The interaction between level of protein and the response to specific nutrients in high silage diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
A. Crocker ◽  
W. Fisher ◽  
C. Walker ◽  
A. Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

Previous studies have indicated that supplements to high quality grass silage based on molasses and sodium bicarbonate can enhance microbial efficiency and milk output. However these experiments showed that there was still a need to include preformed protein in the supplement to maximise the response. Also, work at this Institute (M. Gill, unpublished data) had indicated marked responses to branched chain volatile fatty acids (vfa) in high forage diets, but only in the presence of protein supplements. The aims of the experiment were to firstly examine whether preformed proteins in high forage diets could be replaced by either protected or unprotected amino acids (methionine and lysine) in dairy cow diets and secondly, to investigate the interaction between branched chain acids and the supply of protein.Eighty British Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactation were offered grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg of molasses and sodium bicarbonate (Alkacarb, ICI plc) at 30 g/kg silage dry matter (DM). They were given a protein supplement consisting of soyabean meal and fishmeal in a 3:1 ratio at either 2 (L) or 3.2 kg/day (H).

scholarly journals Methionine-balanced diets improve cattle performance in fattening young bulls fed high-forage diets through changes in nitrogen metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar ◽  
I. Ortigues-Marty ◽  
B. Sepchat ◽  
E. Titgemeyer ◽  
L. Bahloul
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Forage Diets

AbstractRuminants fed high-forage diets usually have a low feed efficiency, and their performances might be limited by methionine (Met) supply. However, the INRA feeding system for growing cattle does not give recommendation for this amino acid (AA). This study aimed to assess the effects of Met-balanced diets on animal performance and N metabolism in young bulls fed high-forage diets formulated at or above protein requirements. Four diets resulting from a factorial arrangement of two protein levels (Normal (13·5 % crude protein) v. High (16·2 % crude protein)) crossed with two Met concentrations (unbalanced (2·0 % of metabolisable protein) v. balanced (2·6 % of metabolisable protein)) were tested on thirty-four fattening Charolais bulls for 7 months before slaughter. Animal growth rate was greater in Met-balanced diets (+8 %; P = 0·02) with a trend for a greater impact in High v. Normal protein diets (P = 0·10). This trend was observed in lower plasma concentrations of branched-chain AA only when Met supplementation was applied to the Normal protein diet (P ≤ 0·06) suggesting another co-limiting AA at Normal protein level. Feed conversion efficiency and N use efficiency were unaffected by Met supplementation (P > 0·05). However, some plasma indicators suggested a better use of AA when High protein diets were balanced v. unbalanced in Met. The proportion of total adipose tissue in carcass increased (+5 percent units; P = 0·03), whereas that of muscle decreased on average 0·8 percent units (P = 0·05) in Met-balanced diets. Our results justify the integration of AA into dietary recommendations for growing cattle.

Roasted, steeped soybeans for growing steers fed alfalfa–grass silage

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
B. M. Mosimanyana ◽  
D. N. Mowat
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Growth Trial

A 56-d growth trial was conducted to evaluate performance and plasma amino acid (AA) responses of 63 Charolais-crossed steer calves fed alfalfa–grass silage diets. The basal diet was supplemented with either high-moisture corn (control), roasted, flaked, steeped (1 h) soybeans or a 60:40 (dry basis) mixture of corn gluten and blood meal (CG–BM). All diets were balanced for net energy, while the steeped soybeans and CG–BM diets were balanced for rumen-undegradable protein (RUP). Dry matter intake was similar across diets (2.39% of BW). Weight gains were higher (P < 0.01) for the steers fed with CG–BM (12.6%) and soybean (6.9%) supplemented rations than control steers. Digestibilities of neutral and acid detergent fibre were not adversely affected by roasted, steeped soybeans. Plasma glucose was lower (P < 0.05) and plasma urea was higher (P < 0.05) in the soybean- and CG–BM-supplemented steers than in control steers. Supplementation with steeped soybeans or CG–BM increased (P < 0.001) total plasma essential AA, branched-chain AA (BCAA) and BCAA/glycine ratio and lowered the total nonessential AA (NEAA) to essential AA (EAA) ratio. Plasma AA parameters were directly related to the rumen undegradability of the protein supplements. A lower plasma NEAA/EAA ratio indicated improved protein nutrition. These results showed that roasted, steeped soybeans delivered needed protein to the small intestine of rapidly growing steers fed alfalfa–grass silage. Key words: Roasting, steeped, soybeans, protein

THE INVESTIGATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE OR BENTONITE AS SUPPLEMENTS IN SILAGES FED TO LACTATING COWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
V. G. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows

Two experiments with lactating Holsteins were carried out to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or bentonite, added to silage prior to feeding, as a means of increasing dry matter intake. In the first trials the feed, consisting of 10% grain mixture, 45% grass silage and 45% corn silage, was supplemented with 0, 0.6 or 1.2% bentonite in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 12 cows and 28-day test periods. Neither level of bentonite improved dry matter intake or milk yield. Milk composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids, plasma calcium and phosphorus were not influenced by additions of bentonite. Apparent dry matter digestibility was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the addition of bentonite at the 0.6 and 1.2% levels compared to the cows fed the unsupplemented ration. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the silage mixture supplemented with 1.2% bentonite than for the controls. In the second trial a silage mixture consisting of approximately 30% grass silage and 70% corn silage was supplemented with either 0.8% NaHCO3, 2.1% bentonite or neither and fed in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 15 cows and 28-day treatment periods. Compared to control cows, neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite had any significant (P > 0.05) influence on dry matter intake, milk yield or rumen fermentation. However, the addition of NaHCO3 to the silage improved milk yield and feed conversion (P < 0.05) when compared to cows fed the silage supplemented with bentonite. It was concluded from these trials that bentonite should not be used as a supplement to silage diets fed to lactating cows. The results suggested that NaHCO3 supplementation had little if any beneficial effect when grass silage made up approximately 30% of the total diet. Key words: NaHCO3, bentonite, lactating cows, silage intake, digestibility

Effect of melamine onin vitrorumen microbial growth, methane production and fermentation of Chinese wild rye hay and maize meal in binary mixtures

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 686-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. YANG ◽  
H. ZHUANG ◽  
X. K. MENG ◽  
D. F. ZHANG ◽  
B. H. CAO
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
High Forage

SUMMARYThe effects of melamine on gas production (GP) kinetics, methane (CH4) production and fermentation of diets differing in forage content (low-forage (LF) diet: 200 g/kg and high-forage (HF) diet: 800 g/kg) by rumen micro-organismsin vitrowere studied using batch cultures. Rumen contents were collected from three Simmental×Luxi crossbred beef cattle. Melamine was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentration of 0 (control), 2, 6, 18, 54, 162 and 484 mg/kg of each diet. Cumulative GP was continuously measured in an automated gas recording instrument during 72 h of incubation, while fermentation gas end-products were collected to determine molar proportions of carbon dioxide (CO2), CH4and hydrogen gas (H2) in manually operated batch cultures. Differences in GP kinetics and fermentation gases were observed in response to the nature of the diets incubated. Although melamine addition did not affect GP kinetics and fermentation gas pattern compared to the control, the increase of melamine addition stimulated the yield of CH4by decreasing CO2, especially during the fermentation of the HF diet. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (N), amino acid N and microbial N in culture fluids were greater in the fermentation of LF- than HF diets, and these concentrations were increased by the increase of melamine addition after 72-h fermentation. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were greater in HF than LF diets. The addition of melamine decreased total VFA concentrations and this response was greater in HF than LF diet fermentations. Melamine addition did not affect molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, propionate and valerate compared with the control; however, branched-chain VFA production, which was lower in the HF than the LF diet, was increased by the melamine addition, especially in the HF diet fermentation. The ratio of non-glucogenic to glucogenic acids was lower in the HF than the LF diet, but it was not affected by melamine addition. In brief, the greater reduction in the rate and extent of rumen fermentation found for the HF diet in comparison with the LF diet suggested that rumen fermentation rate and extentin vitrodepended mainly on the nature of the incubated substrate, and that they could be further inhibited by the increase of melamine addition.

The effect of fish meal and soyabean meal supplements on milk production of autumn calving cows given ad libitum access to ryegrass silage

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R C Rae ◽  
A J Golightly ◽  
D R Marshall ◽  
C Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Present Trial

When grass silage is available ad libitum, compound feeds depress the intake of silage by cattle. Castle and Watson (1976) and Gill and England (1984) reported that silage intake was not depressed when protein supplements rather than cereals were given to dairy and beef cattle, respectively. The aim of the present trial was to examine protein supplements as alternatives to cereal based compounds to increase the milk yield of dairy cows without reducing silage intake.

scholarly journals Use of cashew and castor essential oils to improve fibre digestibility in high forage diets: digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3429-3440
Author(s):  
Roman David Castañeda-Serrano ◽  
◽  
Olga Teresa Barreto-Cruz ◽  
Sabrina Marcantonio Coneglian ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Losses ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

High forage diets in the tropics are less efficient and more contaminating due to high energy losses as methane and the low digestibility of tropical forages. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of essential oils (EO) of Anacardium occidentale and Ricinus communis as additives in high forage diets on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and synthesis of microbial protein. Four ‘Holstein’ steers fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-day period). The treatments were 1, 2, 4 and 8 g day-1 EO per animal (essential oils, Oligobasics®). The diet was total mixed ration (TMR) of Brachiaria hay (Brachiaria humidicola cv. Lanero) and concentrate (ground corn, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, urea and minerals) in an 80:20 ratio. Differences were observed in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in levels above 2 g day -1 EO (P < 0.05). The VFA (volatile fatty acids) acetate and propionate were higher in diets with 2 g day -1 EO (P < 0.05), without affecting the acetate:propionate ratio. Levels above 2 g day -1 EO negatively affected the faecal N excretion (P < 0.05). The inclusions of A. occidentale and R. communis EOs at 2 g day-1 per day animal improved fibre digestion and decreased N excretion. These results indicate that this mixture of EOs may have strong antimicrobial activity at lower doses. The N losses, fibre digestion and digestibility could be improved with the use of cashew and castor essential oils in high forage diets.

The effect of protein source in the concentrate on cow performance

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 2-2
Author(s):  
J.J. Murphy ◽  
P.A. Gleeson ◽  
D.J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cow Performance

A large number of studies have been carried out on the effect of level of crude protein in the concentrate supplement on cow performance. However, there is little information on the effect on milk output of different vegetable protein sources fed as a supplement to cows (on grass silage). This experiment was designed to compare the influence of 4 vegetable protein sources in the supplement, soyabean meal, groundnut meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal on milk yield, intake and diet digestibility by cows in early lactation offered grass silage ad-libitum.

Growth, Feed Efficiency and Metabolite Concentrations of Cattle Fed High Forage Diets with Lasalocid or Monensin Supplements

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
E. K. Heide ◽  
D. J. Duhaime ◽  
R. J. Hand ◽  
D. J. Perosio
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

PSXIV-4 Meta-analysis of the effects of monensin on growth and bloat of growing beef calves on pasture

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
Shane Gadberry ◽  
David Lalman ◽  
Frank White ◽  
Sara Linneen ◽  
Paul A Beck
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Day Length ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

Abstract This meta-analysis investigated the impacts of monensin on performance of stocker cattle on high-forage diets. The stocker performance analysis resulted from 38 experiments with 73 mean comparisons; bloat analysis was conducted with 12 experiments with 23 mean comparisons. The metaphor package (version 2.4-0) for R (version 4.0.3; www.r-project.org) was used to determine the overall effect size of monensin compared to a negative control. Each study’s n, means, and SEM or P-value was used to calculate the mean difference and estimate of within study variance for responses of interest. Moderators of monensin response considered in the analysis were delivery method, dose, study duration, initial calf BW, diet ME and CP, and forage category. Initial BW and basal ADG averaged 236 ± 45.9 kg and 0.72 ± 0.28 kg/day, respectively. In the ADG analysis the only significant moderator of those considered was length of the study (P &lt; 0.01), as duration of the study increased the ADG response to monensin decreased by 0.0007 kg/day. For the average 112-day length of study, the average monensin response is estimated to be 0.0784 kg/day increase in average daily gain. Sufficient information was presented in only 18 citations representing 40 mean comparisons for determining the effect of monensin on BW at the end of the experiment, estimated by (P &lt; 0.01) monensin response (increased ending BW, kg) = 22.3 – 0.05 (initial calf BW, kg). Thus, for the average initial BW of 235 kg the average monensin response is estimated to be 10.6 kg increase in average ending BW. The incidence (-20%) and severity (-0.7 bloat scores) of bloat was found to be reduced in bloat prone pastures. There is ample evidence that monensin increases performance of growing calves on high forage diets along with reducing the incidence and severity of bloat.

scholarly journals Profiles of Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Correlations With Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Bacterial Populations Based on Pure Carbohydrate Incubation in Vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangshu Xin ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
Chunlong Liu ◽  
Shuzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the profiles of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA; including C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, C17:0, iso-C17:0 and anteiso-C17:0) during pure carbohydrates incubation in vitro and whether they correlated with ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis, and bacterial populations. The pure substrates containing five different ratios of fiber and starch (F:S; 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0) were incubated for 6 h, 12 h, 18 h and 24 h. Results: Except iso-C17:0, OBCFA concentrations were interacted by F:S and incubation time. The highest concentration of total OBCFA was found in the fermented mixture after 24 h of incubation when the F:S = 0:100; while the lowest level was 1.65 mg/g DM produced after 6 h of incubation with F:S = 50:50. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and MCP remarkably decreased linearly as the inclusion of fiber in the substrates increased, as expected. The proportions of investigated cellulolytic bacteria in our study were increased linearly (or linearly and quadratically) while those of R. amylophilus and S. bovis were decreased as fiber inclusion increased. The correlation analysis indicated that iso-C16:0 concentration might have potential as a marker of productions of TVFA and MCP with ρ being 0.78 and 0.82 respectively. Compared to starch degrading bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria had more correlations with OBCFA profiles, and the strongest association was found on the population of R. flavefaciens with C15:0 concentration (ρ = 0.70). Conclusions: Our study shows there might be scope for iso-C16:0 to predict rumen productions of VFA and MCP. Notedly, this is the first paper reporting linkage of OBCFA with rumen function based on pure carbohydrate in vitro incubation, which would avoid confounding interference from dietary protein and fat presence. However, more in-depth experiments are needed to substantiate the current findings.

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