scholarly journals The effects of temperature and dispersal on species diversity in natural microbial metacommunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie C. Parain ◽  
Sarah M. Gray ◽  
Louis-Félix Bersier
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Hump Shape

AbstractDispersal is key for maintaining biodiversity at local- and regional scales in metacommunities. However, little is known about the combined effects of dispersal and climate change on biodiversity. Theory predicts that alpha-diversity is maximized at intermediate dispersal rates, resulting in a hump-shaped diversity-dispersal relationship. This relationship is predicted to flatten when competition increases. We anticipate that this same flattening will occur with increased temperature because, in the rising part of the temperature performance curve, interspecific competition is predicted to increase. We explored this question using aquatic communities of Sarracenia purpurea from early- and late-successional stages, in which we simulated four levels of dispersal and four temperature scenarios. With increased dispersal, the hump shape was observed consistently in late successional communities, but only in higher temperature treatments in early succession. Increased temperature did not flatten the hump-shape relationship, but decreased the level of alpha- and gamma-diversity. Interestingly, higher temperatures negatively impacted small-bodied species. These metacommunity-level extinctions likely relaxed interspecific competition, which could explain the absence of flattening of the diversity-dispersal relationship. Our findings suggest that climate change will cause extinctions both at local- and global- scales and emphasize the importance of intermediate levels of dispersal as an insurance for local diversity.

Potential effects of climate change on the Chinese Bulbul (Pycnontus sinensis) in China

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Longying Wen ◽  
Huigen He ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Jimmy Gorimar ◽  
Mark Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Increased Temperature

AbstractThe Chinese Bulbul (Pycnontus sinensis) has an extensive distribution throughout southern China. Investigators have reported that the species has expanded its distribution range northward since 1995. We performed a literature review and analysis to examine the relationships between the range expansion of the species and the changes of climate and habitat. We found that the northward range expansion was associated with the increased temperature and human created habitat. We believe that the combination of the increased temperature and the ability to utilize human created habitat while maintaining genetic diversity resulted in the population increase and range expansion of the species. We suggest that increased temperature and human disturbance could lead to evolutionary and distributional changes of some species such as the Chinese Bulbul, therefore possibly making these species indicators of climate change.

scholarly journals Spatial and Annual Variation in Microbial Abundance, Community Composition, and Diversity Associated With Alpine Surface Snow

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Fillinger ◽  
Kerstin Hürkamp ◽  
Christine Stumpp ◽  
Nina Weber ◽  
Dominik Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Prokaryotic Cell ◽  
Surface Snow

Understanding microbial community dynamics in the alpine cryosphere is an important step toward assessing climate change impacts on these fragile ecosystems and meltwater-fed environments downstream. In this study, we analyzed microbial community composition, variation in community alpha and beta diversity, and the number of prokaryotic cells and virus-like particles (VLP) in seasonal snowpack from two consecutive years at three high altitude mountain summits along a longitudinal transect across the European Alps. Numbers of prokaryotic cells and VLP both ranged around 104 and 105 per mL of snow meltwater on average, with variation generally within one order of magnitude between sites and years. VLP-to-prokaryotic cell ratios spanned two orders of magnitude, with median values close to 1, and little variation between sites and years in the majority of cases. Estimates of microbial community alpha diversity inferred from Hill numbers revealed low contributions of common and abundant microbial taxa to the total taxon richness, and thus low community evenness. Similar to prokaryotic cell and VLP numbers, differences in alpha diversity between years and sites were generally relatively modest. In contrast, community composition displayed strong variation between sites and especially between years. Analyses of taxonomic and phylogenetic community composition showed that differences between sites within years were mainly characterized by changes in abundances of microbial taxa from similar phylogenetic clades, whereas shifts between years were due to significant phylogenetic turnover. Our findings on the spatiotemporal dynamics and magnitude of variation of microbial abundances, community diversity, and composition in surface snow may help define baseline levels to assess future impacts of climate change on the alpine cryosphere.

Biodiversity, Distributions, and Extinction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Post
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Ecosystem Goods And Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Rapid Climate Change ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem function and stability. This subject is currently one of the most intensely studied topics in ecology. It is also of paramount importance in the study of the ecological consequences of climate change, most probably because of its obvious relevance to ecosystem goods and services. More classically, however, the subject of biodiversity response to climate change relates to what factors set limits to the upper and lower bounds of species diversity and how those factors might be altered by rapid climate change. Of the two processes generating diversity—speciation and immigration—the latter obviously operates at shorter time scales and is likely to respond more immediately to climate change. Of the processes reducing local diversity—extinction and emigration—the latter is, again, likely to operate at shorter time scales, but both processes are likely to be influenced by climate change, although at potentially different timescales.

scholarly journals Mapping co-benefits for carbon storage and biodiversity to inform conservation policy and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1794) ◽  
pp. 20190128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Soto-Navarro ◽  
C. Ravilious ◽  
A. Arnell ◽  
X. de Lamo ◽  
M. Harfoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Tropical Andes ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems

Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and below-ground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon–biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

scholarly journals Resilience to temperature and pH changes in a future climate change scenario in six strains of the polar diatom <i>Fragilariopsis cylindrus</i>

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4235-4244 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pančić ◽  
P. J. Hansen ◽  
A. Tammilehto ◽  
N. Lundholm
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Fragilariopsis Cylindrus ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract. The effects of ocean acidification and increased temperature on physiology of six strains of the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus from Greenland were investigated. Experiments were performed under manipulated pH levels (8.0, 7.7, 7.4, and 7.1) and different temperatures (1, 5, and 8 °C) to simulate changes from present to plausible future levels. Each of the 12 scenarios was run for 7 days, and a significant interaction between temperature and pH on growth was detected. By combining increased temperature and acidification, the two factors counterbalanced each other, and therefore no effect on the growth rates was found. However, the growth rates increased with elevated temperatures by ~ 20–50 % depending on the strain. In addition, a general negative effect of increasing acidification on growth was observed. At pH 7.7 and 7.4, the growth response varied considerably among strains. However, a more uniform response was detected at pH 7.1 with most of the strains exhibiting reduced growth rates by 20–37 % compared to pH 8.0. It should be emphasized that a significant interaction between temperature and pH was found, meaning that the combination of the two parameters affected growth differently than when considering one at a time. Based on these results, we anticipate that the polar diatom F. cylindrus will be unaffected by changes in temperature and pH within the range expected by the end of the century. In each simulated scenario, the variation in growth rates among the strains was larger than the variation observed due to the whole range of changes in either pH or temperature. Climate change may therefore not affect the species as such, but may lead to changes in the population structure of the species, with the strains exhibiting high phenotypic plasticity, in terms of temperature and pH tolerance towards future conditions, dominating the population.

scholarly journals Temperature variability and moisture synergistically interact to exacerbate an epizootic disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1801) ◽  
pp. 20142039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Raffel ◽  
Neal T. Halstead ◽  
Taegan A. McMahon ◽  
Andrew K. Davis ◽  
Jason R. Rohr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Notophthalmus Viridescens ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Constant Versus ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Epizootic Disease ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

Climate change is altering global patterns of precipitation and temperature variability, with implications for parasitic diseases of humans and wildlife. A recent study confirmed predictions that increased temperature variability could exacerbate disease, because of lags in host acclimation following temperature shifts. However, the generality of these host acclimation effects and the potential for them to interact with other factors have yet to be tested. Here, we report similar effects of host thermal acclimation (constant versus shifted temperatures) on chytridiomycosis in red-spotted newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens ). Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) growth on newts was greater following a shift to a new temperature, relative to newts already acclimated to this temperature (15°C versus 25°C). However, these acclimation effects depended on soil moisture (10, 16 and 21% water) and were only observed at the highest moisture level, which induced greatly increased Bd growth and infection-induced mortality. Acclimation effects were also greater following a decrease rather than an increase in temperature. The results are consistent with previous findings that chytridiomycosis is associated with precipitation, lower temperatures and increased temperature variability. This study highlights host acclimation as a potentially general mediator of climate–disease interactions, and the need to account for context-dependencies when testing for acclimation effects on disease.

scholarly journals Metabolic Scope and Interspecific Competition in Sculpins of Greenland Are Influenced by Increased Temperatures Due to Climate Change

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e62859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Seth ◽  
Albin Gräns ◽  
Erik Sandblom ◽  
Catharina Olsson ◽  
Kerstin Wiklander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Metabolic Scope

scholarly journals Climate change, transgenic corn adoption and field-evolved resistance in corn earworm

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 170210 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dilip Venugopal ◽  
Galen P. Dively
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Temperature Anomaly ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
Bt Resistance ◽  
Increased Temperature

Increased temperature anomaly during the twenty-first century coincides with the proliferation of transgenic crops containing the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) to express insecticidal Cry proteins. Increasing temperatures profoundly affect insect life histories and agricultural pest management. However, the implications of climate change on Bt crop–pest interactions and insect resistance to Bt crops remains unexamined. We analysed the relationship of temperature anomaly and Bt adoption with field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ab Bt sweet corn in a major pest, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Increased Bt adoption during 1996–2016 suppressed H. zea populations, but increased temperature anomaly buffers population reduction. Temperature anomaly and its interaction with elevated selection pressure from high Bt acreage probably accelerated the Bt-resistance development. Helicoverpa zea damage to corn ears, kernel area consumed, mean instars and proportion of late instars in Bt varieties increased with Bt adoption and temperature anomaly, through additive or interactive effects. Risk of Bt-resistant H. zea spreading is high given extensive Bt adoption, and the expected increase in overwintering and migration. Our study highlights the challenges posed by climate change for Bt biotechnology-based agricultural pest management, and the need to incorporate evolutionary processes affected by climate change into Bt-resistance management programmes.

Can HF/E Professionals Contribute to Global Climate Change Solutions?

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin G. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Product Level ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
Four Levels

This article provides an overview of possible beneficial interactions between the demands stemming from global climate change and the skill set of human factors/ergonomics professionals. Four levels of interaction are distinguished: enterprise level, consumer product level, individual level, and national/international advocacy.

Climate change impact evaluation in various regions in Europe on the base of ensemble modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromir Krzyszczak ◽  
Piotr Baranowski ◽  
Monika Zubik
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Climate Change Uncertainty ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adaptation Options

&lt;p&gt;Climate change uncertainty largely complicates adaptation and risk management evaluation at the regional level, therefore new approaches for managing this uncertainty are still being developed. In this study three crop models (DNDC, WOFOST and DSSAT) were used to explore the utility of impact response surfaces (IRS) and adaptation response surfaces (ARS) methodologies (Pirttioja et al., 2015; Ruiz-Ramos et al., 2018).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To build IRS, the sensitivity of modelled yield to systematic increments of changes in temperature (-1 to +6&amp;#176;C) and precipitation (-30 to +50%) was tested by modifying values of baseline (1981 to 2010) daily weather. Four levels of CO2 (360, 447, 522 and 601 ppm) representing future conditions until 2070 were considered. In turn, to build ARS, adaptation options were: shortening or extending the crop cycle of the standard cultivar, sowing earlier or later than the standard date and additional irrigation. Preliminary data indicate that yields are declining with higher temperatures and decreased precipitation. Yield is more sensitive to changes in baseline temperature values and much less sensitive to changes in baseline precipitation values for arable fields in Finland, while for arable fields in Germany, ARS indicates yield sensitivity at a similar level for both variables. Also, our data suggests that some adaptation options provides increase of the yield up to 1500 kg/ha, which suggest that ARSs may be valuable tool for planning an effective adaptation treatments. This research shows how to analyze and assess the impact of adaptation strategies in the context of the high level of regional uncertainty in relation to future climate conditions. Developed methodology can be applied to other climatic zones to help in planning adaptation and mitigation strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study has been partly financed from the funds of the Polish National Centre for Research and Development in frame of the project: MSINiN, contract number: BIOSTRATEG3/343547/8/NCBR/2017&lt;/p&gt;

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