scholarly journals Scandinavian Approaches to Begging as a Policy Problem and the Double Insider/Outsider Status of Marginalized Intra-EU Migrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
KARIN BOREVI
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Abstract The present article investigates how begging performed by citizens of new EU-member states in Eastern Europe was debated in parliaments in Denmark, Sweden and Norway during the period 2007–2017. The empirical analysis shows significant cross-country divergences: In Denmark, efforts targeted controlling migration, either directly or indirectly, via various deterrence strategies. In Sweden, the emphasis was rather on alleviating social needs while migrants reside in the country and trying to decrease their incentives to migrate in the first place by ameliorating conditions in sending countries. In Norway, one predominant framing revolved around the issue of human trafficking of beggars. Despite substantial differences, the analyses show a gradual shift in a similar direction in all three countries. While a social frame was initially more commonly understood as the appropriate way to approach begging, over time a criminal frame has gained ground in all three countries. The article argues that this development must be understood in light of marginalized intra-EU migrants’ legal status as both insiders and outsiders in the Scandinavian welfare states. Due to these individuals’ “in-between status”, neither conventional social policy nor immigration control measures are perceived as available, making policymakers more prone to turn to criminal policy tools.

scholarly journals Healthcare in the light of the concept of welfare state regimes – comparative analysis of EU member states

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kawiorska
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Welfare State Regimes ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This  paper  addresses  issues  related to health care in the context of the debate about the typology of welfare state regimes and comparative studies conducted in reference to the debate. Particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of decommodification as one of the key dimensions that define welfare regimes identified in the literature associated with this debate. The study presents a health decommodification index, on the basis of which an attempt has been made to assess the decommodification potential of health care, taking into account the situation in the 28 EU Member States in 2012. The identification of a widely understood accessibility of publicly funded health care as a basic measure for assessing the decommodifying features of health programs is an important result of the empirical analysis. The study has also confirmed the views expressed in the literature about the existence of practical obstacles standing in the way of developing a universal typology of welfare states.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency Measurement: A VO TFEE Approach and Its Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1605
Author(s):  
Shuangjie Li ◽  
Hongyu Diao ◽  
Liming Wang ◽  
Chunqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Intermediate Consumption ◽  
Desirable Output ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Energy efficiency is crucial to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but its widely measured indicator, energy intensity, is still insufficient. For this reason, in 2006, total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) was proposed with capital, labor, and energy as inputs and GDP as the desirable output. The later TFEE approach further incorporated pollution as the undesirable output. However, it is problematic to regard GDP (the total value of final products) as the desirable output, because GDP does not include the intermediate consumption, which accounts for a large part of the production activities and may even be larger than the value of GDP. GDP is more suitable for measuring distribution, while VO (value of output) is more appropriate for sustainable production analysis. Therefore, we propose a VO TFEE approach that takes VO as the desirable output instead and correspondingly incorporates the other intermediate materials and services except energy into inputs. Finally, the empirical analysis of the textile industry of EU member states during 2011–2017 indicates that the VO TFEE approach is more stable and convergent in measuring energy efficiency, and is more suitable for helping policymakers achieve the SDGs of energy saving, emissions reduction, and sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals Evaluating objective measures of impairment to trunk strength and control for cross-country sit skiing

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Rosso ◽  
Vesa Linnamo ◽  
Yves Vanlandewijck ◽  
Walter Rapp ◽  
Benedikt Fasel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Trunk Control ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Control ◽  
Trunk Strength

AbstractIn Paralympic cross-country sit skiing, athlete classification is performed by an expert panel, so it may be affected by subjectivity. An evidence-based classification is required, in which objective measures of impairment must be identified. The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of 5 trunk strength measures and 18 trunk control measures developed for the purposes of classification; (ii) to rank the objective measures, according to the largest effects on performance. Using a new testing device, 14 elite sit-skiers performed two upright seated press tests and one simulated poling test to evaluate trunk strength. They were also subjected to unpredictable balance perturbations to measure trunk control. Tests were repeated on two separate days and test–retest reliability of trunk strength and trunk control measures was evaluated. A cluster analysis was run and correlation was evaluated, including all strength and control measures, to identify the measures that contributed most to clustering participants. Intraclass correlations coefficients (ICC) were 0.71 < ICC < 0.98 and 0.83 < ICC < 0.99 for upright seated press and perturbations, respectively. Cluster analysis identified three clusters with relevance for strength and balance control measures. For strength, in upright seated press peak anterior pushing force without backrest (effect size = 0.77) and ratio of peak anterior pushing force without and with backrest (effect size = 0.72) were significant. For balance control measures, trunk range of motion in forward (effect size = 0.81) and backward (effect size = 0.75) perturbations also contributed. High correlations (− 0.76 < r < − 0.53) were found between strength and control measures. The new testing device, protocol, and the cluster analysis show promising results in assessing impairment of trunk strength and control to empower an evidence-based classification.

Institutions and development: the primacy of microanalysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
MWANGI S. KIMENYI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Microeconomic Analysis ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Economic Development Theory ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Abstract:In recent years, there have been major advances in the empirical analysis of the link between institutions and development. However, a number of methodological problems – both theoretical and empirical – remain unresolved and have been well articulated by Ha-Joon Chang in his article ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’. These problems raise valid concerns about the policy relevance of the evidence arising from the studies. A more reliable approach to study the link between institutions and development and overcome the inherent problems of cross-country empirical analysis is to direct focus to microeconomic analysis of institutions. Such an approach avoids ideologically driven normative judgments about the superiority of particular institutional arrangements and also offers a more credible and tractable avenue to investigate institutional change.

scholarly journals European Web-Based Platform for Recording International Health Regulations Ship Sanitation Certificates: Results and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1833
Author(s):  
Varvara Mouchtouri ◽  
Diederik Van Reusel ◽  
Nikolaos Bitsolas ◽  
Antonis Katsioulis ◽  
Raf Van den Bogaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
International Health ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
International Health Regulations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Health Regulations

The purpose of this study was to report the data analysis results from the International Health Regulations (2005) Ship Sanitation Certificates (SSCs), recorded in the European Information System (EIS). International sea trade and population movements by ships can contribute to the global spread of diseases. SSCs are issued to ensure the implementation of control measures if a public health risk exists on board. EIS designed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) “Handbook for Inspection of Ships and Issuance of SSC”. Inspection data were recorded and SSCs issued by inspectors working at European ports were analysed. From July 2011–February 2017, 107 inspectors working at 54 ports in 11 countries inspected 5579 ships. Of these, there were 29 types under 85 flags (including 19 EU Member States flags). As per IHR (2005) 10,281 Ship Sanitation Control Exception Certificates (SSCECs) and 296 Ship Sanitation Control Certificates (SSCCs) were issued, 74 extensions to existing SSCs were given, 7565 inspection findings were recorded, and 47 inspections were recorded without issuing an SSC. The most frequent inspection findings were the lack of potable water quality monitoring reports (23%). Ships aged ≥12 years (odds ratio, OR = 1.77, 95% confidence intervals, CI = 1.37–2.29) with an absence of cargo at time of inspection (OR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.51–4.50) had a higher probability of receiving an SSCC, while ships under the EU MS flag had a lower probability of having inspection findings (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.66–0.79). Risk factors to prioritise the inspections according to IHR were identified by using the EIS. A global information system, or connection of national or regional information systems and data exchange, could help to better implement SSCs using common standards and procedures.

scholarly journals A Critical Assessment on the Indonesian Free Visa Policy: a Neorealist Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Andry Indrady
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Visa Policy ◽  
The Ideal

This paper discusses the implementation of free visa policy in Indonesia from a neorealist perspective. By utilizing the perspective of interdependence sovereignty and domestic sovereignty, this paper critically assesses the implementation of the free visa policy in Indonesia. From the interdependence sovereignty perspective, which elaborates the economic benefits, reciprocal and security approaches the paper finds that the free visa policy in Indonesia has yet to formulate a rational and objective policy that would lead to potential security – order threat. On the other hand, from the domestic sovereignty perspective the paper finds that although the state performs its immigration control capabilities effectively, however the said immigration control measures are implemented at a rather repressive level, instead of at the ideal prevention level. In the end, the paper suggests further research that fills the gap from findings on the specific methods to enhance the state’s capability in managing challenges posed by the free visa policy in more detail, as well as providing a method to measure public perception on the performance of immigration control.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Product Liability, Litigation Regimes and the Propensity to Patent: an Empirical Firm-level Investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Kovac ◽  
Salvini Datta ◽  
Rok Spruk
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Second Category ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

<p>Our data on the legal status of patent applications is from European Patent Office's (EPO) PATSTAT database which contains bibliographic and legal status firm-level patent data from leading industrialized and developing countries for the period 1995-2015. Sixteen different forms of legal statues are broadly classified and systematized into four broad categories. The first category entails the patent applications sent to EPO. This category is used to code firm-level observations based on whether the patent application has been submitted to EPO. The second category comprises the pooled firm-level observations for which the patent application has been approved and official validated. This category comprises the firms for which a valid patent has been approved in a given year. The third category comprises the firms whose patent application has been rejected by EPO on various ground which exceed the scope of this paper. And fourth, the remaining forms of legal status were coded into miscellaneous category which amounts to a minor fraction of the whole set of applications and which are omitted from the empirical analysis.</p>

scholarly journals Zasada podmiotowego traktowania skazanych w kodeksie karnym wykonawczym z 1997 roku

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 239-263
Author(s):  
Barbara Stańdo-Kawecka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Compromise Solution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Correctional Programmes

During the work on the draft of the 1997 Code of the Execution of Penalties (CEP) much attention was paid to the principle of the treatment of sentenced persons, and particu-larly those serving prison sentences, as subjects. In the Polish penological literature two dimensions of that principle were indicated. The first one referred to the strengthening of the sentenced person’s position in relation to enforcement authorities by means of precise regulations concerning his/her legal status and effective mechanisms for the protection of his/her rights. The second dimension meant the abandonment of forced rehabilitation and providing sentenced persons with the ability to decide freely whether they wanted to partici-pate in correctional interventions. Undoubtedly, the 1997 CEP strengthened the legal status of a sentenced person. As regards the abandonment of forced rehabilitation, the legislator chose a compromise solution according to which the participation in correctional interven-tions was, as a rule, voluntary, but in some cases it was mandatory. Like in other countries, in Poland in the last decade the idea of the public protection against crime played an in-creasingly important role in the criminal policy. In the criminal justice system focused on risk management, the treatment of sentenced persons as subjects requires providing them with reliable information on the possible consequences of their decisions concerning the participation in offered correctional activities. Additionally, it requires providing them with adequate access to empirically proven correctional programmes as well as introducing a transparent system of risk assessment and monitoring during the execution of the imposed penalty or penal measure.

Legal Integrity and Recognition

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Elaine Chase ◽  
Jennifer Allsopp
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Legal Recognition ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the centrality of legal status as a building block for security and constructing a future in Europe. It engages with the realities of living with or without legal recognition in England and Italy and the impact this has on young people. The chapter considers these experiences within international and national frameworks of young people's rights and 'best interests'. It also looks at the serendipitous ways in which access to such rights are in fact socially constructed. As the chapter highlights, the arbitrary allocation of papers generates an inequitable set of life opportunities, or capabilities, as unaccompanied migrant young people become adults within the constraints of immigration control.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ulrich Becker
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Different Dimensions

The chapter introduces the aim of the book, its structure, and its relevance, including an overview of previously published works in the field. It emphasises a double-sided understanding of the constitution of welfare states by way of background to the book, which aims to provide, from a comparative perspective, a detailed analysis of crisis-driven changes in the nine EU Member States that were particularly affected by the financial crisis. As a basis for the subsequent country reports and comparative analysis, this introduction explains different forms and functions of social protection and different dimensions and levels of human rights protection, as well as detailing the time and place of investigation.

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