scholarly journals Impact of ploidy and pathogen life cycle on resistance durability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meline Saubin ◽  
Stephane De Mita ◽  
Xujia Zhu ◽  
Bruno Sudret ◽  
Fabien HALKETT
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Host Alternation ◽  
Resistance Breakdown ◽  
Resistance Durability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Population Collapses

The breeding of resistant hosts based on the gene-for-gene interaction is crucial to address epidemics of plant pathogens in agroecosystems. Resistant host deployment strategies are developed and studied worldwide to decrease the probability of resistance breakdown and increase the resistance durability in various pathosystems. A major component of deployment host strategies is the proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape. However, the impact of this proportion on resistance durability remains unclear for diploid pathogens with complex life cycles. In this study, we modelled pathogen population dynamics and genetic evolution at the virulence locus to assess the impact of the ploidy (haploid or diploid) and the pathogen's life cycle (with or without host alternation) on resistance durability. Ploidy has a strong impact on evolutionary trajectories, with much greater stochasticity and delayed times of resistance breakdown for diploids. This result emphasizes the importance of genetic drift in this system: as the virulent allele is recessive, positive selection on resistant hosts only applies to homozygous (virulent) individuals, which may lead to population collapses at low frequencies of the virulent allele. We also observed differences in the effect of host deployment depending on the pathogen's life cycle. With host alternation, the probability that the pathogen population collapses strongly increases with the proportion of resistant hosts in the landscape. Therefore, resistance breakdown events occurring at high proportions of resistant hosts frequently amount to evolutionary rescue. Last, life cycles correspond to two selection regimes: without host alternation (soft selection) the resistance breakdown is mainly driven by the migration rate. Conversely, host alternation (hard selection) resembles an all-or-nothing game, with stochastic trajectories caused by the recurrent allele redistributions on the alternate host.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Households in Santiago, Chile: Environmental Hotspots and Policy Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2525
Author(s):  
Camila López-Eccher ◽  
Elizabeth Garrido-Ramírez ◽  
Iván Franchi-Arzola ◽  
Edmundo Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Freshwater Eutrophication

The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts of household life cycles in Santiago, Chile, by household income level. The assessment considered scenarios associated with environmental policies. The life cycle assessment was cradle-to-grave, and the functional unit considered all the materials and energy required to meet an inhabitant’s needs for one year (1 inh/year). Using SimaPro 9.1 software, the Recipe Midpoint (H) methodology was used. The impact categories selected were global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, mineral resource scarcity, and fossil resource scarcity. The inventory was carried out through the application of 300 household surveys and secondary information. The main environmental sources of households were determined to be food consumption, transport, and electricity. Food consumption is the main source, responsible for 33% of the environmental impacts on global warming, 69% on terrestrial acidification, and 29% on freshwater eutrophication. The second most crucial environmental hotspot is private transport, whose contribution to environmental impact increases as household income rises, while public transport impact increases in the opposite direction. In this sense, both positive and negative environmental effects can be generated by policies. Therefore, life-cycle environmental impacts, the synergy between policies, and households’ socio-economic characteristics must be considered in public policy planning and consumer decisions.

scholarly journals The Role of Sea Surface Temperature Forcing in the Life-Cycle of Mediterranean Cyclones

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Stathopoulos ◽  
Platon Patlakas ◽  
Christos Tsalis ◽  
George Kallos
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Mediterranean Cyclones ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Impact

Air–sea interface processes are highly associated with the evolution and intensity of marine-developed storms. Specifically, in the Mediterranean Sea, the air–ocean temperature deviations have a profound role during the several stages of Mediterranean cyclonic events. Subsequently, this enhances the need for better knowledge and representation of the sea surface temperature (SST). In this work, an analysis of the impact and uncertainty of the SST from different well-known datasets on the life-cycle of Mediterranean cyclones is attempted. Daily SST from the Real Time Global SST (RTG_SST) and hourly SST fields from the Operational SST and Sea Ice Ocean Analysis (OSTIA) and the NEMO ocean circulation model are implemented in the RAMS/ICLAMS-WAM coupled modeling system. For the needs of the study, the Mediterranean cyclones Trixi, Numa, and Zorbas were selected. Numerical experiments covered all stages of their life-cycles (five to seven days). Model results have been analyzed in terms of storm tracks and intensities, cyclonic structural characteristics, and derived heat fluxes. Remote sensing data from the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (IMERG) for Global Precipitation Measurements (GPM), Blended Sea Winds, and JASON altimetry missions were employed for a qualitative and quantitative comparison of modeled results in precipitation, maximum surface wind speed, and wave height. Spatiotemporal deviations in the SST forcing rather than significant differences in the maximum/minimum SST values, seem to mainly contribute to the differences between the model results. Considerable deviations emerged in the resulting heat fluxes, while the most important differences were found in precipitation exhibiting spatial and intensity variations reaching 100 mm. The employment of widely used products is shown to result in different outcomes and this point should be taken into consideration in forecasting and early warning systems.

scholarly journals Importance of the Life Cycle in Sympatric Host Race Formation and Speciation of Pathogens

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Giraud ◽  
Lorys M. M. A. Villaréal ◽  
Frédéric Austerlitz ◽  
Mickaël Le Gac ◽  
Claire Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Biological Species Concept ◽  
Host Race ◽  
Host Races ◽  
Host Race Formation ◽  
Race Formation

Numerous morphological species of pathogenic fungi have been shown to actually encompass several genetically isolated lineages, often specialized on different hosts and, thus, constituting host races or sibling species. In this article, we explore theoretically the importance of some aspects of the life cycle on the conditions of sympatric divergence of host races, particularly in fungal plant pathogens. Because the life cycles classically modeled by theoreticians of sympatric speciation correspond to those of free-living animals, sympatric divergence of host races requires the evolution of active assortative mating or of active host preference if mating takes place on the hosts. With some particular life cycles with restricted dispersal between selection on the host and mating, we show that divergence can occur in sympatry and lead to host race formation, or even speciation, by a mere process of specialization, with strong divergent adaptive selection. Neither active assortative mating nor active habitat choice is required in these cases, and this may explain why the phylo-genetic species concept seems more appropriate than the biological species concept in these organisms.

scholarly journals FORECASTING THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE STAGES OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Alina Martynenko
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Consumer Value ◽  
Multifactor Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Indicator

In the conditions of accelerated scientific and technological progress and social development, products can lose consumer value and, therefore, be ousted from the consumer market by other goods with a higher consumer value. In this regard, the importance of predicting product life cycles and their effectiveness is increasing. The aim of the article is to study the issue of forecasting the efficiency of electrical products taking into account the stages of their life cycle by constructing a multifactor regression model. The method of correlation-regression analysis was used to build a forecast model and determine the most influential factors for a particular motor, which determined the relationship between the comprehensive indicator and individual indicators of product efficiency. Thus, the article investigated the issue of forecasting the efficiency of electrical products taking into account the stages of their life cycle. On the example of the electric motor AIR 80 PJSC «Kharkiv Electrotechnical Plant «Ukrelectromash»» a multifactor regression model for the stage of decline is built, which includes the most important indicators of the impact on the comprehensive indicator of efficiency and allows to predict its dynamics.

scholarly journals Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Life Cycle, and Dividend Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Eman Abdel-Wanis
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Corporate Life Cycle ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility(CSR) on dividend policy through corporate life cycle (CLC) as a mediator using pathanalysis for 308 firms-observation for 80 non-financial firms during the period from 2014to 2017 using smart PLS (partial least square). This paper explores the impact of the socialresponsibility on the dividends policy and explores the role of each life cycle in this effecton dividends. The results show that firms in their growth stage are positively associatedwith CSR, while firms in stage of decline are less likely to invest in CSR. High CSR firmsmay use dividend policy to reduce the agency problems related to overinvestment in CSR.Results refer to corporate life cycle isn't influenced by dividends. The results show thatcorporate life cycles play an important role in enhance the relationship CSR and dividendpolicy especially in the growth stage in in the Egyptian business environment

Food and Health Literacy

2022 ◽  
pp. 208-223
Author(s):  
Helena Alves de Carvalho Sampaio ◽  
Lisidna Almeida Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Food Literacy ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Factor

Food literacy is a sub-field of health literacy with a concept under construction, but corresponds to the ability to read, understand, and judge the quality of information; to seek and exchange knowledge related to the topics of food and nutrition; to buy and prepare food; to critically reflect on factors which influence personal choices about food and understand the impact of these choices on society. In turn, the ACP model is a three-factor communication model (assertiveness, clarity, and positivity) that aims to optimize education based on health literacy. The aim of this chapter is to present a proposal for food guidance which combines the foundations of the ACP model and food literacy for the different life cycles. The guidelines for each cycle were adapted to the ACP model. In conclusion, the ACP model can be applied to food literacy actions in any life cycle. However, it is worth mentioning that the professional's communicational behavior needs to be aligned with the assertiveness competence so that such actions are in fact effective.

Features of the Life Cycle Structuring of Renewable Energy Source Facilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadii Yu. Zhulavskyi ◽  
Anatolii V. Pavlyk ◽  
Yuliia M. Shkodina ◽  
Evhenyi A. Perekhod ◽  
Tetyana V. Gorobchenko
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Technology ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Renewable Energy Technology ◽  
The Impact

The life cycle of renewable energy sources has been analyzed in the research paper. The differences and specific features of life cycles of traditional and renewable energy sources have been identified. A proprietary scheme of the life cycle of renewable energy sources has been proposed, which takes into account the identified features compare to traditional energy sources. The renewable energy life cycle consists of three stages and ten phases. The eco-destructive impact of renewable energy sources at each stage of the life cycle has been investigated and presented, which makes it possible to assess objectively and take into account the complex eco-destructive impact of the use of a specific object that uses renewable energy sources. The studies of Al-Mulali, Apergis, and Payne, Dogan and Turkekul, Menegaki, confirming the relationship between growth indicators (Gross Domestic Product) and the growth of energy produced by renewable energy sources were examined. The total electricity consumption in the world for the period 1973–2016 was considered. Comparisons of traditional and renewable energy sources by service life and life cycle are given, and the main stages and phases of the life cycle of renewable energy sources are examined in detail. The stages of development and creation of renewable energy technology, namely the stages of development and creation of renewable energy technology, the operation of renewable energy facilities and the utilization and recycling of renewable energy components were considered. The impact of renewable energy on the environment from reservoirs and the specific effects of the use of renewable energy facilities has been studied. To identify adverse factors of influence, from eco-destructive impact, the stages of the structural composition of the renewable energy life cycle were examined to find possible ways to eliminate them at each stage. Key words: renewable energy sources, life cycle, energy, energy production, management of natural resources.

Automatic Pattern Proposition in Transformation Life Cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mahsa Sadat Panahandeh ◽  
Bahman Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Impact

Transformation patterns optimize transformations and improve their internal structure. This paper presents an automatic method for pattern proposition in transformation life cycles. Our approach combines the transformation engineering by the idea of transformation patterns and proposes appropriate patterns in the design and implementation phases of transformation life cycle. We evaluate the impact of proposed patterns on generated transformations based on several metrics, automatically. The proposed patterns in the design phase are based on the structure of transformation, and implementation patterns are proposed according to the result of the evaluation. Our method is presented as a semi-automatic process for using the transformation patterns in transformation life cycles. The results of applying suggested patterns include decreasing the complexity, memory usage, execution time, as well as increasing the quality, efficiency, and modularity.

scholarly journals The Impact of Strategic Core-Component Reuse on Product Life Cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Mihale-Wilson ◽  
Patrick Felka ◽  
Oliver Hinz ◽  
Martin Spann
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Mobile Games ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Mobile Game ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe mobile games business is an ever-increasing sub-sector of the entertainment industry. Due to its high profitability but also high risk and competitive atmosphere, game publishers need to develop strategies that allow them to release new products at a high rate, but without compromising the already short lifespan of the firms' existing games. Successful game publishers must enlarge their user base by continually releasing new and entertaining games, while simultaneously motivating the current user base of existing games to remain active for more extended periods. Since the core-component reuse strategy has proven successful in other software products, this study investigates the advantages and drawbacks of this strategy in mobile games. Drawing on the widely accepted Product Life Cycle concept, the study investigates whether the introduction of a new mobile game built with core-components of an existing mobile game curtails the incumbent's product life cycle. Based on real and granular data on the gaming activity of a popular mobile game, the authors find that by promoting multi-homing (i.e., by smartly interlinking the incumbent and new product with each other so that users start consuming both games in parallel), the core-component reuse strategy can prolong the lifespan of the incumbent game.

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