Not your classic bath: adopting and adapting Roman bathing habits in NW Gaul

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 147-168
Author(s):  
Sadi Maréchal
Keyword(s):  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Standard Sequence ◽  
Building Type ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Low Levels

Roman-style bathhouses are often used as markers to study processes of ‘Romanisation’, or, more generally, the spread of a Roman way of life throughout newly conquered regions. The building type, with its characteristic hypocaust system and pools, was a foreign element in regions unacquainted with communal bathing. However, to assume that these buildings were introduced and spread as a ‘package’, with the standard sequence of rooms and accompanying technology, would be oversimplifying a complex phenomenon of acceptance, rejection and adaptation. Since Roman baths are too often perceived as a mainly urban phenomenon, regions on the fringes of the empire with low levels of urbanisation, including the northern provinces, have been excluded from most seminal works.1 The present paper aims to examine a corpus of baths in NW Gaul from between the 1st and early 4th c. (i.e., the period between the first villa constructions and their abandonment following Germanic invasions) in order to challenge idées fixes2 that their plans were rigid and standardised and that most were in urban settings.

Americanism and Anti-Americanism of Mexican Immigrants in Los Angeles

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Mexican Immigrants ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Multicultural Identities ◽  
The U.S

This essay argues that U.S.-Mexico relations are so paradoxical, unstable, and sensitive that it is difficult to determine whether or not Mexican people have anti-American sentiments. A randomized survey conducted by Ibarra and his research team in 2004 with foreign-born Mexicans from Sinaloa in Los Angeles County included questions about their attitudes and values. The answers revealed a growing adhesion of these immigrants to an American way of life but in a transformed fashion, keeping their ethno-national identities and forming transnational multicultural identities that cannot be labeled as anti-American. The essay points out that 60 percent of people in Mexico have a relative living in the U.S., and contemplates some of the likely implications of this fact. Ibarra contrasts this with the March 2006 CIDAC-Zogby International survey on perceptions of Mexico and the U.S., which showed that only 47 percent of the people in Mexico have a favorable opinion of Americans, that 66 percent have a negative opinion of the U.S. government, and that 73 percent consider Americans racist. Ibarra asks if it is possible to imagine poor Mexican people with low levels of English proficiency, limited schooling, and undocumented legal status in the U.S. experimenting with, and producing, a new form of Americanism. After all, he argues, they are the new Americans and, in the process, they are redefining what it means to be American.

History of water and health from ancient civilizations to modern times

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Vuorinen ◽  
P.S. Juuti ◽  
T.S. Katko
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper examines the influence of water on public health throughout history. Farming, settling down and building of villages and towns meant the start of the problems mankind suffers from this very day – how to get drinkable water for humans and cattle and how to manage the waste we produce. The availability of water in large quantities has been considered an essential part of a civilized way of life in different periods: Roman baths needed a lot of water as does the current Western way of life with water closets and showers. The importance of good quality drinking water was realized already in antiquity, yet the importance of proper sanitation was not understood until the 19th century.

Behaviour of migrating toads under artificial lights differs from other phases of their life cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy H.A. van Grunsven ◽  
Raymond Creemers ◽  
Kris Joosten ◽  
Maurice Donners ◽  
Elmar M. Veenendaal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Spring Migration ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Low Levels

During annual spring migration in Western Europe many amphibians are killed by traffic when they cross roads moving to reproduction sites. Especially in urban settings these roads are often equipped with street lighting. The response of amphibians to this light during migration is however poorly known. Street lighting may attract migrating amphibians increasing the risk of being struck by traffic. Using experimental illumination we tested whether light affected the migration and if adjustment of the spectral composition could mitigate effects. Barriers used to catch toads and help them cross roads safely were divided in 25 meter long sections and these were illuminated with white, green or red light or kept dark. The number of toads caught in each section was counted. Common toads avoided sections of roads that were illuminated with white or green light but not red light. Street light thus affects migrating toads but not as expected and red light with low levels of short wavelength can be used to mitigate effects.

scholarly journals The content of the components and characteristics of the ideal "Matrimonial way of life" in professional military men and women with different levels of social frustration of the personality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Dzhaneryan ◽  
Darya Gvozdeva
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Ideal

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the content and characteristics of the ideal "Matrimonial way of life" in professional military men and women in connection with the levels of their social frustration. The study involved 60 officially married military personnel. The research methods were questioning, testing and methods of statistical data processing. The study showed that men are frustrated with their chosen profession and the way of life dictated by it, and women are frustrated with their position in the team and material income, which leads to psychological discomfort and decreasing of work capacity. It has been established that an important condition for the approximation of the ideal "Matrimonial way of life" for both men and women is the official marriage (regardless of the severity of social frustration). Along with this, for women with high and low levels of social frustration are important the territorial conditions for the approximation of ideal, and for women with moderate level of social frustration – financial conditions. The conditions for approximation the ideal in men do not depend on the levels of their social frustration – men want to make basic decisions in the family and financially provide for the family. In general, the level of social frustration of the personality determines the content of the components and characteristics of the ideal "Matrimonial way of life" in men and women, with the exception means of approaching the ideal, its scenario, internal consistency, as well as the conditions for its approximation in men. The results of this research can be applied in the work of psychologists of military units and garrisons.

Scanning electron microscopy of erythrophagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
Victor Tsutsumi ◽  
Adolfo Martinez-Palomo ◽  
Kyuichi Tanikawa
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Great Capacity ◽  
Scanning Electron

The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis in man. The trophozoite or motile form is a highly dynamic and pleomorphic cell with a great capacity to destroy tissues. Moreover, the parasite has the singular ability to phagocytize a variety of different live or death cells. Phagocytosis of red blood cells by E. histolytica trophozoites is a complex phenomenon related with amebic pathogenicity and nutrition.

Many Migraineurs Have Low Levels of Vitamin D

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (18) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
DIANA MAHONEY
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Low Levels

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

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