scholarly journals Morphological and physiological factors contributing to early vigor in the elite rice cultivar 9,311

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zai Shi ◽  
Tian-Gen Chang ◽  
Faming Chen ◽  
Honglong Zhao ◽  
Qingfeng Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Early Vigor

Abstract Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and 9,311 are two elite rice cultivars in China. They have achieved high yield through quite different mechanisms. One of the major features that gives high yield capacity to 9,311 is its strong early vigor, i.e., faster establishment of its seedling as well as its better growth in its early stages. To understand the mechanistic basis of early vigor in 9,311, as compared to HHZ the cultivar, we have examined, under controlled environmental conditions, different morphological and physiological traits that may contribute to its early vigor. Our results show that the fresh weight of the seeds, at germination, not only determined the seedling biomass at 10 days after germination (DAG), but was also responsible for ~ 80% of variations in plant biomass between the two cultivars even up to 30 DAG. Furthermore, the 9,311 cultivar had a larger root system, which led to its higher nitrogen uptake capacity. Other noteworthy observations about 9,311 being a better cultivar than HHZ are: (i) Ten out of 15 genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were much more highly expressed in its roots; (ii) it had a higher water uptake rate, promoting better root-to-shoot nitrogen transfer; and (iii) consistent with the above, it had higher leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. All of the above identified features explain, to a large extent, why the 9,311, as compared to HHZ, exhibits much more vigorous early growth.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRELATION OF INTERRELATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN SORGHUM

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Victoria Igorevna Starchak ◽  
Valery Ivanovich Zhuzhukin ◽  
Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Zhuk ◽  
Vera Valeryevna Bychkova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Coefficient Matrix ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Research And Design

In modern conditions, the need for cultivation of grain sorghum in regions with insufficient moisture is determined by its high yield and grain quality. For practical breeding, with the objective of assessing linkages 19 morphological and physiological traits model of the population including 15 varieties and 2 promising lines of grain sorghum that is created in the Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize. The biochemical composition of the grain of the objects of research is presented graphically. A different degree of variation in the characteristics of grain sorghum was revealed: very strong (V> 40,0%) - productive bushiness, number of grains from 1 panicle; strong (20,0% <V <40,0%) - the width of the panicle, the extension of the panicle leg, the thickness of the upper internode, the area of the flag leaf, the area of the fourth on top of the leaf, the mass of the grain from 1 panicle; weak (V <10,0%) - the height of the plants after 30 days, the height of the plants during maturation. The group with an average degree of variation (10.0% <V <20.0%) includes all other signs measured in the experiment. Factor analysis was used to optimize, interpret the calculated matrix of correlation coefficients. In the analysis of the correlation coefficient matrix, hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance are calculated. The first hypothetical factor is determined by the high effects of morphophysiological features. The second factor is largely due to the contribution of plant height 30 days after germination and the extension of the panicle legs. Plant height at maturity, weight of 1000 grains make the greatest contribution to the third factor. The width of the panicle makes the greatest contribution to the accumulated dispersion of the fourth factor. The fifth factor is determined by the effects of plant height at the beginning and end of vegetation, as well as the total contribution of all studied features.

scholarly journals High-yield hydrogen production from biomass by in vitro metabolic engineering: Mixed sugars coutilization and kinetic modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (16) ◽  
pp. 4964-4969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Rollin ◽  
Julia Martin del Campo ◽  
Suwan Myung ◽  
Fangfang Sun ◽  
Chun You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Nonlinear Kinetic

The use of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel offers enhanced energy conversion efficiency and tremendous potential to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but producing it in a distributed, carbon-neutral, low-cost manner requires new technologies. Herein we demonstrate the complete conversion of glucose and xylose from plant biomass to H2 and CO2 based on an in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathway. Glucose and xylose were simultaneously converted to H2 with a yield of two H2 per carbon, the maximum possible yield. Parameters of a nonlinear kinetic model were fitted with experimental data using a genetic algorithm, and a global sensitivity analysis was used to identify the enzymes that have the greatest impact on reaction rate and yield. After optimizing enzyme loadings using this model, volumetric H2 productivity was increased 3-fold to 32 mmol H2⋅L−1⋅h−1. The productivity was further enhanced to 54 mmol H2⋅L−1⋅h−1 by increasing reaction temperature, substrate, and enzyme concentrations—an increase of 67-fold compared with the initial studies using this method. The production of hydrogen from locally produced biomass is a promising means to achieve global green energy production.

scholarly journals Exogenous Brassinolide Enhances the Growth and Cold Resistance of Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings under Chilling Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujun Sun ◽  
Yunhan He ◽  
Ali Raza Irfan ◽  
Xinmeng Liu ◽  
Qiaoqiao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Cold Sensitive

This paper aims to elucidate the effects of exogenous brassinolide (BL) on maize germination and seedling growth under chilling stress. The cold-resistant maize hybrid Tiannong 9 and the cold-sensitive hybrid Tianhe 1 were soaked at the germination stage (6 °C) and leaves were sprayed at seedling stage (4 °C), with BL at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L. The germination rate of the maize seeds and the changes in seedling biomass, antioxidant, photosynthetic, and plant endogenous hormone systems and chloroplast ultrastructures were determined. The results showed that the optimum concentration of BL to alleviate chilling stress in maize seedlings was 0.1 mg/L. This rate effectively increased the germination rate and plant biomass of maize and significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), and seedling auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and trans zeatin nucleoside (t-ZR) contents under chilling stress. In addition, BL significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, abscisic acid (ABA) content, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci). In the comparison of mesophyll cells, the chloroplast membrane of the treatment group was tightly attached to the stroma, and some of the plasma membranes were dissolved, but the overall structure of the chloroplast was relatively complete, and the osmiophilic granules were relatively few. The exogenous application of BL can effectively alleviate the damage caused by a low temperature in maize, maintain the normal characteristics of seedlings in chilling environments, and ensure the development and growth of plant tissue in the later stage.

scholarly journals Differences in xylem development between Dutch and Japanese tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) correlate with cytokinin levels in hypocotyls

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Qi ◽  
Hirokazu Takahashi ◽  
Yasushi Kawasaki ◽  
Yuya Ohta ◽  
Masahide Isozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Xylem Development ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Background and Aims Dutch tomato cultivars tend to have a greater yield than Japanese cultivars even if they are grown under the same conditions. Factors contributing to the increased yield of the Dutch cultivars were a greater light use efficiency and greater leaf photosynthetic rate. On the other hand, the relationship between tomato yields and anatomical traits is still unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the anatomical traits related to the difference in yield between Dutch and Japanese cultivars. Methods Anatomical properties were compared during different growth stages of Dutch and Japanese tomatoes. Hormone profiles and related gene expression in hypocotyls of Dutch and Japanese cultivars were compared in the hypocotyls of 3- and 4-week-old plants. Key results Dutch cultivars have a more developed secondary xylem than Japanese cultivars, which would allow for greater transport of water, mineral nutrients and phytohormones to the shoots. The areas and ratios of the xylem in the hypocotyls of 3- to 6-week-old plants were larger in the Dutch cultivars. In reciprocal grafts of the Japanese and Dutch cultivars, xylem development at the scion and rootstock depended on the scion cultivar, suggesting that some factors in the scion are responsible for the difference in xylem development. The cytokinin content, especially the level of N6-(Δ 2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)-type cytokinin, was higher in the Dutch cultivars. This result was supported by the greater expression of Sl-IPT3 (a cytokinin biosynthesis gene) and Sl-RR16/17 (a cytokinin-responsive gene) in the Dutch cultivars. Conclusions These results suggest that iP-type cytokinins, which are locally synthesized in the hypocotyl, contribute to xylem development. The greater xylem development in Dutch cultivars might contribute to the high yield of the tomato.

scholarly journals Rare allele of a previously unidentified histone H4 acetyltransferase enhances grain weight, yield, and plant biomass in rice

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Jun Song ◽  
Takeshi Kuroha ◽  
Madoka Ayano ◽  
Tomoyuki Furuta ◽  
Keisuke Nagai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rare Allele ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Histone H4 ◽  
Component Trait ◽  
Weight Yield

Grain weight is an important crop yield component; however, its underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we identify a grain-weight quantitative trait locus (QTL) encoding a new-type GNAT-like protein that harbors intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity (OsglHAT1). Our genetic and molecular evidences pinpointed the QTL-OsglHAT1’s allelic variations to a 1.2-kb region upstream of the gene body, which is consistent with its function as a positive regulator of the traits. Elevated OsglHAT1 expression enhances grain weight and yield by enlarging spikelet hulls via increasing cell number and accelerating grain filling, and increases global acetylation levels of histone H4. OsglHAT1 localizes to the nucleus, where it likely functions through the regulation of transcription. Despite its positive agronomical effects on grain weight, yield, and plant biomass, the rare allele elevating OsglHAT1 expression has so far escaped human selection. Our findings reveal the first example, to our knowledge, of a QTL for a yield component trait being due to a chromatin modifier that has the potential to improve crop high-yield breeding.

Alteration in plant spacing improves submergence tolerance in Sub1 and non-Sub1 rice (cv. IR64) by better light interception and effective carbohydrate utilisation under stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarati Bhaduri ◽  
Koushik Chakraborty ◽  
A. K. Nayak ◽  
Mohammad Shahid ◽  
Rahul Tripathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Submergence Tolerance ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Plant Plant

Besides genetic improvement for developing stress-tolerant cultivars, agronomic management may also add considerable tolerance against different abiotic stresses in crop plants. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of six different spacing treatments (S1: 10 × 10 cm; S2: 15 × 10 cm; S3:15 × 15 cm; S4:20 × 10 cm; S5: 20 × 15 cm; S6: 20 × 20 cm (row-row × plant-plant)) for improving submergence tolerance in rice. A high yielding submergence intolerant rice cultivar IR64 was tested against its SUB1 QTL introgressed counterpart (IR64-Sub1) for 12 days of complete submergence for different spacing treatments in field tanks. Relatively wider spaced plants showed higher individual plant biomass and early seedling vigour, which was particularly helpful for IR64 in increasing plant survival (by 150% in S6 over S1) under 12 days of submergence, whereas the improvement was less in IR64-Sub1 (13%). Underwater radiation inside the plant canopy, particularly beyond 40 cm water depth, was significantly greater in wider spacing treatments. Leaf senescence pattern captured by SPAD chlorophyll meter reading and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging data (Fm, Fv/Fm) taken at different time intervals after stress imposition suggested that there was lesser light penetration inside the canopy of closer spaced plants, and that it might hasten leaf senescence and damage to the photosynthetic system. The initial content of total non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) was higher in wider spaced plants of IR64, and also the rate of depletion of NSC was lesser compared with closer spaced plants. In contrast, there was not much difference in NSC depletion rate under different spacing in IR64-Sub1. Further, higher antioxidant enzyme activities in wider spaced plants (both IR64 and IR64-Sub1) after de-submergence indicated better stress recovery and improved tolerance. Taken together we found that wider spacing (row-row: 20 cm and plant-plant: 15 cm and more) can significantly improve submergence tolerance ability in rice, particularly in submergence intolerant non-Sub1 cultivar like IR64, perhaps due to better underwater light penetration, delayed leaf senescence and slower depletion of NSC reserve.

THREE GENERATIONS OF INBREEDING AND S2 FACTORIAL TEST CROSSES IN RED RASPBERRY CULTIVARS

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Fejer ◽  
L. P. S. Spangelo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Realized Heritability ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Diallel Crosses ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Early Vigor

In selfed (S1 to 33) progenies of red raspberry cultivars, inbreeding depression progressively reduced plant height in spite of selection for vigor. Parent-offspring correlations indicated high realized heritability of this character. High yield was correlated in this material with many laterals, early flowering, tall new canes, and good berry quality but not with winter resistance. Heritability in the broad sense was high for early vigor, plant height and winter resistance, lower for berry weight and flowering day, and very low for yield and its morphological components, but selection for vigor may have influenced these estimates.In a second experiment five S2 progenies and their parent cultivars Muskoka, Trent and Tweed were crossed with three tester plants, Ottawa Latham, Viking and 45-01-56. Some of the S2 × tester progenies were superior in a number of yield characters to those produced when their parent cultivar was crossed to the same testers. The results were similar to those with strawberry (Spangelo et al., 1971), suggesting that inbreeding may sometimes be a useful step in a raspberry breeding program for higher yield. However, inbred × inbred crosses were generally poor. General and specific combining abilities were mostly similar in three different samples of factorial ("¼ diallel") crosses, but there were many exceptions possibly due to genotype-environment interactions. Most of the correlations were significant in this trial and the highest ones were in agreement with the correlations in the inbreeding trial.

The use of primary and secondary treated municipal wastewater for cucumber irrigation in hydroponic system

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pilatakis ◽  
T. Manios ◽  
N. Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Hydroponically Grown ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
The Impact

Municipal wastewater may be used in agriculture but requires a careful monitoring of several hygiene parameters. The impact of direct application of treated wastewater in plant growth and development in hydroponically grown cucumber was studied. Cucumber seedlings used under 5 treatments of nutrient solution, which were basic nutrient solution (control), primary (PA) and secondary (SA) wastewater with or without nutrient solution enrichment (NS). The use of PA ± NS reduced plant height, leaf number and flowers produced as well as leaf size in cucumber plants but increased stem diameter. When SA ± NS used, no similar changes observed. The increased fruit number and fresh weight, when PA and SA used, resulted in increased yields as marked at the first week. The NS enrichment in PA reduced (up to 25%) plant yield while no differences observed in total fruit number among the treatments. No differences observed in plant biomass, root length and leaf chlorophyll levels among the treatments. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance increased in plant grown in PA ± NS and SA, but they did not differ in SA ± NS. The use of wastewater resulted in disease spread in roots and fruits (by cross-contamination). Further exploitation is necessary for microbial load reduction with wastewater application.

scholarly journals Introgression of Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes in the Rice Cultivar Ciherang: Response against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in the F6 Generation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2048
Author(s):  
Priya Lal Biswas ◽  
Ujjal Kumar Nath ◽  
Sharmistha Ghosal ◽  
Gayatri Goswami ◽  
Md. Shalim Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance

Bacterial blight (BB) is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and is one of the most important diseases in rice. It results in significantly reduced productivity throughout all rice-growing regions of the world. Four BB resistance genes have been reported; however, introgression of a single gene into rice has not been able to sufficiently protect rice against BB infection. Pyramiding of effective BB resistance genes (i.e., Xa genes) into background varieties is a potential approach to controlling BB infection. In this study, combinations of four BB resistance genes, Xa4, xa5, xa13, and Xa21, were pyramided into populations. The populations were derived from crossing Ciherang (a widespread Indonesian rice variety) with IRBB60 (resistance to BB). Promising recombinants from the F6 generation were identified by scoring the phenotype against three virulent bacterial strains, C5, P6, and V, which cause widespread BB infection in most rice-growing countries. Pyramiding of genes for BB resistance in 265 recombinant introgressed lines (RILs) were confirmed through marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the F5 and F6 generations using gene-specific primers. Of these 265 RILs, 11, 34 and 45 lines had four, three, or two BB resistance genes, respectively. The RILs had pyramiding of two or three resistance genes, with the Xa4 resistance gene showing broad spectrum resistance against Xoo races with higher agronomic performance compared to their donor and recipients parents. The developed BB-resistant RILs have high yield potential to be further developed for cultivation or as sources of BB resistance donor material for varietal improvement in other rice lines.

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