Effects of common Gram-negative pathogens causing male genitourinary-tract infections on human sperm functions

AbstractMale genitourinary tract (MGT) bacterial infections are considered responsible for 15% of male infertility, but the mechanisms underlying decreased semen quality are poorly known. We evaluated in vitro the effect of strains of Gram-negative uropathogenic species (two E.coli strains, three K. pneumoniae strains, P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae) on motility, viability, mitochondrial oxidative status, DNA fragmentation and caspase activity of human spermatozoa. All strains, except P. aeruginosa, reduced significantly sperm motility, with variable effects. Sperm Immobilizing Factor (SIF) was largely responsible for deteriorating effects on sperm motility of E. coli strains since they were completely reverted by knockout of SIF coding recX gene. Sequence alignment for RecX showed the presence of high homologous sequences in K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae but not in P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that, in addition to E.coli, other common uropathogenic Gram-negative bacteria affect sperm motility through RecX products. In addition to sperm motility, the E. coli strain ATCC 35218 also affected sperm viability, and induced caspase activity, oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation suggesting an interspecies variability in the amount and/or type of the produced spermatotoxic factors. In general, our results highlight the need for a careful evaluation of semen infections in the diagnostic process of the infertile man.

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Bacterial Pattern of Community acquired Urinary Tract Infections: A Challenge for Antimicrobial Resistance

10.51429/ejmm30320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 153-162

Author(s):

Nader A. Nemr ◽

Rania M. Kishk ◽

Mohammed Abdou ◽

Hassnaa Nassar ◽

Noha M Abu bakr Elsaid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most common bacterial infections seen in health care. To our knowledge, there is no available antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for monitoring of community-acquired UTIs (CA- UTIs) in our country. Objectives: we aimed to discuss the bacterial pattern and resistance profile of CA-UTIs in Ismailia, Egypt. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 patients suffering from symptoms of acute UTIs. Urine specimens were collected by clean-catch mid-stream method, examined microscopically and inoculated immediately on blood agar and MacConkey's agar plates. Colony counting, isolation and identification of the urinary pathogens were performed by the conventional biochemical tests according to the isolated organism. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Interpretation was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: out of 400 specimens, 136 of them revealed no bacterial growth or insignificant bacteriuria. Most of participants with UTI were females (81.8%) (p=0.008) and 54.5% of them were married (P=0.1). Gram negative bacteria were more common than Gram positive representing 66 % and 34% respectively. E. coli was the most common isolated organism (39%) followed by S. aureus (32%), K. Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas (10.5% for each), Proteus (6%) and Enterococci (2%). E. coli isolates showed the highest susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Most of our patients were diabetics (64.8%) (p=0.004). The mean ± SD of HbA1c was 6.4±2.0 with 4 to 12.6 range, S.E was 0.1 and 95% C.I was 6.2- 6.7. The highest mean ± SD of HbA1c was in S. aureus infections. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria were most common than Gram positive with predominance of E. coli with significant relation to the presence of diabetes.

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Human medicines European public assessment report (EPAR): Zavicefta, ceftazidime / avibactam, Pneumonia, Bacterial,Soft Tissue Infections,Pneumonia,Urinary Tract Infections,Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Date of authorisation: 23/06/2016, Revision: 7, Status: Authorised

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/cmr-5871f8 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Soft Tissue Infections ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Assessment Report ◽

European Public ◽

European Public Assessment Report ◽

Tract Infections

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Three-Year Trend in Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance among Children’s Urine Cultures in an Italian Metropolitan Area

Children ◽

10.3390/children8070597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 597

Author(s):

Luca Pierantoni ◽

Laura Andreozzi ◽

Simone Ambretti ◽

Arianna Dondi ◽

Carlotta Biagi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

First Line ◽

E Coli ◽

First Line Therapy ◽

Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in children, and Escherichia coli is the main pathogen responsible. Several guidelines, including the recently updated Italian guidelines, recommend amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) as a first-line antibiotic therapy in children with febrile UTIs. Given the current increasing rates of antibiotic resistance worldwide, this study aimed to investigate the three-year trend in the resistance rate of E. coli isolated from pediatric urine cultures (UCs) in a metropolitan area of northern Italy. We conducted a retrospective review of E. coli-positive, non-repetitive UCs collected in children aged from 1 month to 14 years, regardless of a diagnosis of UTI, catheter colonization, urine contamination, or asymptomatic bacteriuria. During the study period, the rate of resistance to AMC significantly increased from 17.6% to 40.2% (p < 0.001). Ciprofloxacin doubled its resistance rate from 9.1% to 16.3% (p = 0.007). The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli rose from 3.9% to 9.2% (p = 0.015). The rate of resistance to other considered antibiotics remained stable, as did the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and extensively resistant E. coli among isolates. These findings call into question the use of AMC as a first-line therapy for pediatric UTIs in our population, despite the indications of recent Italian guidelines.

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Isolation and Identification of Uropathogenic E. coli and its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern with Special Reference to Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (Esbl)

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i24a31431 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-67

Author(s):

V. Naveen Kumar ◽

Chitralekha Saikumar

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Special Reference ◽

Management Plan ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Microbial Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infection among the humans. One of the most important factors impacting the management of UTI over the past decade is emergence of anti-microbial resistance among uropathogens. ESBL production is one of the most common mechanisms of anti-microbial resistance, the other being Amp C β-lactamases in gram negative bacteria. This study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of ESBL producing strains and their anti-microbial susceptibility pattern to newer agents to guide therapy for urinary tract infection. The present studies isolates and identify Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern with special reference to ESBL. The emergence of β-lactamase is a Metter of serious concern .The drug resistance in gram negative bacilli is due to production of β-lactamases, AmpC lactamases, Efflux mechanisms and Porin deficiency. Out of the total 3580 urine samples, 987 samples (27.56%) showed No growth, 1786 (49.88%) showed the presence of Gram negative bacteria. Totally, 1081 E. coli species were isolated and < 30% of them were found to be ESBL positive. Uropathogenic E. coli isolates are highly susceptible towards Meropenem and Imipenem antibiotics and highly resistant towards β-lactam and Cephalosporins antibiotics. Hence, the present study urged to implement the management plan for using those antibiotics in patients for preventing the antibiotic resistance.

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Bacteriological profile and antibiogram of cancer patients admitted in intensive care unit of a tertiary care cancer hospital in central Kerala

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 4450

Author(s):

Sanjana Ramakrishnan ◽

Sourabh Radhakrishnan ◽

Sonu Lazar Cyriac

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Study Laboratory

Background: Opportunistic bacterial infections remain a serious morbidity among cancer patients. This study was aimed to determine the bacteriological and antibiotic profile of cancer patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary care centre.Methods: Cross sectional study was done among cancer patients admitted in the Oncology neutropenic ICU during the period from August 2017 to July 2019. All patients admitted with a proven diagnosis of cancer for whom at least one bacterial culture was sent from any site were included in the study. Laboratory on culture reports were obtained from patient files and analysed.Results: A total of 278 samples from 256 patients (60±11.6 years) were analysed. Among the 111/278 positive cultures, 29 were blood samples and 1 was a pleural fluid sample. Gram negative organisms were 62.1% with Escherichia coli (25, 36.2%) as prevalent. Among the 37.8% gram positives, Staphylococcus aureus (18. 42.8%) was prevalent. Most of the E. coli strains showed highest resistance to ceftazidime (96%) and highest sensitivity to amikacin. The commonest gram-positive organism, Staphylococcus species were 100 % sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid and 100 % resistance to penicillin. Conclusions: E. coli (gram negative) showed highest resistance to ceftazidime and sensitivity to amikacin. S. aureus (gram positive) was sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid and resistance to penicillin. An antibiogram for cancer patients helps the clinician to initiate an appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy to reduce mortality and morbidity.

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Gamma Interferon Prevents the Inhibitory Effects of Oxidative Stress on Host Responses to Escherichia coliInfection

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.69.4.2621-2629.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 2621-2629 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michael J. Parmely ◽

Fuan Wang ◽

Douglas Wright

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Gamma Interferon ◽

Glutathione Depletion ◽

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Redox Imbalance ◽

Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Oxidative stress occurs in animals challenged with bacterial endotoxin and can affect the expression of important host inflammatory genes. However, much less is known about the effects of oxidative stress on responses to gram-negative bacteria. The current study compared the effects of redox imbalance on hepatic responses of mice to Escherichia coli bacteria versus purified endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion virtually eliminated hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha responses to both E. coli and LPS. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression was also markedly inhibited by glutathione depletion in LPS-challenged mice, but was unaffected in E. coli-infected animals. Three findings suggested that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production explained the differences between LPS and bacterial challenge. Glutathione depletion completely inhibited the IFN-γ response to LPS, but only partially inhibited IFN-γ production in infected mice. Exogenous IFN-γ restored iNOS and ICAM-1 responses to LPS in stressed mice. Conversely, IFN-γ-deficient, glutathione-depleted mice showed a marked decrease in iNOS and ICAM-1 expression when challenged with E. coli. These findings indicate that both the nature of the microbial challenge and the production of IFN-γ can be important in determining the effects of redox imbalance during gram-negative bacterial infections.

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Comparison of Escherichia coli Strains Recovered from Human Cystitis and Pyelonephritis Infections in Transurethrally Challenged Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.66.7.3059-3065.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 3059-3065 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

David E. Johnson ◽

C. Virginia Lockatell ◽

Robert G. Russell ◽

J. Richard Hebel ◽

Michael D. Island ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Urinary tract infection, most frequently caused byEscherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. A vast amount of literature regarding the mechanisms through which E. coli induces pyelonephritis has accumulated. Although cystitis accounts for 95% of visits to physicians for symptoms of urinary tract infections, few in vivo studies have investigated possible differences between E. coli recovered from patients with clinical symptoms of cystitis and that from patients with symptoms of pyelonephritis. Epidemiological studies indicate that cystitis-associated strains appear to differ from pyelonephritis-associated strains in elaboration of some putative virulence factors. With transurethrally challenged mice we studied possible differences using three each of the most virulent pyelonephritis and cystitis E. coli strains in our collection. The results indicate that cystitis strains colonize the bladder more rapidly than do pyelonephritis strains, while the rates of kidney colonization are similar. Cystitis strains colonize the bladder in higher numbers, induce more pronounced histologic changes in the bladder, and are more rapidly eliminated from the mouse urinary tract than pyelonephritis strains. These results provide evidence that cystitis strains differ from pyelonephritis strains in this model, that this model is useful for the study of the uropathogenicity of cystitis strains, and that it would be unwise to use pyelonephritis strains to study putative virulence factors important in the development of cystitis.

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598. A 3-Year Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Gram-Negative Genitourinary Tract Infections Treated in Outpatient Infusion Centers (POICs)

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab466.796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S402-S403

Author(s):

Richard L Hengel ◽

Brian S Metzger ◽

H Barry Baker ◽

John S Adams ◽

Ramesh V Nathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Genitourinary Tract ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽

Esbl Producers

Abstract Background Resistant Gram-negative pathogens (GNP) are common causes of genitourinary tract infections (GUI) often requiring outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT). Data are sparse regarding antibiotic resistance of GNP in patients (pts) treated with OPAT. We analyzed GNP of GUI pts treated in Infectious Disease OICs over a 3-year period stratified by location prior to OPAT. Methods Records from 18 POICs were queried for GUI pts with ≥1 GNP receiving OPAT from 2018 to 2020. Demographics, pt location prior to OPAT, infection type, year of therapy, and GNP were recorded. Antibiotic resistance patterns were defined as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or multi-drug resistant (MDR). Chi Square and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine if ESBL status was associated with GNP or location prior to OPAT (hospital vs. community). The Cochran-Armitage test was used to analyze temporal trend in ESBL expression. Statistical significance was defined as P< 0.05 for all tests. Results A total of 634 GNP were identified in 601 pts (mean age: 64±16, 58% female). Infections were 75% complicated urinary tract infection, 20% pyelonephritis, and 5% prostatitis/other. Overall, 56% (n=339) were treated directly from the community and 44% (n=262) following hospital discharge. GNP isolated were 56% E. coli, 19% Pseudomonas spp., 16% Klebsiella spp. and 9% others. Of the 611 GNP with potential to express ESBL, 43% (n=265) were ESBL producers (Table 1). Significantly more ESBL-producing GNP occurred in pts discharged from a hospital prior to OPAT compared to the community (53% vs. 36%, P< 0.001). Overall, the incidence of MDR constituted 36% (n=231) of GNP, which did not differ by location prior to OPAT. Evaluation of ESBL incidence by year showed a significant increase from 2018 to 2020 (P=0.03). Although a slight increase in MDR was noted from 2018 to 2020, this was not significant (Figure 1). Table 1. Frequency of ESBL and MDR by Location prior to OPAT Figure 2. Prevalence of ESBL producers and MDR Pathogens by Year Conclusion Resistant GNP were observed in the OPAT setting for GUI with both ESBL and MDR pathogens. We saw a significantly higher rate of ESBL with GNP from hospital discharged pts compared to community-acquired infections and an increase in the overall incidence of ESBL over time. Management of Gram-negative genitourinary infections in the OPAT setting requires close monitoring of emerging resistance patterns. Disclosures Kimberly A. Couch, PharmD, MA, FIDSA, FASHP, AbbVie (Speaker's Bureau) Lucinda J. Van Anglen, PharmD, Merck & Co. (Research Grant or Support)

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Lactobacilli From Buffalo Milk and Yogurt With Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Negative Uropathogens

Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.34172/ajcmi.2020.24 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 109-113

Author(s):

Sahar Baie ◽

Ania Ahani Azari ◽

Teena Dadgar

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Buffalo Milk ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

North East ◽

Study Results ◽

Tract Infections

Background: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from buffalo milk and yogurt in Aliabad-e Katul city, Golestan province, north-east of Iran. Methods: Raw milk and yogurt samples were collected and cultured on MRS medium by incubating anaerobically at 37°C for 48 hours. The suspected colonies were identified on the basis of Gram staining, biochemical tests, and carbohydrates fermentation. The antibacterial activity of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) extracted from Lactobacillus strains was determined using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 11303, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 as well as gram-negative uropathogens previously isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Three isolates of E. coli (E1, E2, and E3), two isolates of P. aeruginosa (P1 and P2), and two isolates of K. pneumoniae (K1 and K2) were used in this study. Results: A total of 19 Lactobacillus strains were identified as L. plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus. Based on the results of antibacterial activity test, the isolates had the highest and lowest inhibitory effects on the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Among the isolates, only L. casei isolates showed inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae isolates. Conclusions: In this study, Lactobacilli from buffalo milk and yogurt demonstrated a good inhibitory activity against E. coli as a common cause of urinary tract infection. Therefore, further studies are recommended to elucidate their potential for being used as an alternative to antibiotic therapy.

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