An outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection in Norway, 2012: a reminder to consider uncommon pathogens in outbreaks involving imported products

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MacDONALD ◽  
K. E. MØLLER ◽  
A. L. WESTER ◽  
U. R. DAHLE ◽  
N. O. HERMANSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathogens ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Initial Interviews ◽  
Etec Infection

SUMMARYWe investigated an outbreak of gastroenteritis following a Christmas buffet served on 4–9 December 2012 to ~1300 hotel guests. More than 300 people were reported ill in initial interviews with hotel guests. To identify possible sources of infection we conducted a cohort investigation through which we identified 214 probable cases. Illness was associated with consumption of scrambled eggs (odds ratio 9·07, 95% confidence interval 5·20–15·84). Imported chives added fresh to the scrambled eggs were the suspected source of the outbreak but were unavailable for testing. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection was eventually confirmed in 40 hotel guests. This outbreak reinforces that ETEC should be considered in non-endemic countries when the clinical picture is consistent and common gastrointestinal pathogens are not found. Following this outbreak, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority recommended that imported fresh herbs should be heat-treated before use in commercial kitchens.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) total RNA against ETEC challenge in a mouse model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandi Liu ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Yun Bai ◽  
Guomei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Etec Infection

AbstractEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), an essential cause of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets, leads to significant economic losses to the pig industry. The present study aims to identify the role of ETEC total RNA in eliciting immune responses to protect animals against ETEC infection. The results showed that the total RNA isolated from pig-derived ETEC K88ac strain effectively stimulated the IL-1β secretion of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The mouse model immunized with ETEC total RNA via intramuscular injection (IM) or oral route (OR) was used to evaluate the protective efficiency of the ETEC total RNA. The results suggested that 70 μg ETEC total RNA administered by either route significantly promoted the production of the serum IL-1β and K88ac specific immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Besides, the ETEC RNA administration augmented strong mucosal immunity by elevating K88ac specific IgA level in the intestinal fluid. Intramuscularly administered RNA induced a Th1/Th2 shift toward a Th2 response, while the orally administered RNA did not. The ETEC total RNA efficiently protected the animals against the ETEC challenge either by itself or as an adjuvant. The histology characterization of the small intestines also suggested the ETEC RNA administration protected the small intestinal structure against the ETEC infection. Particularly of note was that the immunity level and protective efficacy caused by ETEC RNA were dose-dependent. These findings will help understand the role of bacterial RNA in eliciting immune responses, and benefit the development of RNA-based vaccines or adjuvants.

scholarly journals Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and intestinal thiamin uptake: studies with intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (11) ◽  
pp. C1185-C1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhisek Ghosal ◽  
Nabendu S. Chatterjee ◽  
Tristan Chou ◽  
Hamid M. Said
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase System ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
Etec Infection

Infections with enteric pathogens like enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC) is a major health issue worldwide and while diarrhea is the major problem, prolonged, severe, and dual infections with multiple pathogens may also compromise the nutritional status of the infected individuals. There is almost nothing currently known about the effect of ETEC infection on intestinal absorptions of water-soluble vitamins including thiamin. We examined the effect of ETEC infection on intestinal uptake of the thiamin using as a model the human-derived intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. The results showed that infecting confluent Caco-2 monolayers with live ETEC (but not with boiled/killed ETEC or nonpathogenic E. coli) or treatment with bacterial culture supernatant led to a significant inhibition in thiamin uptake. This inhibition appears to be caused by a heat-labile and -secreted ETEC component and is mediated via activation of the epithelial adenylate cyclase system. The inhibition in thiamin uptake by ETEC was associated with a significant reduction in expression of human thiamin transporter-1 and -2 (hTHTR1 and hTHTR2) at the protein and mRNA levels as well as in the activity of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters. Dual infection of Caco-2 cells with ETEC and EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli) led to compounded inhibition in intestinal thiamin uptake. These results show for the first time that infection of human intestinal epithelial cells with ETEC causes a significant inhibition in intestinal thiamin uptake. This inhibition is mediated by a secreted heat-labile toxin and is associated with a decrease in the expression of intestinal thiamin transporters.

A foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenicE. coliandSalmonellaAnatum infection after a high-school dinner in Denmark, November 2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. PAKALNISKIENE ◽  
G. FALKENHORST ◽  
M. LISBY ◽  
S. B. MADSEN ◽  
K. E. P. OLSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High School ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Foodborne Outbreak ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks

SUMMARYIn industrialized countries enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is mainly diagnosed as a cause of travellers' diarrhoea, but it is also known to cause foodborne outbreaks. We report an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by ETEC serotypes O92:H−and O153:H2 as well asSalmonellaAnatum, which affected around 200 students and teachers after a high-school dinner in Greater Copenhagen, Denmark, November 2006. A retrospective cohort study showed that consumption of pasta salad with pesto was associated with an increased risk of illness (attack rate 59·4%; risk ratio 2·6, 95% confidence interval 1·2–5·7). Imported fresh basil used for preparation of the pesto was the most likely source of contamination. Although ETEC is associated with travellers' diarrhoea in Denmark, this outbreak suggests that a proportion of sporadic ETEC infections might be caused by contaminated imported foodstuffs. To improve food safety further, it is important to target this poorly regulated and researched area.

scholarly journals Lasso Peptide Microcin J25 Effectively Enhances Gut Barrier Function and Modulates Inflammatory Response in an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Challenged Mouse Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuliang Ding ◽  
Haitao Yu ◽  
Shiyan Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lasso Peptide ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Microcin J25 ◽  
Etec Infection

Bacterial resistance leads to severe public health and safety issues worldwide. Alternatives to antibiotics are currently needed. A promising lasso peptide, microcin J25 (MccJ25), is considered to be the best potential substitute for antibiotics to treat pathogen infection, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This study evaluated the efficacy of MccJ25 in the prevention of ETEC infection. Forty-five female BALB/c mice of clean grade (aged seven weeks, approximately 16.15 g) were randomly divided into three experimental groups as follows: (i) control group (uninfected); (ii) ETEC infection group; (iii) MccJ25 + ETEC group. Fifteen mice per group in five cages, three mice/cage. MccJ25 conferred effective protection against ETEC-induced body weight loss, decrease in rectal temperature and increase in diarrhea scores in mice. Moreover, in ETEC-challenged mice model, MccJ25 significantly improved intestinal morphology, decreased intestinal histopathological scores and attenuated intestinal inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines and intestinal permeability, including reducing serum diamine oxidase and D-lactate levels. MccJ25 enhanced epithelial barrier function by increasing occludin expression in the colon and claudin-1 expression in the jejunum, ultimately improving intestinal health of host. MccJ25 was further found to alleviate gut inflammatory responses by decreasing inflammatory cytokine production and expression via the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways. Taken together, the results indicated that MccJ25 protects against ETEC-induced intestinal injury and intestinal inflammatory responses, suggesting the potential application of MccJ25 as an excellent antimicrobial or anti-inflammation agent against pathogen infections.

scholarly journals Effect of Puerarin, Baicalin and Berberine Hydrochloride on the Regulation of IPEC-J2 Cells Infected with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxi Liu ◽  
Fenghua Liu ◽  
Yunfei Ma ◽  
Huanrong Li ◽  
Xianghong Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Berberine Hydrochloride ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Etec Infection

Puerarin, baicalin and berberine hydrochloride are the main components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction, which has been used to treat diarrhoea in China for hundreds of years, yet the biological function and molecular mechanism of these components are not clear. To investigate the effects of puerarin, baicalin, and berberine hydrochloride on the regulation of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). IPEC-J2 cells were pretreated with puerarin (200 μg/mL), baicalin (1 μg/mL), and berberine hydrochloride (100 μg/mL) at 37°C for 3 h and then coincubated with the F4ac ETEC bacterial strain 200 at 37°C for 3 h. ETEC infection damaged the structure of IPEC-J2 cells, upregulated mucin 4 (P < 0.01) and mucin 13 mRNA (P < 0.05) expression, increased the apoptosis rate (P < 0.05), and promoted inflammatory responses (IL-6 and CXCL-2 mRNA expression) in IPEC-J2 cells by activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Pretreatment with puerarin, baicalin, and berberine hydrochloride improved the structure and morphology of IPEC-J2 cells and inhibited ETEC adhesion by downregulating specific adhesion molecules. Pretreatment with baicalin decreased the inflammatory response; pretreatment with baicalin and berberine hydrochloride decreased the inflammatory response mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Pretreatment with puerarin, baicalin, and berberine hydrochloride protected IPEC-J2 cells from ETEC infection by inhibiting bacterial adhesion and inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Screening of pigs resistant to F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rasschaert ◽  
F. Verdonck ◽  
B.M. Goddeeris ◽  
L. Duchateau ◽  
E. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Etec Infection

Gastroenteritis in older people living in the community: results of two Australian surveys

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (11) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. KIRK ◽  
G. V. HALL ◽  
N. BECKER
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Older People ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The State ◽  
National Surveys

SUMMARYWe analysed two large national surveys conducted in 2001 and 2008 to examine incidence and outcomes of gastroenteritis in older Australians. A case was someone reporting ⩾3 loose stools or ⩾1 episode of vomiting in 24 h, excluding non-infectious causes. We compared cases arising in the elderly (⩾65 years) and in other adults (20–64 years). Elderly people experienced 0·33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·24–0·42] episodes of gastroenteritis/person per year, compared to 0·95 (95% CI 0·74–1·15) in other adults. Elderly cases reported less stomach cramps, fever and myalgia than younger cases, and were more likely to be hospitalized, although this was not statistically significant. In multivariable analysis, gastroenteritis in elderly people was associated with travelling within the state (odds ratio 1·35, 95% CI 1·07–1·71). Elderly people were less concerned about food safety than other adults. Older Australians were less likely to report gastroenteritis and experienced different symptoms and outcomes from other adults.

Mouse intestinal innate immune responses altered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 954-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenkai Ren ◽  
Jie Yin ◽  
Jielin Duan ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Xiaoping Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Etec Infection

scholarly journals Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia, South America

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (05) ◽  
pp. 372-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gilberto Gomez-Duarte ◽  
Yesenia Carolina Romero-Herazo ◽  
Carol Zussandy Paez-Canro ◽  
Javier Hernando Eslava-Schmalbach ◽  
Octavio Arzuza
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are major causes of diarrhoeal disease in children under five years of age worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of E. coli pathotypes with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in 815 samples from children younger than five years of age in Cartagena, Colombia (466 cases and 349 controls). Controls were randomly selected 1:1 to cases, to obtain 349 cases and 349 controls. Results: This study revealed that 27 (7.44%) cases and 12 (3.43%) controls were positives for any of the E. coli pathotypes. The difference observed was statistically significant indicating that E. coli pathotypes were associated with cases of childhood diarrhoea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most common pathotype associated with childhood diarrhoea. Additional E. coli pathotypes were also identified. Conclusions: We conclude that after the adjustment by age, sex and socioeconomic stratum, the odds ratio obtained by logistic regression shows an association between infection with ETEC and childhood diarrhoea.

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