scholarly journals Elevated hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities in fed and starved adult obese (ob/ob) mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 231 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Brady ◽  
P S Brady ◽  
D R Romsos ◽  
C L Hoppel
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Peroxisomal Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Carnitine ◽  
Young Mice

Hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities were studied in young (4-5 weeks old) and adult (6-9 months old) lean and obese ob/ob mice that were fed or starved for 24 or 48 h. The adult obese mice showed elevated capacity for mitochondrial oxidation (ng-atoms of O consumed/min per mg of protein) of lipid and non-lipid substrates, with the exception of pyruvate + malate, and elevated activities of citrate synthase and total carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Oxidative rates and enzyme activities were not affected by starvation of lean or obese mice, and both males and females responded similarly. Peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation (nmol/min per mg of peroxisomal protein) was also increased in livers of adult obese mice and did not change with starvation. In young mice, hepatic mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities in lean and obese mice were comparable. The increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidative capacities appear to develop with maturation in obese ob/ob mice.

Enzyme activities of pharyngeal jaw musculature in the cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius: implications for sound production in cichlid fishes

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (22) ◽  
pp. 3519-3523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron N. Rice ◽  
Phillip S. Lobel
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pharyngeal Jaw

SUMMARY Owing to its high degree of complexity and plasticity, the cichlid pharyngeal jaw apparatus has often been described as a key evolutionary innovation. The majority of studies investigating pharyngeal muscle behavior and function have done so in the context of feeding. Analysis of enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase) of pharyngeal muscles in the Lake Malawi cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius revealed differences between pharyngeal jaw muscles and between males and females. Therefore, these muscles have different performance characteristics, resulting in different functional characteristics of the muscles within the complex. Furthermore, the differences between muscles of males and females represent fundamental differences in muscular metabolic processes between sexes. This study is the first to demonstrate that the pharyngeal anatomy is not only used for food processing but is possibly responsible for sound production, in turn influencing sexual selection in cichlid fish.

scholarly journals Rat uterine microbiochemistry: metabolic enzyme activities stimulated by 17-beta-estradiol are localized in epithelial cells.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Holt ◽  
E Rhe
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Estradiol Treatment

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27), citrate synthase (CS; EC 4.1.3.7), and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH; EC 1.1.1.35) activities were determined in each of the three major cell types of rat uterus, i.e., epithelial, stromal, and smooth muscle, using quantitative microanalytical techniques. Adult ovariectomized rats were treated with 17-beta-estradiol to determine the time course and dose response (0.025-50 micrograms/300-g rat) effect of estrogen on enzyme activity of each type of uterine cell. The use of "oil well" and enzyme-cycling microtechniques to determine the time course and the dose responses of enzyme activity changes required microassays involving 1595 microdissected single cell specimens. Estradiol treatment increased epithelial LDH, CS and beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH activity but had no effect on these enzymes in the stroma or in smooth muscle cells. The estradiol-stimulated peak enzyme activities on Day 4 in the intervention group are compared with those in the ovariectomized rat controls as follows: LDH, 44.5 +/- 3.5 vs 22.3 +/- 3.9; CS, 3.5 +/- 0.2 vs 1.5 +/- 0.6; beta-OH-acyl-CoA-H, 3.5 +/- 0.32 vs 2.2 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- standard deviation; mol/kg/hr). Stromal cell activities (LDH, 7.4 +/- 1.0; CS, 1.2 +/- 0.2; beta-OH-acyl-CoA-DH, 0.9 +/- 0.1) were significantly lower than epithelial cell levels and were similar to smooth muscle levels. Therefore, even in the ovariectomized animal epithelial cells have markedly higher metabolic activity compared with adjacent cells. The enzyme activities are expressed as moles of substrate reacting per kilogram of dry weight per hour. All three enzymes exhibited a 17-beta-estradiol-induced dose response between 0.025-0.15 micrograms/300-g rat. The three enzymes studied all had similar response patterns to estrogen. The effect of estradiol was restricted to epithelial cells, with enzyme activities increasing to maximal levels after approximately 96 hr of hormone treatment. This study therefore not only confirms the specific and differential metabolic responses of uterine cells to estradiol treatment, but clearly demonstrates that marked metabolic differences exist between epithelial cells and stromal or smooth muscle uterine cells.

Size Scaling of Whole-Body Maximal Enzyme Activities in Aquatic Crustaceans

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonn A. Berges ◽  
James S. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The relationships between body size and maximal activities of eight enzymes were measured in whole-body homogenates of the crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia franciscana, and Daphnia magna. Interspecifically and intraspecificaily, enzyme activities per animal (Y) scale with protein weight (W) according to the allometric relationship Y = aWb. Scaling exponents (b) varied with the enzyme examined and were usually different from 0.75. For enzymes such as citrate synthase, intraspecific and interspecific exponents were similar, but for enzymes associated with pathways other than aerobic metabolism, significant differences were found between species. For anaerobic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, these differences may relate to interspecific differences in life history and ecology. For anabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, differences may relate to differences in growth rates between species.

scholarly journals Intermittent Fasting and High-Intensity Exercise Elicit Sexual-Dimorphic and Tissue-Specific Adaptations in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin A. Wilson ◽  
Christos G. Stathis ◽  
Alan Hayes ◽  
Matthew B. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Prevent Weight Gain ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Leptin Expression ◽  
Composition Changes

The molecular adaptations that underpin body composition changes and health benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are unclear. The present study investigated these adaptations within the hypothalamus, white adipose and skeletal muscle tissue following 12 weeks of IF and/or HIIT in diet-induced obese mice. Mice (C57BL/6, 8-week-old, males/females) were fed high-fat (59%) and sugar (30%) water (HF/S) for 12 weeks followed by an additional 12 weeks of HF/S plus either IF, HIIT, combination (IF+HIIT) or HF/S only control (CON). Tissues were harvested at 12 and 24 weeks and analysed for various molecular markers. Hypothalamic NPY expression was significantly lower following IF+HIIT compared to CON in females. In adipose tissue, leptin expression was significantly lower following IF and IF+HIIT compared to CON in males and females. Males demonstrated increased markers of fat oxidation (HADH, FABP4) following IF+HIIT, whereas females demonstrated reduced markers of adipocyte differentiation/storage (CIDEC and FOXO1) following IF and/or IF+HIIT. In muscle, SIRT1, UCP3, PGC1α, and AS160 expression was significantly lower following IF compared to CON in males and/or females. This investigation suggests that males and females undertaking IF and HIIT may prevent weight gain via different mechanisms within the same tissue.

Muscle enzyme adaptations to added load during training and nontraining hours in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rusko ◽  
C. Bosco ◽  
J. Komulainen ◽  
A. Leinonen ◽  
V. Vihko
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Malate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Sedentary Control ◽  
Muscle Enzyme ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

The effects of added load (20% of body mass) on the selected enzyme activities of red and white quadriceps femoris (QF), soleus, and gastrocnemius muscles of rats were studied. The rats were divided into sedentary control (SC), sedentary control with added load (SC+AL), endurance training (ET), and endurance training with added load (ET+AL) groups (n = 10 rats/group). After 6 wk, the SC+AL group had 57% higher (P less than 0.001) beta-glucuronidase (beta-GU) activity and 24% lower (P less than 0.05) citrate synthase activity in white QF than SC. Citrate synthase activity was also decreased in red QF (P less than 0.05) after the added load was used during nontraining hours. The training with added load induced similar but more pronounced changes than normal endurance training, especially in white QF. The ET+AL group demonstrated higher citrate synthase activity in white QF (P less than 0.001) and gastrocnemius (P less than 0.01) and higher malate dehydrogenase activity (P less than 0.05) and beta-GU activity (P less than 0.001) in white QF than the ET group. ET+AL rats also had higher phosphofructokinase (P less than 0.01) and lower creatine kinase (P less than 0.001) activity in white QF than ET rats. In conclusion, the added load without training had minor adaptive influences on muscles. The added load during training hours seemed to be an effective means of influencing the activation and adaptation in muscles that contain fast glycolytic fibers.

scholarly journals Normal FGF-21-Serum Levels in Patients with Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) Deficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Motlagh Scholle ◽  
Diana Lehmann ◽  
Pushpa Joshi ◽  
Stephan Zierz
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Ii ◽  
Cpt Ii Deficiency

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is known to be a biomarker for mitochondrial disorders. An upregulation of FGF-21 in serum and muscle of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) knock-out mice has been reported. In human CPT II deficiency, enzyme activity and protein content are normal, but the enzyme is abnormally regulated by malonyl-CoA and is abnormally thermolabile. Citrate synthase (CS) activity is increased in patients with CPT II deficiency. This may indicate a compensatory response to an impaired function of CPT II. In this study, FGF-21 serum levels in patients with CPT II deficiency during attack free intervals and in healthy controls were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data showed no significant difference between FGF-21 concentration in the serum of patients with CPT II deficiency and that in the healthy controls. The results of the present work support the hypothesis that in muscle CPT II deficiency, in contrast to the mouse knockout model, mitochondrial fatty acid utilization is not persistently reduced. Thus, FGF-21 does not seem to be a useful biomarker in the diagnosis of CPT II deficiency.

scholarly journals Whole body and muscle energy metabolism in preruminant calves: effects of nutrient synchrony and physical activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost J. G. C. van den Borne ◽  
Jean-François Hocquette ◽  
Martin W. A. Verstegen ◽  
Walter J. J. Gerrits
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Oxidative Enzyme ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Energy ◽  
Body Heat

The effects of asynchronous availability of amino acids and glucose on muscle composition and enzyme activities in skeletal muscle were studied in preruminant calves. It was hypothesized that decreased oxidative enzyme activities in muscle would explain a decreased whole body heat production with decreasing nutrient synchrony. Preruminant calves were assigned to one of six degrees of nutrient synchrony, step-wise separating the intake of protein and lactose over the two daily meals. Calves at the most synchronous treatment received two identical meals daily. At the most asynchronous treatment, 85 % of the daily protein and 20 % of the daily lactose supply were fed in one meal and the remainder in the other meal. Daily intakes of all dietary ingredients were identical for all treatments. Oxidative enzyme activities and fat content increased with decreasing nutrient synchrony inM. Rectus Abdominis(RA), but not inM. Semitendinosus. Cytochrome-c-oxidase activity was positively correlated with fat content in RA (r0·49;P < 0·01). Oxidative enzyme activities in both muscles were not correlated with average daily heat production, but citrate synthase activity in RA was positively correlated (P < 0·01) with the circadian amplitude (r0·53) and maximum (r0·61) of heat production associated with physical activity. In conclusion, this study indicates that muscle energy stores are regulated by nutrient synchrony. The lack of correlation between muscle oxidative enzyme activities and average daily heat production was in contrast with findings in human subjects. Therefore, oxidative enzyme activity in muscle should not be used as an indicator for whole body heat production in growing calves.

Metabolic and cyclic nucleotide enzyme activities in muscle and nonmuscle cells of rat heart during perinatal development

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell T. Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Nonmuscle Cells

Enzyme activities related to aerobic metabolism and cyclic nucleotides were evaluated in muscle and nonmuscle cells of rat heart. The perinatal period from weaning to adult was studied. Malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities of nonmuscle cells equal or exceed muscle cell activities in the weanling heart. Aerobic enzymes remain unchanged in nonmuscle cells during growth; however, muscle cell activities are enhanced. Adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase activities are higher in heart homogenates of weanling than adult rats. Despite elevated adenylate cyclase activity, cyclic AMP levels are identical in weanling and adult rats. Cyclic GMP levels are twofold higher in weanling than in adult rats. Muscle cell metabolism and cyclic nucleotide levels are associated with growth-related changes in heart function and cellularity, respectively.

Changes with age of mammary glands in male and female soft-furred rat, Millardia meltada, in relation to prolactin and testosterone

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
H. Nagasawa ◽  
T. Mori ◽  
S. Sakamoto ◽  
S. Sassa ◽  
Y. Yamamuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Salvage Pathways ◽  
Age Related Changes

The soft-furred rat, millardia ( Millardia meltada), is characterized by the development of androgen-dependent mammary tumours only in males. The age-related changes of the activities of thymidylate synthetase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK), which contribute to DNA synthesis through de novo and salvage pathways, respectively, and structure in the mammary glands were studied in both males and females of this species between 5-28 months of age. While TK activity had no relation to age, TS activity decreased with age in males. In the females, TK activity increased with age, but not TS activity. These enzyme activities were generally higher in females than in males. The mammary glands of both sexes consisted of fine ducts with small end-buds and the glands of males contained mostly black pigments at any age examined. In either males or females, serum levels of prolactin and testosterone related little with age, DNA synthesizing enzyme activities or structure of the mammary glands. Furthermore, elevation by pituitary grafting of circulating prolactin affected neither DNA synthesizing enzyme activities nor structure of mammary glands in both sexes. The histological structures of adrenal, testis, ovary, ventral prostate and uterus of millardia were essentially similar to those of mice or rats.

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