Space–time pattern of hepatitis A in Spain, 1997–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. GOMEZ-BARROSO ◽  
C. VARELA ◽  
R. RAMIS ◽  
J. L. DEL BARRIO ◽  
F. SIMÓN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Global And Local

SUMMARYIn Spain hepatitis A is a compulsory notifiable disease and individual cases are reported to the national epidemiological surveillance network. Incidence rates show variations in different regions. The aim of this study was to analyse the space–time pattern of hepatitis A risk at municipal level in Spain and at global and local levels during the period 1997–2007. At global level we used two estimates of risk: the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the posterior probability that the smoothed relative risk is >1 (PP). At local level we used the scan statistic method to analyse the space–time clusters. The SIR and significant PP (>0·8) showed the highest risk concentrated in areas of the Mediterranean coast. The most likely cluster gave a relative risk of 53·530. These spatial statistics methodologies can be complementary tools in the epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Census Tract–Level Poverty and Domestically Acquired Salmonella Incidence: Analysis of Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network Data, 2010–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (8) ◽  
pp. 1405-1412
Author(s):  
James L Hadler ◽  
Paula Clogher ◽  
Tanya Libby ◽  
Elisha Wilson ◽  
Nadine Oosmanally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Catchment Population ◽  
Salmonella Infections

Abstract Background The relationships between socioeconomic status and domestically acquired salmonellosis and leading Salmonella serotypes are poorly understood. Methods We analyzed surveillance data from laboratory-confirmed cases of salmonellosis from 2010–2016 for all 10 Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) sites, having a catchment population of 47.9 million. Case residential data were geocoded, linked to census tract poverty level, and then categorized into 4 groups according to census tract poverty level. After excluding those reporting international travel before illness onset, age-specific and age-adjusted salmonellosis incidence rates were calculated for each census tract poverty level, overall and for each of the 10 leading serotypes. Results Of 52 821geocodable Salmonella infections (>96%), 48 111 (91.1%) were domestically acquired. Higher age-adjusted incidence occurred with higher census tract poverty level (P < .001; relative risk for highest [≥20%] vs lowest [<5%] census tract poverty level, 1.37). Children <5 years old had the highest relative risk (2.07). Although this relationship was consistent by race/ethnicity and by serotype, it was not present in 5 FoodNet sites or among those aged 18–49 years. Conclusion Children and older adults living in higher-poverty census tracts have had a higher incidence of domestically acquired salmonellosis. There is a need to understand socioeconomic status differences for risk factors for domestically acquired salmonellosis by age group and FoodNet site to help focus prevention efforts.

scholarly journals Bayesian Space–Time Analysis of Brain Cancer Incidence in Southern Ontario, Canada: 2010–2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Ancil Persad
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Traumatic Head Injury ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Trend

Canada has one of the highest incidence rates of brain cancer in the world. This study investigates the space–time variation of brain cancer risk across Southern Ontario, Canada. A Bayesian spatio-temporal regression model is used to estimate the relative risk of brain cancer in the 12 spatial health units of Southern Ontario over a four-year period (2010–2013). This work also explores the association between brain cancer and two potential risk factors: traumatic head injury (THI) and excess body fat (EBF). Across all areal units from 2010–2013, results show that the relative risk of brain cancer ranged from 0.83 (95% credible interval (CI) 0.74–0.91) to 1.26 (95% CI 1.13–1.41). Over the years, the eastern and western health units had persistently higher risk levels compared to those in the central areas. Results suggest that areas with elevated THI rates and EBF levels were also potentially associated with higher brain cancer relative risk. Findings revealed that the mean temporal trend for cancer risk progression in the region smoothly decreased over time. Overall, 50% of the health units displayed area-specific trends which were higher than the region’s average, thus indicating a slower decrease in cancer rates for these areas in comparison to the mean trend.

scholarly journals The cholera risk assessment in Kano State, Nigeria: A historical review, mapping of hotspots and evaluation of contextual factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0009046
Author(s):  
Moise Chi Ngwa ◽  
Chikwe Ihekweazu ◽  
Tochi Okwor ◽  
Sebastian Yennan ◽  
Nanpring Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Incidence

Nigeria is endemic for cholera since 1970, and Kano State report outbreaks annually with high case fatality ratios ranging from 4.98%/2010 to 5.10%/2018 over the last decade. However, interventions focused on cholera prevention and control have been hampered by a lack of understanding of hotspot Local Government Areas (LGAs) that trigger and sustain yearly outbreaks. The goal of this study was to identify and categorize cholera hotspots in Kano State to inform a national plan for disease control and elimination in the State. We obtained LGA level confirmed and suspected cholera data from 2010 to 2019 from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and Kano State Ministry of Health. Data on inland waterbodies and population numbers were obtained from online sources and NCDC, respectively. Clusters (hotspots) were identified using SaTScan through a retrospective analysis of the data for the ten-year period using a Poisson discrete space-time scan statistic. We also used a method newly proposed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) to identify and rank hotspots based on two epidemiological indicators including mean annual incidence per 100 000 population of reported cases and the persistence of cholera for the study period. In the ten-year period, 16,461 cholera cases were reported with a case fatality ratio of 3.32% and a mean annual incidence rate of 13.4 cases per 100 000 population. Between 2010 and 2019, the most severe cholera exacerbations occurred in 2014 and 2018 with annual incidence rates of 58.01 and 21.52 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. Compared to 2017, reported cases and deaths increased by 214.56% and 406.67% in 2018. The geographic distribution of outbreaks revealed considerable spatial heterogeneity with the widest in 2014. Space-time clustering analysis identified 18 out of 44 LGAs as high risk for cholera (hotspots) involving both urban and rural LGAs. Cholera clustered around water bodies, and the relative risk of having cholera inside the hotspot LGA were 1.02 to 3.30 times higher than elsewhere in the State. A total of 4,894,144 inhabitants were in these hotspots LGAs. Of these, six LGAs with a total population of 1.665 million had a relative risk greater than 2 compared to the state as a whole. The SaTScan (statistical) and GTFCC methods were in agreement in hotspots identification. This study identified cholera hotspots LGAs in Kano State from 2010–2019. Hotspots appeared in both urban and rural settings. Focusing control strategies on these hotspots will facilitate control and eliminate cholera from the State.

scholarly journals Temporal and geographic analysis of trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque ◽  
Salvador Ayala ◽  
Denis Poblete-Toledo ◽  
Mauricio Canals
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Rate Fluctuation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Domestic Cycle ◽  
Model Residuals ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

AbstractTrichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk and to analyze the incidence rate fluctuation in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010 to 2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey-Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag-York-Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not a (re)emerging disease in Chile, but the severe economic poverty rate of the Mapuche Indigenous peoples and the high number of backyard and free-ranging pigs seem to be associated with the high risk of trichinellosis in the Araucanía region.

Cognitive function and risk for depression in old age: a meta-analysis of published literature

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Quan Huang ◽  
Zheng-Rong Wang ◽  
Yong-Hong Li ◽  
Yi-Zhou Xie ◽  
Qing-Xiu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk For Depression

ABSTRACTBackground: We assessed the relationship between cognitive impairment (including mild cognitive impairment with no signs of dementia, and dementia) and risk for depression in old age (60 years and older).Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library database were used to identify potential studies. All of the clinical studies that produced data on the association between cognitive function and risk of depression among individuals aged 55 years or older were identified and included in this review. The studies were classified into cross-sectional and longitudinal subsets. The quantitative meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were performed. For prevalence and incidence rates of depression, odds risk (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated, respectively.Results: Since all but two studies found in the search were for individuals aged 60 years or over, we assessed and reported on results for this larger group only. In this review we included 13 cross-sectional and four prospective longitudinal studies. The quantitative meta-analysis showed that, in old age, individuals with non-dementia cognitive impairment had neither significant higher prevalence nor incidence rates of depression than those without (odds risk (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 0.87–2.52; relative risk (RR): 1.12, 95% CI: 0.62–2.01). In old age, individuals with dementia had both significant higher prevalence and incidence rates of depression than those without (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.15–2.89; RR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.93–7.99).Conclusions: Despite the methodological limitations of this meta-analysis, we found that in old age, there was no association between depression and cognitive impairment with no dementia; however, there was a definite association between depression and dementia and thus dementia might be a risk for depression.

scholarly journals ANÁLISIS ESPACIO-TEMPORAL DE LA MALARIA EN MATINA, LIMÓN, COSTA RICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (54) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Silvia Argüello Vargas ◽  
Elba de la Cruz Malavassi ◽  
Marco V Herrero Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Factores De Riesgo ◽  
Spatial Attributes ◽  
Los Grupos

<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer el patrón espacio-temporal de la malaria en Matina y relacionarlo con factores ambientales. Se utilizaron tecnologías espaciales para capturar, almacenar, analizar y visualizar información relacionada con localidades y viviendas. Los atributos no espaciales fueron analizados usando pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas. Los datos fueron obtenidos de las bases de datos de casos clínicos del Área Rectora del Ministerio de Salud en Matina. Se presentan los descriptores puntuales de las localidades positivas para los años 2005 y 2006 y en los grupos de viviendas positivo y negativo en la localidad piloto. Se propone una clasificación de áreas macroambientales en el cantón y se relaciona con la distribución de la Incidencia Parasitaria Anual (IPA). Se identificaron factores de riesgo a nivel de vivienda en la localidad piloto. Se describe la ocurrencia temporal de la actividad malárica en el cantón. El patrón espacio-temporal que se presenta en este informe puede servir de línea base para estudiar cambios que podrían ocurrir en el futuro.</p><p> </p><p>SPACE-TIME ANALYSIS OF MALARIA IN MATINA, LIMÓN, COSTA RICA</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br /> The purpose of this study was to describe the space-time pattern of the disease, and relate it to environmental factors. Spatial technologies were used to collect, store, analyze and display information regarding locations and household locations. Non-spatial attributes were analyzed using parametric and non parametric tests. The information was obtained from databases of clinical cases form the Governing Area of the Health Ministry in Matina. Centrographic parameters were calculated for localities within Matina and for households within the pilot location. Parasitic Incidence (IPA) was associated with a proposed environmental classifiation for Matina. At the household level, risk factors were determined. The temporal pattern of the disease in Matina is described. A similar temporal trend is shown for households within the pilot location. This is the fist time that the information collected in the Matina Governing Area is used to describe the spatial patterns of malaria.<br /> This pattern will be useful as a comparative baseline for future studies.</p><p> </p><p><span><br /></span></p>

Resource access mechanisms in networks and SME survival in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Acheampong ◽  
Raphael Odoom ◽  
Thomas Anning-Dorson ◽  
Patrick Amfo Anim
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Directed Network ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Hole ◽  
One Year ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Access Mechanisms ◽  
Global Influence

Purpose The study aims to determine the resource access mechanism in inter-firm networks that aids SME survival in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The authors collect census data on a poultry cluster in Ghana and construct a directed network. The network is used to extract direct and indirect ties both incoming and outgoing, as well as estimate the structural holes of the actors. These variables are used to estimate for survival of SMEs after a one-year period using a binary logit model. Findings The study finds that out-indirect ties and structural hole have a significant influence on SME survival. This works through the global influence and the vision advantage that these positions and ties offer the SMEs. Originality/value The study offers SMEs a choice of whom to collaborate with for information (resources) in the form of outgoing and incoming ties at both the global and local level.

scholarly journals Association between wetland presence and incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana infections in selected US sites, 2005–2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (14) ◽  
pp. 2991-2997 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. HUANG ◽  
M. E. PATRICK ◽  
J. MANNERS ◽  
A. R. SAPKOTA ◽  
K. J. SCHERZINGER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Wetland Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wetland Cover

SUMMARYSalmonella causes an estimated 1·2 million illnesses annually in the USA. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana (serotype Javiana) is the fourth most common serotype isolated from humans, with the majority of illnesses occurring in southeastern states. The percentage of wetland cover by wetland type and the average incidence rates of serotype Javiana infection in selected counties of the Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) were examined. This analysis explored the relationship between wetland environments and incidence in order to assess whether regional differences in environmental habitats may be associated with observed variations in incidence. Findings suggest that environmental habitats may support reservoirs or contribute to the persistence of serotype Javiana, and may frequently contribute to the transmission of infection compared with other Salmonella serotypes.

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