scholarly journals Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964: I. The Widal reaction

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
Somatic Antigens ◽  
High Antibody Titre ◽  
Do So

SUMMARYThe outbreak of typhoid fever in Aberdeen during 1964 (Walker, 1965) presented an opportunity to study the antibody titres of typhoid fever patients and of TAB immunized individuals to obtain further knowledge concerning the behaviour of these titres with the passage of time.This paper gives an abbreviated version of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964.The antibody titres of patients were followed up for a period of 2 years after discharge from hospital and the findings have been compared with those in TAB immunized healthy individuals. The following points emerged:(1) The value of the Widal test as an aid to diagnosis was limited;(2) the flagellar antibody titre in patients' sera provided a more reliable aid towards diagnosis than did the somatic antibody titre;(3) the response of immunized and non-immunized patients to the somatic antigens was poor and often delayed well into the period following discharge from hospital;(4) titres of 1/40 and over for Vi agglutinins were present in immunized and non-immunized patients for at least 12 months after discharge without their beingS. typhiexcretors;(5) Vi agglutinin titres as high as 1/40 were present in TAB immunized healthy individuals and also in members of the general public;(6) the presence ofS. typhisepticaemia need not result in a high antibody titre; (7) patients who relapse, may do so without enhancement of previous antibody titres and may relapse even in the presence of earlier appreciable titres.

scholarly journals Antibodies and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964: II. Coombs', complement fixation and fimbrial agglutination tests

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Coombs Test ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYIn a previous paper (Brodie, 1977) the value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was shown to be limited. Evaluation of possible alternative tests showed that:(1) the sensitivity of the anti-human globulin (Coombs') test appeared greater than that of the agglutination test but the length of time (48 h) before results were available rendered it of little value in rapid diagnosis;(2) the complement fixation test offered no particular help towards diagnosis;(3) immunized and non-immunized typhoid fever patients developed fimbrial antibodies, as also did immunized healthy individuals. In this latter group, however, those immunized with alcoholized TAB vaccine had higher antibody titres to fimbrial antigen than those immunized with heat-killed phenolized vaccine.

scholarly journals Antibody Response and Haematological Changes of Nigerian Locally Adapted Turkeys to Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ayodele Emmanuel OGUNDERO ◽  
Mofoyeke Oluwayemisi SANDA ◽  
Adeyemi Sunday ADENAIKE ◽  
Michael Irewole TAKEET ◽  
Christian Obiora Ndubuisi IKEOBI
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Sheep Red Blood Cells ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
High Antibody Titre

Haemagglutination assay and haematological analysis of 143 poults generated as F1 individuals by artificial insemination from randomly selected turkeys of White, Black and Lavender genotypes which are classified by antibody titre was carried out so as to confirm their antibody titre levels in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Results showed that mean values obtained for high and low antibody titres were 7.31 and 2.67 respectively, resulting in the classification of the turkeys into Black high and low, Lavender high and black, and White high and low antibody titres. The genotype’s titre had significant (P <0.05) effect on the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and basophil (BAS) of the basal haematological parameters. Genotype’s titre had no significant (P >0.05) effect on the primary response haematological parameters. Meanwhile, the primary response haematological parameters to SRBC antigen varied along the genotypes with the WBC increasing drastically in all the genotypes, signifying the presence of an antigen. The study concluded that the F1 turkey poult population studied diverged along the high and low antibody titre in response to SRBC. Thus, the F1 generation of the high antibody titre genotypes (Black high, White high and Lavender high) can be used as foundation stock for selection of local turkeys for high antibody titre.

scholarly journals Antibody responses in buffalos immunized with Clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon toxoids

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 9–10) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rahman M ◽  
K. Baek B ◽  
T. Hong S ◽  
H. Lee J
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Group A ◽  
And Control

The antibody responses to toxoids were measured to investigate whether&nbsp;Clostridium perfringens&nbsp;beta and epsilon toxoids induced protective humoral immune responses in buffalos. Total of 24 buffalos were divided into 4 groups (n&nbsp;= 6), beta toxoid, epsilon toxoid, combination and control groups. These buffalo groups were administered each of the designated toxoids. Immunizations in the beta and epsilon toxoid groups induced strong antibody responses. The neutralizing antibody titres from the beta and epsilon toxoid groups were equally log101.2 on day 21 after inoculation whereas there was no antibody titre detected from the control group. A statistically significant (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) increase in antibody titre was observed from day 0 to day 14 and 21 after inoculation. The antibody production did not vary significantly due to day of inoculation and toxoid interactions.

scholarly journals Postnatal decline of maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Cloonan ◽  
R. A. Hawkes ◽  
L. H. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Viral Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Rubella Antibody

SUMMARYThe rates of decline (half-lives) of maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities in a group of infants were found to be highly variable, ranging from 18 to 192 days for parainfluenza type 3 antibody (54 infants) and from 15 to 251 days for influenza A2 antibody (nine infants). For antibodies of both specificities approximately 75% of the half-lives were between 15 and 60 days. With parainfluenza type 3 antibody, and possibly with influenza A 2 antibody, the half-lives were inversely proportional to the initial antibody titre of the babies' sera. This relationship could be described by a rectangular hyperbola. Babies with high antibody titres at birth lost this antibody rapidly whereas in babies with low initial titres antibody declined over a longer period.The half-lives of parainfluenza type 3 antibody and influenza A 2 antibody were compared with that of rubella antibody in the same group of infants (previously published). Maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities did not necessarily decline at similar rates in any given child. In nine infants, maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities (rubella and parainfluenza type 3) declined at significantly different rates in the same child. It is suggested that although the half-life of antibody of a given specificity is related to its concentration in the serum, it is independent of the level of serum antibodies of other specificities.

scholarly journals Antibody titre avian influenza and Newcastle Disease in blood serum of growing ducks Gived Defferent Crude Protein Ration and vaccinated with Vaksimune NDL AI®

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnama Edy Santosa ◽  
Rudy Sutrisna
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Genotype Vii

The advantages of vaccination are that it reduces the risk of infection, and concurrently reduces morbidity, mortality and shedding of virus. The goal of the present study was to evaluate efficacy of Newcastle Disease combination with Avian Influenza commercial vaccine based on humoral immunity responses of growing ducks with different feed treatments. Totally, 48 mojosari growing ducks were used in this research. The mojosari growing ducks were vaccinated using Vaksimune NDL AI®. Blood samples were collected from the axilaris vein (left or rigt) one time at postvaccination. Antibody titres were examined using Hemaglutination Inhibition (HI). The result showed that Vaksimune NDL AI® vaccine inactive ND Genotype VII strain N018 combine with AI subtype H5N1 on emultion oil was a good protection because the vaccine was able to trigger protective humoral immunity of growing ducks at 9 weeks old ducks indicated by increasing of antibody titre in blood serum of vaccinated growing ducks male during three weeks pascavaccination. Key words: Newcastle Disease, Avian influenza, vaccine, antibody, grower ducks

LOSS OF IMMUNE TO RECALL ANTIGENS IN THERE HIV+ HEMOPHILIC CHILDREN

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
E D GOMPERTS ◽  
K WEINBERG
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Inhibitor Titre ◽  
Antibody Titres

Three children with severe inherited bleeding disorders have been followed for a number of years at this center. One child (DOB 3/71) initially presented with mild hemophilia A, (Factor VIII 6%). He subsequently developed an inhibitor to Factor VIII (maximum 45 B. U.) and seroconverted to HIV+ Status 12/83. In 12/86 he had virtually lost his antibody response to infused Factor VIII (previously withheld), with a maximum increase in inhibitor titre to1 B. U. on challenge. In addition, his antitetanus antibody titre was very low at 0.01 u/ml earlier in theyear. His absolute T4 cell number at this time was very low at 64 and did not respond to skin antigen testing to PPD, tetanus and Candida.The second patient (severe hemophilia A DOB 7/76) had seroconvertedto HIV+ Status in 9/78. This child has lost his a-HBs seropositive status with an absolute T4 count of 239. His current anti-tetanus titre is 0.01 u/ml.The third patient (von Willebrand disease, Type III, DOB 7/74) seroconverted to HIV+E status by 5/83. His T4 absolute numbers have fallen to 53. His anti-tetanus antibody titre has fallen to extremely low levels (0.01 u/ml), and this failed to respond to re-immunization with tetanus toxoid. These three patients indicate that previously immunized children may lose their immune status and their ability to respond to recall antigens. It is pertinent to note that lymphocytes from all 3 patients failed to respond mitogenically in vitro to tetanus antigen pari passu with the observed very low anti-tetanus antibody titres. These phenomena would indicate that these patients are probably susceptible to previously preventable infectious agents including poliovirus, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B virus.

scholarly journals A SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF RAPID DOT-EIA, BLOOD CULTURE AND WIDAL TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER

2013 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sanjeev ◽  
Sweetha Nayak ◽  
Pai Asha K. B. ◽  
Rai Rekha ◽  
Vimal Karnaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Far East ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
South Central

Abstract Background: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, is endemic in the Indian sub-continent including Bangladesh, South-east and Far-east Asia, Africa and South Central America. The disease can occur in all age group with highest incidence among children. Blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis and carry 70-75% diagnostic yield in the first week of illness. However, this requires laboratory equipment and technical training that are beyond the means of most primary health care facilities in the developing world. Typhidot is a rapid dot-enzyme immune assay (EIA), which detects IgG and IgM antibodies to a specific 50 kD outer membrane protein (OMP) antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Typhidot becomes positive as early as in the first week of fever. The results can be visually interpreted and is available within one hour. Materials and method: Fifty blood samples, collected aseptically from patients clinically diagnosed of Typhoid fever, were evaluated by blood culture, Widal test and Typhidot. Results: Of the 50 patients, 33 (66%) were positive by blood culture. Widal test was positive in 33(66%) patients which included 26 in blood culture positive patients and 7 in blood culture negative patients. Typhidot was positive in 37 (74%) patients. Thus, in comparison to the gold standard test i:e blood culture, Typhidot and Widal test had sensitivity and specificity of 100% & 76% and 78.78% & 58.82% respectively. Conclusion: Typhidot is found to have high sensitivity and good specificity and could be applied as a good alternate in resource poor nation. Further, it is simple to perform, reliable when compared to Widal test, and rapid, with results being available in one hour when compared to 48 hours for blood culture and 18 hours for Widal test.

scholarly journals Development of BHK-21 Cell line Adapted Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccine

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Md Enamul Haque ◽  
Mohammed Ferdousur Rahman Khan ◽  
Marzia Rahman ◽  
Md Tanvir Rahman ◽  
Sukumar Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Outbreak Area ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
And Control

The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from the outbreak of layer farms for the development of BHK-21 cell adapted inactivated vaccine. A total of 6 dead birds were brought to the laboratory from the outbreak area from which 18 samples (trachea, liver and brain from each) were collected. Among them 3 samples were found positive for NDV through chicken embryo inoculation followed by HA test. The MDT, ICPI, IVPI of all isolates was 54.4, 1.56, and 2.20 respectively which revealed that the field isolates were velogenic. The isolated viruses were confirmed as NDV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using fusion gene-specific primers. The isolated virus was used to infect the BHK-21 cell line. Later the BHK-21 cell adapted viruses were used to develop oil adjuvanted inactivated vaccine and were inoculated into chickens according to vaccination schedule. The MDA was very high (112±29.62) during BCRDV vaccination, which declined quickly (88±33.12). Before vaccination with experimental vaccine, the level of antibody titre (HI) was very low (9±4.65). After vaccination at 65th day through IM, ELD50=109.7/ml with experimental vaccine, the highest HI titre in RDV vaccinated group was 160±59.25 whereas, experimental vaccinated group was 128±59.25, and control group was 7±4.65. ELISA antibody titres of all the groups were 2549.71 (RDV, [email protected] ml/bird), 2450.37 (experimental@ 0.25ml/ bird), 2218.579 (experimental@ 0.50ml/bird), 2152.352 (experimental@1ml/bird) 1125.846 (control) respectively. The present study indicated that, BHK-21 cell adapted ND inactivated vaccine produced a satisfactory antibody titre along with conventional live RDV vaccine.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v3i1.19729 Microbes and Health, June 2014. 3(1): 1-4

scholarly journals Analysis ofLeishmaniamimetic neoglycoproteins for the cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 145 (14) ◽  
pp. 1938-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lígia Moraes Barizon de Souza ◽  
Vanete Thomaz Soccol ◽  
Ricardo Rasmussen Petterle ◽  
Michelle D. Bates ◽  
Paul A. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Antibody Titres

AbstractOligosaccharides are broadly present onLeishmaniacell surfaces. They can be useful for the leishmaniases diagnosis and also helpful in identifying new cell markers for the disease. The disaccharide Galα1-3Galβis the immunodominant saccharide inLeishmaniacell surface and is the unique non-reducing terminal glycosphingolipids structure recognized by anti-α-Gal. This study describes an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used to measure serum levels of anti-α-galactosyl (α-Gal) antibodies in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Optimal ELISA conditions were established and two neoglycoproteins (NGP) containing the Galα1-3Gal terminal fraction (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-HAS and Galα1-3Gal-HAS) and one Galα1-3Gal NGP analogue (Galα1-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc-HAS) were used as antigens. Means of anti-α-Gal antibody titres of CL patients were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the healthy individuals for all NGPs tested. Sensitivity and specificity of all NGPs ranged from 62.2 to 78.4% and 58.3 to 96.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the NGPs can be used for CL diagnosis.

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