The Fertility Plateau in Costa Rica: a Review of Causes and Remedies

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D. Holl ◽  
Gretchen C. Daily ◽  
Paul R. Ehrlich
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Institutional Influence ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Status Of Women

The decline and subsequent above-replacement plateau in Costa Rican fertility rates illustrates a demographic pattern that is apparent in other developing countries. This paper discusses the complexity of factors that contribute to the fertility plateau in Costa Rica. These contributory factors include the social and economic status of women, socio-economic conditions in general, lack of government commitment to and supply of family planning services relative to demand, deficient sex and family-planning education, and the powerful institutional influence of the Catholic Church.We then discuss possible strategies, for developing and developed nations alike, to slow and eventually halt the exponential growth of the global human population. For this quintessential need the most important strategies, we suggest, are targeted education for both sexes and provision of comprehensive contraceptive and abortion services.

scholarly journals Adaptation of community-based distribution of family planning services to context-specific social networks: a case of marriage counsellors in Lusaka district, Zambia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Nyundo ◽  
Maxine Whittaker ◽  
Lynne Eagle ◽  
David R. Low
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Fertility Decisions ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
The Social

Abstract Background The significant contribution of community-based distribution (CBD) of family planning services and contraceptives to the uptake of contraceptives in hard-to-reach communities has resulted in the scaling-up of this approach in many Sub-Saharan countries. However, contextual factors need to be taken into consideration. For example, social network influence (e.g. spouse/partner, in-laws, and parents) on fertility decisions in many African and Asian societies is inevitable because of the social organisational structures. Hence the need to adapt CBD strategies to the social network context of a given society. Methods Data collection involved structured interviews from August 2018 to March 2019. Randomly selected respondents (n = 149) were recruited from four purposively selected health facilities in Lusaka district, Zambia. Respondents were screened for age (> 15 yrs.) and marital status. A mix of categorical and qualitative data was generated. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS®24) was used to carry out descriptive analysis and tests of association (Fisher’s exact) while Nvivo®12 was used to analyse the qualitative data using a deductive thematic approach. Results The results indicate that pre-marriage counselling (pre-MC) influences key elements of the husband-wife relationship (p > 0.005), namely; sexual relationship, inter-personal communication, assignation of roles and responsibilities, leadership and authority. These elements of the husband-wife relationship also affect how spouses/partners interact when making fertility decisions. More importantly, the majority (86%) of the respondents indicated having a continuing relationship with their marriage counsellors because of the need to consult them on marital issues. Conclusion Marriage counsellors, though hardly reported in fertility studies, are important ‘constituents’ of the social network in the Zambian society. This is because marriage counsellors are trusted sources of information about marital issues and often consulted about family planning but perceived not to have the correct information about modern contraceptives. In this context, pre-MC offers a readily available, sustainable and culturally appropriate platform for disseminating accurate information about modern contraceptives provided in a private and personal manner. Therefore, the CBD strategy in Zambia can harness marriage counsellors by recruiting and training them as community agents.

scholarly journals Female Education in Nigeria: A Key to Development in ESAN North East Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ebhomienlen, T. O. ◽  
Aitufe V. O
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Female Education ◽  
North East ◽  
The Social ◽  
Phenomenological Methodology ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Status Of Women

This essay portrays Female Education in Nigeria as a key to Development in Esan North East Local Government Area, Edo State. The need to break the barrier of sex discrimination at the crucial time that Nigeria needs all round development is more appealing. The female folks are supposed to be co – pilots of the wheel of progress. It is evident in Esan North East Local Government Area that the traditional view of women has not drastically changed. Most women are still into petty business, like trading, farming, menial fashion making, hair making and so on. The new wind of change that is blowing in some parts of Nigeria has not sufficiently reflected in the area of this study. This study therefore, aims at encouraging females themselves and their parents to change their past view on education and respond positively on female education campaign initiates. To achieve the objectives of this essay the researcher adopts the historical, analytical and phenomenological methodology. It discovers that the training of girls/ women will enhance the social, political and economic status of women themselves and the society at large and this will form the bedrock for holistic development.

scholarly journals Gender Equality in Iranian History

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
Nasrin Rahimieh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Doctoral Program ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iranian History ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
Status Of Women

This ambitious undertaking, comprising 6 chapters, 16 tables, 4 appendixes,and a glossary, is the culmination of a doctoral program at McGill University’sInstitute of Islamic Studies. A specialist in Islam, world religions, andgender studies, Minoo Derayeh is now an assistant professor at York Universityin Toronto.Gender Equality in Iranian History seeks to uncover the social, political,and economic status of women across the vast expanse of Iranian history.In her “Foreword,” Ratna Gosh (McGill University) applauds theauthor’s contribution for showing that the “concept of Islamic feminism isfounded on the idea of complementary rather than equal rights” and, equallyimportantly, for laying bare “the root of cultural patriarchy” (p. ii). The veryidea of complementarity, as the book’s chapters reveal, has not always beenunproblematically present in Iran’s encounter with Islam ...

Family Planning and Its Association with Nutritional Status of Women: Investigation in Select South Asian Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Juel Rana ◽  
Srinivas Goli
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Multiple Classification Analysis ◽  
Multiple Classification ◽  
Status Of Women

Family planning allows couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the timing and spacing of their births. Integration of family planning services in undernutrition elimination programmes is one way to reduce undernutrition in developing countries. In this backdrop, this study assessed the association of women’s nutritional status and family planning, considering the intersectional axes of the timing, spacing and limiting of births as a proxy indicator of family planning. The study used the recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from four South Asian countries (namely, India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan) which exhibit prevalence of high malnutrition levels, poor family planning, huge adolescent fertility and shorter birth intervals among women. Along with descriptive and bivariate statistics, multinomial logistic regressions ( mlogit) and Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) conversion models were used to estimate the adjusted percentage of nutritional outcomes by selected independent factors. The results reveal that women’s nutritional status has significant relationship with planning of births. Overall, the findings suggest that planning for timing, spacing and limiting of births can promote better nutritional status in women.

The Social and Political Integration of West Indians in Costa Rica: 1930–50

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald N. Harpelle
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Social Development ◽  
African Descent ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
West Indians ◽  
The West ◽  
Indian Immigrants ◽  
The Social

People of African descent in Costa Rica form a marginalised and geographically concentrated minority group. The limited interest that academics have shown towards people of African descent is a reflection of their position in Costa Rican society. National histories consistently ignore the contributions of West Indian immigrants to the economic and social development of modern Costa Rica. Moreover, the existing literature on people of African descent in Costa Rica fails to document properly West Indians' efforts to integrate into Hispanic society. As a result, several misconceptions continue to exist about the evolution of the West Indian community in Costa Rica.

scholarly journals Women Empowerment: Issues and Challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasa Murthy A T
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Status Of Women

Women’s Empowerment has been an issue of immense discussions and contemplation over the last few decades world-wide. This as an agenda has been on top of the lists of most government plans & programs as well. Efforts have been made on a regular basis across nations to address this issue and enhance the socio-economic status of women. However, it has been observed that most of the policies and programs view empowerment in the economic sense only working in the belief that economic self-reliance empowers women ignoring other variables like health, education, literacy etc. Introduction In the history of human development, woman has been as important as man. In fact, the status, employment and work performed by women in society is the indicator of a nation’s overall progress. Without the participation of women in national activities, the social, economical or political progress of a country will be stagnated. Women constitute half of the humanity, even contributing two-thirds of world’s work hours. She earns only one-third of the total income and owns less than one-tenth of the world’s resources. This shows that the economic status of women is in pathetic condition and this is more so in a country like India., “women constitute nearly 50 per cent of population, perform two-thirds of the work and produce 50 per cent of food commodities consumed by the country. They earn one third of remuneration and own 10 per cent of the property or wealth of the country” (Reddy et al., 1994).

scholarly journals Análisis Social, Económico y Ambiental del sector Friolero: perspectiva de pequeños productores (Social, economic and environmental analysis of the dry bean producers: A perspective on small size Costa Rican farmers)

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ligia Eugenia Guerrero Varga ◽  
Luis Santiago Vindas Montero ◽  
Ana Gabriela Víquez Paniagua
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Production ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Santa Cecilia

<p>En los últimos años, la actividad frijolera en Costa Rica ha ido perdiendo competitividad, afectada principalmente por los altos costos de producción y precios de importación más bajos; lo anterior lleva a cuestionarse si el cultivo del frijol debería seguir fomentándose, pero al evaluar no sólo el punto de vista económico, sino más bien haciendo especial enfoque a las repercusiones sociales, ambientales y culturales que conlleva la actividad. La investigación se plantea al carecer de información formal y documentada que permita visualizar la realidad del sector frijolero en aspectos sociales, ambientales y económicos en el campo de la sustentabilidad de gremios conformados principalmente por pequeños productores de empresas cooperativas y asociaciones, en los cantones de Upala, Guatuso y Los Chiles de la Zona Huetar Norte, así como en las localidades de Santa Cecilia y la Cruz de Guanacaste. Para lo anterior, se utilizó la metodología conocida como marco de evaluación MESMIS. Las conclusiones más relevantes arrojan que la actividad frijolera es una actividad familiar, con una alta vulnerabilidad en factores sociales y económicos asociados a la actividad, resultados que se vinculan directamente con la declaratoria del Año Internacional de la Agricultura Familiar (AIAF) 2014, propuesto por la FAO, que tiene como objetivo aumentar la visibilidad de la agricultura familiar y la agricultura a pequeña escala.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>During the latter years, dry bean production in Costa Rica has lost competitiveness due to high production costs and lower import prices that lead to reconsider whether dry bean production should still be encouraged but also consider the social, environmental and cultural consequences entailed in this activity. This research was driven by a lack of documented formal data that could help visualize the sector’s social, environmental and economic aspects that bind together the professional unions of mainly cooperative and rural associations of small farmers in the cantons of Upala, Guatuso and Los Chiles of the Northern Huetar Zone, as well as those from the communities of Santa Cecilia and La Cruz in the Guanacaste province.  To this end, a methodology known as the MESMIS Evaluating Framework was used. The most relevant conclusions point out that dry bean production is a familial activity with high vulnerability to social and economic factors associated with this activity, that can be directly related to the declaration by FAO of the year 2014 as the International Year of Family Farming (IYFF) with the objective of increasing the visibility of family and small scale farming<strong><br /></strong></p>

scholarly journals Bodies in motion: spaces, emotions and representations that (de)construct realities

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Alonso Caravaca-Morera ◽  
Maria Itayra Padilha
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
San Jose ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Population

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the social representations of the body among Brazilian and Costa Rican transsexual people through their life stories. METHOD Qualitative and descriptive multicenter research. The study population consisted of 70 participants. Two organizations cooperated to collect the information, one in Florianópolis, SC-Brazil and one in San José, the capital of Costa Rica. Content Analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Based on the results, a single social representation of corporeality was unveiled: “Modeled bodies: about the elasticity of corporeality”. This representation described two clear elementary context units (discourse matrices). The first associates the body with an inconclusive, transitory, volatile, pliable, moldable and fluid object, while the second relates the body with a separate institution, but regulated and controlled by others. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the transsexual body is a volatile, transient, transformable institution, crossed by the marks of a historicizing and historicizable time, which comes within the scope not only of what can be named by means of linguistic signs, but also of what belongs to the unnamable in terms of sociocultural perceptions and feelings.

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