scholarly journals Digitizable therapeutics for decentralized mitigation of global pandemics

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adar Hacohen ◽  
Reuven Cohen ◽  
Sol Efroni ◽  
Baruch Barzel ◽  
Ido Bachelet
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Commodity Flow ◽  
Spreading Dynamics ◽  
Global Demand

Abstract When confronted with a globally spreading epidemic, we seek efficient strategies for drug dissemination, creating a competition between supply and demand at a global scale. Propagating along similar networks, e.g., air-transportation, the spreading dynamics of the supply vs. the demand are, however, fundamentally different, with the pathogens driven by contagion dynamics, and the drugs by commodity flow. We show that these different dynamics lead to intrinsically distinct spreading patterns: while viruses spread homogeneously across all destinations, creating a concurrent global demand, commodity flow unavoidably leads to a highly uneven spread, in which selected nodes are rapidly supplied, while the majority remains deprived. Consequently, even under ideal conditions of extreme production and shipping capacities, due to the inherent heterogeneity of network-based commodity flow, efficient mitigation becomes practically unattainable, as homogeneous demand is met by highly heterogeneous supply. Therefore, we propose here a decentralized mitigation strategy, based on local production and dissemination of therapeutics, that, in effect, bypasses the existing distribution networks. Such decentralization is enabled thanks to the recent development of digitizable therapeutics, based on, e.g., short DNA sequences or printable chemical compounds, that can be distributed as digital sequence files and synthesized on location via DNA/3D printing technology. We test our decentralized mitigation under extremely challenging conditions, such as suppressed local production rates or low therapeutic efficacy, and find that thanks to its homogeneous nature, it consistently outperforms the centralized alternative, saving many more lives with significantly less resources.

scholarly journals The mass impacts on chemosynthetic primary producers: potential implications on anammox communities and their consequences

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (05) ◽  
pp. 440-444
Author(s):  
Noel Pérez ◽  
Jorge Luis Velazco-Vargas ◽  
Osmel Martin ◽  
Rolando Cardenas ◽  
Jesús Martínez-Frías
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycle ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Asteroid Impact ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe potential of a mass asteroid impact on Earth to disturb the chemosynthetic communities at global scale is discussed. Special emphasis is made on the potential influence on anammox communities and their implications in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. According to our preliminary estimates, anammox communities could be seriously affected as a consequence of global cooling and the large process of acidification usually associated with the occurrence of this kind of event. The scale of affectations could vary in a scenario like the Chicxulub as a function of the amount of soot, depth of the water column and the deposition rate for sulphates assumed in each case. The most severe affectations take place where the amount of soot and sulphates produced during the event is higher and the scale of time of settlements for sulphates is short, of the order of 10 h. In this extreme case, the activity of anammox is considerably reduced, a condition that may persist for several years after the impact. Furthermore, the impact of high levels of other chemical compounds like sulphates and nitrates associated with the occurrence of this kind of event are also discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation and Decriminalisation of Illegal Substances in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmon Kalayasiri ◽  
Teerayuth Rungnirundorn ◽  
Robert Ali ◽  
John Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Controls

Psychoactive substances – chemical compounds which can alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and behaviors may be liable to misuse and cause addiction. Internationally, many strategies have been implemented in order to limit the supply and demand of illegal substances, with a wide variation at the country level. Thailand is an upper-middle income country in Southeast Asia. Since 2015, Thai authorities and policymakers have instituted many changes to the legal controls on illegal drugs. The aim of this review was to summarise the history of drug control and regulation in Thailand, focusing on opioids (including Kratom), methamphetamines and cannabis, and the outcome of recent strategies. Recent measures towards decriminalising substance use disorders are also discussed.

scholarly journals Visualizing Feminized International Migration Flows in the 1990s

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311881994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Leal ◽  
Ragini Saira Malhotra ◽  
Joya Misra
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
World Bank ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Regional Component ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Migratory Movements ◽  
Qualitative Literature

The authors estimate migration flows of women in the 1990s at a global scale and provide a description of these migratory movements. The authors produce these data combining the 2011 World Bank Global Migrant Stock Database and state-of-the-art techniques to estimate migratory flows from stock data. The authors examine these flows in light of the global demand for care workers in the 1990s, showing that migration flows of women in that decade map onto the global care chains discussed in the qualitative literature. The data show that feminized migration flows in the period under analysis have a strong regional component. Yet the data also show that some of the largest feminized migratory corridors are in fact cross-regional.

scholarly journals Factors That Will Influence Oil and Gas Supply and Demand in the 21st Century

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Holditch ◽  
Russell R. Chianelli
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
High Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Oil Gas

AbstractA recent report published by the National Petroleum Council (NPC) in the United States predicted a 50–60% growth in total global demand for energy by 2030. Because oil, gas, and coal will continue to be the primary energy sources during this time, the energy industry will have to continue increasing the supply of these fuels to meet this increasing demand. Achieving this goal will require the exploitation of both conventional and unconventional reservoirs of oil and gas in an environmentally acceptable manner. Such efforts will, in turn, require advancements in materials science, particularly in the development of materials that can withstand high-pressure, high-temperature, and high-stress conditions.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of genome-encoded viral sequences reveals the evolutionary history of Flaviviridae.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connor G G Bamford ◽  
William Marciel Souza ◽  
Rhys Parry ◽  
Robert J Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Animal Phyla ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Positive Strand Rna

The flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) are a group of positive-strand RNA viruses, many of which pose serious risks to human health on a global scale. Here, we calibrate the timeline of flavivirus evolution using flavivirus-derived DNA sequences identified in animal genomes. We demonstrate that the family is at least 100 million years old and show that this timing can be integrated with dates inferred from co-phylogenetic analysis and paleontological records to produce a cohesive overview of flavivirus evolution in which the main subgroups originate early in animal evolution and broadly co-diverge with animal phyla. In addition, we show that the arthropod-borne 'classical' flaviviruses first evolved from tick-specific viruses, and only later adapted to become insect-borne. Our findings demonstrate that the biological properties of flaviviruses have been acquired over many millions of years of evolution, implying that broad-scale comparative analysis can reveal fundamental insights into flavivirus biology. We implement a novel approach to computational genomic studies of viruses that can support these efforts by enabling more efficient utilization of evolution-related domain knowledge in virus research.

scholarly journals Land use in remote areas: socio-economic prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 885 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
M V Kuklina ◽  
A I Trufanov ◽  
V V Kuklina ◽  
N E Krasnoshtanova ◽  
E A Istomina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Chinese Values ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Municipal Level

Abstract Okinsky district (the Republic of Buryatia, Russia) is characterized by entanglement of heterogeneous economies formed by the global demand for gold, Chinese values of jade, remnants of Soviet planning systems at the local and municipal level, traditional Soyot and Buryat land use practices, and nascent extreme and recreational tourist flows. In a situation when most of the economic and social relations remain informal and rarely captured in the official documents, landscapes become the most visible marker of changes and intersecting and sometimes conflicting networks of diverse multiscale relations. Using the interviews and in-situ observations we collected and analysed data on the pertinent social, cultural, and professional ties and examined local expectations on education, living conditions and economic prospects. Networking as a key conception has been used to untangle the complexity of the studied systems, interconnections and interdependencies of the system components. A new draft network model stimulates experts to assess if the changes planned for the regional development really benefit people in local communities, nation in whole and in global scale. In addition, the new discourse of ecosystem services motivates experts to discuss the prospects for the ecological specialization of the territories from different angles while preserving biodiversity.

scholarly journals Hour-Ahead Energy Trading Management with Demand Forecasting in Microgrid Considering Power Flow Constraints

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3494
Author(s):  
Kuo Feng ◽  
Chunhua Liu ◽  
Zaixin Song
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Flow Constraints

Multiple small-scale low-voltage distribution networks with distributed generators can be connected in a radial pattern to form a multi-bus medium voltage microgrid. Additionally, each bus has an independent operator that can manage its power supply and demand. Since the microgrid operates in the market-oriented mode, the bus operators aim to maximize their own benefits and expect to protect their privacy. Accordingly, in this paper, a distributed hour-ahead energy trading management is proposed. First, the benefit optimization problem of the microgrid is solved, which is decomposed into the local benefit optimization sub problems of buses. Then, the local sub problems can be solved by the negotiation of operators with their neighbors. Additionally, the reference demand before negotiation is forecasted by the neural network rather than given in advance. Furthermore, the power flow constraints are considered to guarantee the operational stability. Meanwhile, the power loss minimization is considered in the objective function. Finally, the demonstration and simulation cases are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed hour-ahead energy trading management.

Global Strategies to Minimize Environmental Impacts of Ruminant Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Du ◽  
Ying Ge ◽  
Jie Chang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Technology Innovations

Demand for ruminant products (dairy products, beef, and sheep meat) is increasing rapidly with population and income growth and the acceleration of urbanization. However, ruminant animals exert the highest environmental impacts and consume the most resources in the livestock system. Increasing studies have focused on various measures to reduce ammonia, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion from ruminant production to consumption. This review offers supply- and demand-side management strategies to reduce the environmental impact of ruminant products and emphasizes the mitigation potential of coupling livestock production with cultivation and renewable energy. On a global scale, more attention should be paid to the green-source trade and to strengthening global technology sharing. The success of these strategies depends on the cost effectiveness of technology, public policy, and financial support. Future studies and practice should focus on global database development for sharing mitigation strategies, thus facilitating technology innovations and socioeconomic feasibility. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

DESIGN OF ROBUST DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS RUN BY THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 1150024 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. M. HENDRIKS ◽  
D. ARMBRUSTER ◽  
M. LAUMANNS ◽  
E. LEFEBER ◽  
J. T. UDDING
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Third Party Logistics ◽  
Logistics Service ◽  
Set Up

We consider a third party logistics service provider (LSP), who faces the problem of distributing different products from suppliers to consumers having no control on supply and demand. In a third party set-up, the operations of transport and storage are run as a black box for a fixed price. Thus the incentive for an LSP is to reduce its operational costs. The objective of this paper is to find an efficient network topology on a tactical level, which still satisfies the service level agreements on the operational level. We develop an optimization method, which constructs a tactical network topology based on the operational decisions resulting from a given model predictive control (MPC) policy. Experiments suggest that such a topology typically requires only a small fraction of all possible links. As expected, the found topology is sensitive to changes in supply and demand averages. Interestingly, the found topology appears to be robust to changes in second order moments of supply and demand distributions.

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