken for ontological aspects in Philebus is much more related to the logical and methodological conditions for solving the main ethical problem. Therefore, in this article an attempt was made to show that the key themes of Philebus(the problem of the one-many, the relationship of the four kinds of beings, the theory of false pleasures) are inter­nally related. The question of the relationship between the one and the many is raised in connection with the clarification of the question of the logical status of pleasure. Division into four kinds (limit, unlimited, mixture, reason) is the ful­fillment of the methodological requirement for the necessity of division. The ana­lysis of pleasures following this methodological introduction examines pleasure in an entirely new light, in the light of truth/falsity.

Accounting theories and their impact on the formation and development of social expenditure accounting

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-258
Author(s):  
Vera Savchenko ◽  
◽  
Oleksandr Gai ◽  
Oksana Yurchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accounting Theory ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article considers the essence of accounting theories, approaches to their separation, the relationship of accounting and economic theories, and the direction of development of accounting theories in accordance with the needs of economic and social development. The approaches to the classification of accounting theories are generalized, as well as the approaches to the interpretation of «accounting theory», the peculiarities of the interpretation of the subject of accounting from the point of view of different accounting theories are revealed and the objectivity of expansion of accounting objects is substantiated. In the context of the formation and development of accounting theories, the category of «social costs» is considered as an accounting object.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document