scholarly journals In-situ Switching of a Ferroelectric Film Through a Non-ferroelectric Layer and Direct Scanning Probe Analysis of the Same Cross Section

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (S3) ◽  
pp. 1658-1659
Author(s):  
J.R. Jokisaari ◽  
P. Gao ◽  
X.Q. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Ferroelectric Film ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Probe Analysis ◽  
Ferroelectric Layer

Electron Probe Analysis of Muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
A. V. Somlyo ◽  
H. Shuman ◽  
A. P. Somlyo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Frog Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Probe Analysis

Electron probe analysis of frozen dried cryosections of frog skeletal muscle, rabbit vascular smooth muscle and of isolated, hyperpermeab1 e rabbit cardiac myocytes has been used to determine the composition of the cytoplasm and organelles in the resting state as well as during contraction. The concentration of elements within the organelles reflects the permeabilities of the organelle membranes to the cytoplasmic ions as well as binding sites. The measurements of [Ca] in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria at rest and during contraction, have direct bearing on their role as release and/or storage sites for Ca in situ.

In situ irradiation effects studies in medium- and high-voltage TEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Author(s):  
Charles W. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Irradiation Damage ◽  
Defect Complexes ◽  
Lattice Position ◽  
Electrons And Ions ◽  
The Masses

With respect to structural consequences within a material, energetic electrons, above a threshold value of energy characteristic of a particular material, produce vacancy-interstial pairs (Frenkel pairs) by displacement of individual atoms, as illustrated for several materials in Table 1. Ion projectiles produce cascades of Frenkel pairs. Such displacement cascades result from high energy primary knock-on atoms which produce many secondary defects. These defects rearrange to form a variety of defect complexes on the time scale of tens of picoseconds following the primary displacement. A convenient measure of the extent of irradiation damage, both for electrons and ions, is the number of displacements per atom (dpa). 1 dpa means, on average, each atom in the irradiated region of material has been displaced once from its original lattice position. Displacement rate (dpa/s) is proportional to particle flux (cm-2s-1), the proportionality factor being the “displacement cross-section” σD (cm2). The cross-section σD depends mainly on the masses of target and projectile and on the kinetic energy of the projectile particle.

Cross-Section Sample Preparation Method for Imaging Dopant Related Anomalies Using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaminathan Subramanian ◽  
Khiem Ly ◽  
Tony Chrastecky
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Sample Preparation Method ◽  
Probe Microscopy ◽  
Section Sample

Abstract Visualization of dopant related anomalies in integrated circuits is extremely challenging. Cleaving of the die may not be possible in practical failure analysis situations that require extensive electrical fault isolation, where the failing die can be submitted of scanning probe microscopy analysis in various states such as partially depackaged die, backside thinned die, and so on. In advanced technologies, the circuit orientation in the wafer may not align with preferred crystallographic direction for cleaving the silicon or other substrates. In order to overcome these issues, a focused ion beam lift-out based approach for site-specific cross-section sample preparation is developed in this work. A directional mechanical polishing procedure to produce smooth damage-free surface for junction profiling is also implemented. Two failure analysis applications of the sample preparation method to visualize junction anomalies using scanning microwave microscopy are also discussed.

Alternating Plane-View and Cross-Section Scanning Capacitance Microscope Technique to Reveal Various Implant Issue

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsan-Chang Chuang ◽  
Cha-Ming Shen ◽  
Shi-Chen Lin ◽  
Chen-May Huang ◽  
Jin-Hong Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Dopant Concentration ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Excellent Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microscope Technique ◽  
Plane View

Abstract Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) is a 2-D carrier and/or dopant concentration profiling technique under development that utilizes the excellent spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy. However, PV-SCM has limited capability to achieve the goal due to inherent "plane" trait. On top of that, deeper concentration profile just like deep N-well is also one of restrictions to use. For representing above contents more clearly, this paper presents a few cases that demonstrate the alternated and optimized application of PV-SCM and X-SCM. The case studies concern Joint Test Action Group failure and stand-by failure. These cases illustrate that the correct selection from either plane-view or cross-sectional SCM analysis according to the surrounding of defect could help to exactly and rapidly diagnose the failure mechanism. Alternating and optimizing PV-SCM and X-SCM techniques to navigate various implant issue could provide corrective actions that suit local circumstance of defects and identify the root cause.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet Absorption Cross-Sections of Ammonia at Elevated Temperatures for Nonintrusive Quantitative Detection in Combustion Environments

2021 ◽  
pp. 000370282199044
Author(s):  
Wubin Weng ◽  
Shen Li ◽  
Marcus Aldén ◽  
Zhongshan Li
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Absorption Cross Section ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Uv Absorption ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Absorption Cross ◽  
Hot Gas

Ammonia (NH3) is regarded as an important nitrogen oxides (NOx) precursor and also as an effective reductant for NOx removal in energy utilization through combustion, and it has recently become an attractive non-carbon alternative fuel. To have a better understanding of thermochemical properties of NH3, accurate in situ detection of NH3 in high temperature environments is desirable. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy is a feasible technique. To achieve quantitative measurements, spectrally resolved UV absorption cross-sections of NH3 in hot gas environments at different temperatures from 295 K to 590 K were experimentally measured for the first time. Based on the experimental results, vibrational constants of NH3 were determined and used for the calculation of the absorption cross-section of NH3 at high temperatures above 590 K using the PGOPHER software. The investigated UV spectra covered the range of wavelengths from 190 nm to 230 nm, where spectral structures of the [Formula: see text] transition of NH3 in the umbrella bending mode, v2, were recognized. The absorption cross-section was found to decrease at higher temperatures. For example, the absorption cross-section peak of the (6, 0) vibrational band of NH3 decreases from ∼2 × 10−17 to ∼0.5 × 10−17 cm2/molecule with the increase of temperature from 295 K to 1570 K. Using the obtained absorption cross-section, in situ nonintrusive quantification of NH3 in different hot gas environments was achieved with a detection limit varying from below 10 parts per million (ppm) to around 200 ppm as temperature increased from 295 K to 1570 K. The quantitative measurement was applied to an experimental investigation of NH3 combustion process. The concentrations of NH3 and nitric oxide (NO) in the post flame zone of NH3–methane (CH4)–air premixed flames at different equivalence ratios were measured.

The Effect of Water Injection on Sustained Combustion in a Porous Medium

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 145-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.L. Beckers ◽  
G.J. Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Combustion Zone ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Porous Matrix ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Injection Ratio

Abstract This paper gives a theoretical description of the various semisteady states that may develop if in an in-situ combustion process water is injected together with the air. The investigation bas been restricted to cases of one-dimensional flow without heat losses, such as would occur in a narrow, perfectly insulated tube. perfectly insulated tube. Different types of behavior can be distinguished for specific ranges of the water/air injection ratio. At low values of this ratio the injected water evaporates before it reaches the combustion zone, while at high values it passes through the combustion zone without being completely evaporated, but without extinguishing combustion. At intermediate values and at sufficiently high fuel in which all water entering the combustion zone evaporates before leaving it. Formulas are presented that give the combustion zone velocity as a function of water/air injection ratio for each of the possible situations. Introduction In-situ combustion of part of the oil in an oil-bearing formation has become an established thermal-recovery technique, even though its economic prospects are limited by inherent technical drawbacks. The process has been extensively investigated both in the laboratory and in the field, while theoretical studies have also been made. The latter studies showed how performance was affected by various physical and chemical phenomena, such as conduction and convection of phenomena, such as conduction and convection of heat, reaction rate and phase changes. The degree of simplification determined whether these studies were of an analytical or a numerical nature. Recently an improvement of the process has been proposed. This modification involves the proposed. This modification involves the injection of water together with the air. The water serves to recuperate the heat stored in the burned-out sand, which would otherwise be wasted. This heat is now used to evaporate water. The steam thus formed condenses downstream of the combustion zone, where it displaces oil. At sufficiently high water-injection rates unevaporated water is bound to enter the combustion zone because more heat is required for complete evaporation than is available in the hot sand. Experiments showed that even under these conditions combustion is maintained. The improvement consists in a lower oxygen consumption per barrel of oil displaced and lower combustion-zone temperatures. This paper gives a theoretical description of this so-called wet-combustion process as described by Dietz and Weijdema. The prime object is to answer the basic question whether at any water/air injection ratio this process can be steady so that combustion does not die out. This objective justifies a number of assumptions that do not entirely correspond to physical reality, but that owe necessary for a physical reality, but that owe necessary for a tractable analytical treatment. This treatment is limited to the following idealized conditions.The process occurs in a perfectly insulated cylinder of unit cross-sectional area and infinite length.The Hudds are homogeneously distributed over the cross-section of the cylinder.Exchange of heat between the fluid phases and between fluids and matrix is instantaneous, so that in any cross-section the fluid phases are in equilibrium and the temperatures of fluids and porous matrix are the same. porous matrix are the same.Pressure chops over distances of interest are small compared with the pressure itself. (Pressure is taken to be constant.)Injection rates are constant, and a steady state has already been obtained. The second assumption implies that no segregation of liquid and gas occurs. Experimentally this might be achieved by using small-diameter tubes, where segregation is largely compensated by capillarity. SPEJ P. 145

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